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S2-Tensile Test of Mild Steel

The document describes a tensile test procedure to determine the mechanical properties of mild steel, including modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and percentage area reduction. A tensile test specimen is loaded in a universal testing machine until failure. Its load-elongation data is used to construct a stress-strain curve and derive the mechanical properties. Key points on the stress-strain curve include the proportional limit, elastic limit, upper and lower yield strengths, and ultimate tensile strength.

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Altamashuddin Khan
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246 views7 pages

S2-Tensile Test of Mild Steel

The document describes a tensile test procedure to determine the mechanical properties of mild steel, including modulus of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, and percentage area reduction. A tensile test specimen is loaded in a universal testing machine until failure. Its load-elongation data is used to construct a stress-strain curve and derive the mechanical properties. Key points on the stress-strain curve include the proportional limit, elastic limit, upper and lower yield strengths, and ultimate tensile strength.

Uploaded by

Altamashuddin Khan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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S2-TENSILE TEST OF MILD STEEL

INTRODUCTION
One of the important considerations during the design stage of any structural member is to
ensure the structure is safe against failure. Tensile test is one of the methods to determine
the fundamental mechanical properties of structural members for use in design. Steel is
commonly used as structural members in bridges, buildings and for general purposes. In
reinforced concrete structure, steel bars are used as reinforcements. A knowledge of the
properties and an understanding of the behaviour of steel is an important factor in the design
process.

Objective
To determine the following mechanical properties of mild steel
1) Modulus of Elasticity
2) Yield Strength
3) Ultimate strength
4) Elongation
5) Percentage area of reduction

Theory
When a mild steel specimen is subjected to tension, it will demonstrate a phenomenon as
shown in Figure S2-1. From Figure S2-1, it can be seen that stress is linearly proportional
to strain between point O and A. This relation, known as Hooke’s Law will continue until a
certain stress value which is called proportional limit (Point A). The region of proportionality
OA is defined as the elastic region. Beyond point A, the material is no longer follows directly
the Hooke’s Law although still behaves elastically if the load is released. The end of the
elastic region is called elastic limit (Point B). If the load exceeds beyond point B, plastic
deformation will occur and the specimen is permanently deformed. Point C is the upper
yield limit, where the material experiences sudden increase of strain. Lower yield limit
indicated by point D, which is the lowest stress level during yielding. After point D (yielding),
further increase of strain can only be achieved by the subsequent increase of load. The
stress continues to rise until its peak (Point E) and then decreases until fracture occurs
(Point F).
The ultimate tensile strength is calculated by dividing the applied load at point E by the
original cross-sectional area of the specimen.

Figure S2-1: Stress Strain Curve of Mild Steel


Figure S2-2 Typical Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

APPARATUS
1) Universal Testing Machine
2) Mild steel specimen
3) Micrometer
4) Extensometer
5) Divider

PROCEDURE
1) For round specimen, measure its diameter at any three locations along its gauge length
and take the average reading.
2) Mark two points on the gauge length of the specimen. The distance between the two
points is equal to the gauge length.
3) Place the specimen between the grips of the testing machine.
4) Install the extensometer to the specimen at the earlier mentioned marks.
5) Apply incremental load gradually.
6) When the specimen reaches its yield point, remove the extensometer. Measurement of
subsequent specimen elongation is based on the movement between the two grips of
the testing machine.
7) Increase the load until specimen fails.

EXAMPLE
The following data is obtained from a round cross sectional mild steel tensile test.
Data: Original diameter of the specimen = 25 mm
Diameter of the specimen after test = 18.6 mm
Gauge length = 200 mm
DATA

Starting of experiment End of experiment


Diameter

Cross section Area, Ao= Af=


A(mm2)
Lo= Lf=
Gauge Length

Plot both the initial and complete stress-strain graph and define the followings in the graph

i. Upper yield limit


ii. Lower yield limit
iii. Ultimate tensile strength
iv. Breaking strength

CALCULATION:

Show the sample calculations for every item below:

Elastic Modulus, E (N/mm2)

Upper yield limit (N/mm2)

Lower yield limit (N/mm2)


Ultimate tensile strength
(N/mm2)
Elastic limit (N/mm2)

Elongation (%)

Load (kN) Elongation (mm) Stress (N/mm2) Strain (mm/mm)


Equipment

1. SHIMADZU 300kN Universal Test Machine (UTM)


2. Series IX Application Software for 3300 Series Load Frames
3. Specimen
4. Measurement apparatus : Venier Calipers, Steel ruler

Procedure

1. Measure the diameter of the specimen at 3 various places and calculate the average.
2. Mark a 50 mm gauge length on the specimen.
3. Fix the specimen to the machine by pushing the top grip upwards and inserting the
specimen into the bottom grip.
4. Apply the load slowly.
5. Record the reading of the load cell and he stroke.
6. Remove the specimen from the grips and join back the broken halves together and
measure the final “gauge” length, and the diameter at the broken section.

Questions
1. What is importance of tensile test in structural engineering?
2. Give the differences of stress-strain curve between mild and high yield steel

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