Input and output voltage

INDEX
1. Certificate of excellence
2. Acknowledgement
3. Aim of project
4. Introduction
5. Theory
6. Apparatus required
7. Procedure followed
8. Uses of transformers
9. Conclusion
10. Precautions
11. Sources of error
12. Bibliography
AIM OF PROJECT
 To investigate the relation between the ratio of ---
1. Input and output voltage .o
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a
self designed transformer.
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or vice-versa.
A transformer based on the principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m. f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is a electrical device which is used for changing the A.C .voltages.A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in amazing
strength of sizes.In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that
it weight only a few tens of Grams where as in High Voltage power circuit, it may weight hundreds of
tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit take place without the
use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltage is called a step- up Transformer . A Transformer which
decreases the A.C voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, as essential piece of Apparatus both for high and low current circuit.
 THEORY
 when an alternating EMF is supplied to the primary coil P1 P2 , an alternating current starts falling in it. The
alternating current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary
as well as in the secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with
the secondary, and then e. m. f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. trus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous value of EMF induced in the primary and the secondary and Np
and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
dΦ/dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil as this instant, we have
Ep= -Np dΦ/dt. ______________(1)
and
Es=–Ns dΦ/dt. ______________(2)
since the above relation are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es/Ep = –Ns/Np. ______________(3)
as if P is the instantaneous value of back EMF induced in the primary coil P1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E– El) instantaneous value of applied and back
 image for other if R P is the resistance of P1 P2 coil then the instantaneous
current IP in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E–Ep/Rp
E–Ep=Ip Rp
Thus back e. m. f.=input e. m. f.
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es/Ep=Es/E
=output e. m. f./ input e. m. f.
=Ns/Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio
IN A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
 Es<E so K<1 , hence Ns<Np
If
Ip=value of primary current at the same instant
And
Is=value of secondary current at this instant, then input power at the instant = Ep Ip
And
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power
Or
Ep Is = Es Is
Or
Es/Ep = Ip / Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
IN A STEP UP TRANSFORMER
 Es<E so K>1, hence Ns > Ns As, K>1, so Ip >Is Or Is<Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage , we loss in current in the same
ratio.
similarly it can be shown, that in the step down Transformer ,whatever
we lost in voltage, we gain in the current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer is reality step down the current and step
down Transformer Step Up the current.
Diagram
 EFFICIENCY
 Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input
power.
i.e.
n=output power/input power = Es Is/Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal Transformer , where there is a no power losses
,n=1
But in actual practice , there are many power losses , therefore the efficiency of a
transformer is less than 1
 ENERGY LOSSES
 Following are the major sources of energy loss in the Transformer :
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coil of the
transformer . This is due to the joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the Transformer .
This is due to formation of Eddy current in the iron core . It is minimised by taking
laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulation . Therefore , rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1 S2 is less than the rate of the
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1 P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and
demagnetization of iron core with A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i. e. humming noise of a transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

1) Iron rod
2) copper wire
3) ammeter
4) voltmeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
 Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of a turns
of thin Cu wire on thick paper . This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
 Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound a relatively smaller number
of turns of thick copper wire on it . This constitutes the secondary coil . It is a step
down transformer.
 Connect P1 , P2 to AC main and measure the input voltage and current using AC
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
 Similarly , measure the output voltage and current through S1 and S2.
 Now Connect S1 and S2 to AC main and again measure voltage and current through
primary and secondary coil of Step Up transformer.
 Repeat all steps for other self made Transformer by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil .
 USES OF TRANSFORMERS
 IN voltage regulator for T.V. , refrigerator , computer , air conditioner , etc.
 A step down Transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step down Transformer is used for obtaining large current.
 A step down Transformer is used for the production of X-rays and NEON
advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulator and stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmission of A.C over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets , telephones , loudspeakers and
electric bell etc.
 CONCLUSION
 The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

 The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

 There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

 While taking reading of current and voltage the A.C should remain
constant

SOURCE OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings .

 NCERT physics lab manual.

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THANK YOU!