CSE513: Tall Building Structures

SHEAR WALL

1. Shear Wall Behaviour

2. Single shear wall
3. Coupled shear wall
4. Shear wall with small opening
5. Multi-bay coupled shear wall

1
 Common Form of Residential Building
in Hong Kong
The walls may be
part of a service
core or a stairwell,
or they may serve as
partitions between
accommodations.

2
1. Shear Wall Behaviour

3
Shear Wall – Common Misconceptions

Due to misleading name “Shear Wall”

The dominant mode of failure is shear

Strength is controlled by shear

Designed is governed primarily by shear

4
Shear Wall or Column

5
 Shear Wall or Frame
Shear Wall Shear Wall or Frame ? Frame

6
Shear Wall and Frame Behavior

7
Shear Wall and Truss Behavior

8
 Shear Wall and Frame

Shear Wall Behavior Frame Behavior

9
Basic Types of Shear Walls

10
11
Shear Wall Layout

12
Shear wall buildings are commonly of 10 to 50
storeys, and their behaviour is influenced by the
shape of the walls and their plan position. In
many cases, the walls are pierced by openings
such that the behaviour of the individual wall
sections is coupled to a variable degree,
depending on the proportion of the walls and
connecting beams. In their simplest form, a
single line of openings may be represented for
analysis as a continuous flexible medium. Shear
cores usually comprise channel sections coupled
by beams or slabs.
13
The plan distribution of walls should be such
that the building is torsionally, as well as
flexural, stiff. In rectangular plan buildings,
shear walls are often placed at the extremities
of the building in order to resist load on the
wider face of the building. In the orthogonal
direction, frame action may be utilised. Wind
resisting cores are usually preferred internally
within buildings.

14
 High-Rise Behaviour
• A high-rise structure is essentially a vertical cantilever

• Behaviour of tall building subjected to shear, moment and torsion

• The resistance of the structure to the external moment is provided

by flexure of the vertical components, and by their axial action
acting as the chords of a vertical truss.

• The floor slabs, which act as a rigid diaphragm, play an important

role in distributing horizontal shear and torsion to the vertical
components

15
A high-rise structure is essentially a vertical cantilever

16
 Structural system – load path
Lateral wind
load : V V

The stiffness of building is as close as the wind load

Centre to avoid twisting at the building 17
Effect of Shear Wall Location

18
 Shear Wall Building Behaviour

Wind load transmitted to individual

shear wall (without linkage) by the floor
diaphragm
Shear wall acts as cantilever to resist
wind load 19
 Movement of high-rise building under wind

Floor diaphragm is
considered as infinitive rigid
(in-plan) as compared with
the out of plan stiffness
under wind load. The
diaphragm links all walls
with the same displacement
including rotation of floor
diagram 20
Wind Shear Force
Distribution

Wall to cater for the

wind shear along X-X
Wall to cater for the
wind shear along Y-Y 21
 Effective flange width (bf)

Section Shape
T/I L/[
Spacing of Wall

hf thickness 22
b01 width
Assume building under a horizontal force P, Px & Py
are two components along X & Y axis.
Shear force for walls
along X a
(Relationship between
displacement and the
moment)
b
Relationship between
displacement and
shear force)
c
Shear force for wall
along X d
Sub. ( d) into
(a) e

Sub (e) into (c )

The shear force along shear wall is proportion to its stiffness 23

24
 Openings in Shear Walls
Medium Openings Very Large
Very Small
may convert shear Openings may
Openings may not
wall to Pier and convert the Wall to
alter wall behavior
Spandrel System Frame

Spandrel Beam

Wall Column
Pier Pier

25
Stress Distribution of walls with different openings

Bending

Moment

Stress Distribution

26
2. Single Wall

27
SHEAR WALLS WITHOUT OPENINGS
Shear walls can be treated as “walls without
openings” and analyzed by the simple beam theory
if

(1) Area of openings < 15 % wall area;

(2) net distance between openings or net distance
between wall edge and openings > largest dimension of
the openings.

Reduced area Ar and reduced moment of inertia Ir

should be used in calculations.

28
 Ar = γ 0 A

γ 0 = 1 − 1.25 A0 A (1)
g

I r = ∑ (I j h j ) / ∑ h j

Ar =Net shear wall cross-sectional area

A = shear wall cross-sectional area
Ao= total area of openings
Ag= total wall surface area
Ij = net moment of inertia of jth section of the wall
hj = height of jth section
γ o = Reduction coefficient

Three loading conditions are considered:

Triangular distributed loading (TDL)
Uniform distributed loading (UDL)
Point load at top of the wall (TPL) 29
∆ = ∆bending + ∆shear

30
 w q P

x
hj

h2
h1

TL UDL PL

31
 The displacement at top of wall:

 11
 60 B (1 + 3 . 64 F ) ( For TDL )
 1
∆ = B (1 + 4 F ) ( For UDL )
 8
 1 B (1 + 3 F ) ( For TPL )
 3

where B = V0 H 3 /( EI r ) , F = µEI r /( H 2GAr ) ,

Vo = total shear force at x = H (wall base)
µ = factor of non-uniform shear stresses, related to the shape
of wall cross section (where µ = 1.2 for rectangular shape; for I section µ
= Sectional Area/Flange Area)
E,G = Young's & shear modulus respectively; where G=0.42E
32
Behaviour of Single Shear Wall 33
2. Coupled Shear Wall

34
Shear Wall Building Behaviour -
Coupled Shear Wall

For single shear wall, the reaction at

base in moment (M) only.
If two walls are linked together by beam
(lintel), the couple action will change the
reaction at base from moment force to
axial force which is more economical 35
• If a pair of in-plane shear walls is connected by pin-
ended links that transmit only axial forces between
them, any applied moment will be resisted by
individual moment in tow walls, the magnitudes of
which will be proportional to the walls flexural
rigidities. The bending stresses are then distributed
linearly across each wall. With max tensile and
compressive stresses on opposite edges

36
• If, on the other hand, the walls are connected by rigid beams
to form a dowelled vertical cantilever, the applied moment
will be resisted by the two walls acting as a single
composite unit, bending about the central axis of the two
walls . The bending stresses will then be distributed linearly
across the composite unit, with max tensile and compressive
stresses occurring at the opposite extreme edges.

37
• The practical situation of a pair of walls connected
by flexible beams will lie between these two
extreme cases, which may be regarded a bound on
the structural behaviour of a coupled wall system.
The stiffer the connecting beams, the closer the
structural behaviour will approach that of a fully
composite cantilever. The efficiency of the system
may be assessed by the degree to which it
approaches the optimum behaviour of a composite
cantilever.
38
 COUPLED SHEAR WALL STRUCTURES
Definition:
Walls connected by bending-resistant members

Coupling beam

Methods of analysis:
(i) Equivalent continuum method
(ii) Wide-column frame method
(iii) Finite element method and Wall Wall
(iv) Finite strip method (not shown)

39
 i. EQUIVALENT CONTINUUM METHOD
Assumptions
1. Uniform geometry up the height

2. Connecting beams are axially rigid, so that the horizontal

displacements of the two walls are the same. Rotations are also
equal in the two walls.

3. Points of contraflexure of the coupling beams are at mid-span.

4. The discrete set of connecting beams, each of flexural rigidity

EIB, may be simplified as an equivalent continuous connecting
medium of flexural rigidity EIB/h per unit height (h = storey
height). 40
 2a 2c

x
Ib

H
h y

I1 I2
A1 A2

(a) (b)
Equivalent Connecting Medium

Coupled shear wall and its analogy

41
 Cut along the line of contraflexure (mid-span of the connecting
medium):
c1 c2
a a
σ(x
)

M1 M2

N N

τ(x) τ(x)
Basic system for analysis
Condition at mid span of the cut point: δ1(x) + δ2 (x) + δ3 (x) = 0,
42
Compatibility Equations
(a) Relative displacement due to bending deformations of
the walls: δ1

θ1m θ2m
δ 1 = −2cθ m = 2cdym / dx

δ1 The negative sign in the above

equation is necessary as the
direction of the relative
displacement associated with a
2c positive rotation (clockwise) is
opposite to the direction of
τ (x).

43
 θ1m = θ 2 m = θ m according to assumption
ym
ym= lateral deflection of walls
x
dym
<0
dx

θv θv
Note: The relative
displacement due to
shear deformations in
the walls should be
zero
44
(b) Relative displacement due to axial deformations of the
walls:δ2

Relationship between the axial force N(x) and

the shear force τ (x):
x
N ( x) = ∫ τ ( x)dx or dN ( x) / dx = τ ( x)
o

τ(x)
N(x) N(x)

45
 H N ( x)dx H N ( x)dx 1 1 1 H
δ2 = ∫ +∫ = ( + ) ∫ N ( x)dx
x EA1 x EA2 E A1 A2 x
1 1 1 H X
= ( + ) ∫ ( ∫ τ ( x)dx)dx
E A1 A2 x 0

δ2

46
 (c) Relative displacements due to bending and shear
deformations in the coupling beam: δ3m andδ3v
Due to bending Due to shear
δ 3 = δ 3 m + δ 3v

δ 3m = 2τ ( x)ha 3 /(3EI b )
δ 3v = 2µτ ( x)ha /( AB G )
2τ ( x)ha 3  3µEI B  2τ ( x) ha 3
δ 3 = δ 3 m + δ 3v = 1 + 2
=
3EI B  AB Ga  3EI B

EI B is the equivalent (reduced) flexural rigidity

considering the effect of shear deformability.

47
Note
τ ×1 = τ
τa 3
1 δ=
Ib
Ib 3E
h
h

τ (x) h Bending Deformation

AB
δ3
IB

τ (x) h
a a Shear Deformation

48
(d) Compatibility equation

d
δ1 + δ 2 + δ 3 = 0 ⇒ [δ 1 + δ 2 + δ 3 ] = 0
dx
3
1 1 1 x 2 ha
− 2cθ m' − ( + ) ∫ τ ( x)dx + τ ' ( x) = 0
E A1 A2 0 3EI B

τ ( x) 1
1 2 ha 3
⇒ − 2cθ m" − ( + )+ τ " ( x) = 0
E A1 A2 3EI B

49
Relationship between loading and deflection

d 2 y1m d 2 y2 m
EI1 2
= M1 and EI 2 2
= M2
dx x x
dx
M 1 = M p − c1 ∫ τ (λ )dλ − ∫ σ (λ )( x − λ )dλ = M p − c1 N ( x) − M σ
0 0

x x
M 2 = −c2 ∫ τ (λ )dλ + ∫ σ (λ )( x − λ )dλ = − c2 N ( x) + M σ
0 0

c1 c2
τ τ Positive M2 (or
M1) loads left side
λ of wall in tension
x q Mp is the external
σ applied moment
at X
vp
M1 M2 Mσis the moment
due to axial force
for beam 50
 Because y1m = y2 m = ym θ1m = θ 2 m = θ m
d 2 ym x
E ( I1 + I 2 ) 2
= M 1 + M 2 = M p − ∫ τ (λ )(c1 + c2 )dλ
dx 0

x x
= M p − ∫ 2cτ (λ )dλ = M p − 2cN ( x) Where N ( x) = ∫ τ ( x)dx
0 0

d 2 ym dM p
Note: − = θ '
m = Vp
dx 2 dx
Let m( x) = 2cτ ( x) (Sum of the moment due to beam shear)
d 2 ym
θm = − 2 − E ( I1 + I 2 )θ 'm = M p − 2cN ( x)
'

dx
dM p
− E ( I1 + I 2 )θ "m = − 2cτ ( x)
dx
θ m" = −[VP − m( x)] /[ E ( I1 + I 2 )]
51
Vp is the total shear force due to external loading at
section x

V0 [1 − (1 − x / H ) 2 ] TL
 x
VP =  V0 UDL
 H
 V0 PL

V0 = Vp|x=H = total shear force at base (x=H)

52
 Governing differential equation
τ ( x ) 1 1 2 ha 3
− 2cθ m" − ( + )+ τ " ( x) = 0 [a]
E A1 A2 3EI B
θ m" = −[VP − m( x)] /[ E ( I1 + I 2 )] [b]
 x 2
 K [1 − (1 − H ) ] V

α m( x ) 
2
x
p

⇒m ( x) − H 2 = 
"
Substitute (b) into (a) K
H
 K

2 α 2
1
link beam and wall stiffness ratio
3H D K = −α 2V / H 2
Here α = α1 +
2 2
1 0
hcS , D Coefficient of beam stiffness

2 2
6 H D 2cA1 A2 I c α Coefficient of wall axial deformation
α1 = ,S= =
2 B
D with considering the beam/wall rigidity
h ( I1 + I 2 ) A1 + A2 , a3 53
Moment inertia of coupled wall section
S
For easy calculation by graph,
α12
Let x / H = ξ , m( x) = Φ ( x)V0 2 [c]
α
− α 2 [(1 − (1 − ζ ) 2 ] TL

Φ (ζ ) − α Φ (ζ ) = 
" 2
− α 2ζ UDL
 − α 2 PL

Note: Φ ' ( ξ ) = Φ ' ( x ) ⋅ H , Φ" ( ξ ) = Φ" ( x ) ⋅ H 2

τ
1 1 2ha 3τ "
− 2cθ m " = ( + ) −
E A1 A2 3EI B

V p − m( x )
2cθ " m = −2 c
E ( I1 + I 2 )

54
∴ τ 1 1 2ha 3τ " 2c[V p − m( x)]
( + )− − =0
E A1 A2 3EI B E ( I1 + I 2 )

m 1 1 ha 3m" 2cV p 2cm

( + )− − + =0
2cE A1 A2 3EI B c E( I1 + I 2 ) E( I1 + I 2 )
ha 3  1 1 1  2c  2cV p
m" ( ) − m  +  + + =0
3EI B c  2cE  A1 A2  E( I1 + I 2 )  E( I1 + I 2 )
 3EI B c   1  1 1  2c 
m" − m 
3 
 +  + 
 ha   2cE  A1 A2  E( I1 + I 2 ) 
2cV p 3EI B c 6c 2 I BVP
=− × =− 3
E ( I1 + I 2 ) ha 3
ha ( I1 + I 2 )
6 DV p 6 H 2 D VP α 2
α 2
=− =− ⋅ 2 = − 1 2 VP = − 1 V0 f ( x) = Kf ( x)
h ∑ Ii h ∑ Ii H H H2 55
3I B c  1  1 1  2c  3I B c  1  A1 + A2  2c 
3 
 +  +  = 3 
  + 
ha  2c  A1 A2  I1 + I 2  ha  2c  A1 A2  I1 + I 2 

3 I B c  1 2c  3 I B c 2 1 2 
= 3 
+ =  + 
ha  S ∑ I i  ha 3  cS ∑ I i

3D  1 2  1  6 DH 2 3DH 2 
=  +  = 2 + 
h  cS ∑ I i  H  h ∑ Ii hcS 

1  2 3H 2 D  α 2
= 2 α1 +  = 2
H  hcS  H

56
 Φ"+ aΦ '+bΦ = 0
λ2 + aλ + b = 0
λ1 , λ2
Φ = C1e λ1x + C2 e λ2 x

for λ2 − α 2 = 0 λ = ±α

Φ = C1eαx + C2 e − ax = C1 cosh(αx) + C2 sinh(αx)

1 x −x 1 x −x
cosh x = (e + e ) , sinh x = (e − e )
2 2
− ix
e ix = cos x + i sin x , e = cos x − i sin x

57
Boundary conditions:
(1) when ζ = 0 : M 1 = M 2 = 0 i.e. θ m′ = 0
(2) when ζ = 1 : θm= 0
Substituting condition (1) into
1 1 1 x 2ha 3
− 2cθ m′ − ( + ) ∫ τ ( x)dx + τ ′( x) = 0
E A1 A2 0 3EI B
⇒ τ ' (0) = 0 ⇒ m′(0) = Φ′(0) = 0

 2
1 − (1 − ξ ) − α 2 
2

Since Φ = C1 cosh(αξ ) + C2 sinh(αξ ) +  ξ



 1 
 
 
58
 + 2(1 − ξ )
 
Φ ' = C1α sinh(αξ ) + C2α cosh(αξ ) +  1 
 0 
 
with Φ′(ξ ) |ξ =0 = 0 − 2 / α

C2 =  − 1 / α
 0

Substituting condition (2) into
δ1 + δ 2 + δ 3 = 0

1 1 1 H x 2τ ( x)ha 3
− 2cθ m + ( + ) ∫ ∫ τ ( x) dxdx + =0
E A1 A2 x 0 3EI B

with ξ = 1, θ m = 0
59
We have 2τ (1)ha 3
0+0+ =0
3 EI B

⇒ τ (1) = 0 ⇒ m(1) = 0 = Φ (1)

Substitution into the general solution:

 2
1 − (1 − ξ ) − α 2 
2

 
Φ = C1 cosh(αξ ) + C2 sinh(αξ ) +  ξ 
 1 
 
 
− (1 − 2 / α 2 )

C1coshα + C2sinhα =  −1
 −1
 60
C1 can be found from the above relationship

  2 2sinhα  1 
− (1 − α 2 ) − α  × coshα 
   
  sinhα  1 
C1 =  − 1 −  × 
  α  cosh α 
 −
1 
 coshα 
 

61
General solution:

  2 2 sinh α  1 
− (1 − α 2 ) − α  × cosh α 
   
  sinh α  1 
Φ (ξ ) =  − 1 −  ×  × cosh(αξ )
  α  cosh α 
 −
1 
 cosh α 
 
 2
− α   2
1 − (1 − ξ ) − 2 
2

 1   α 

+ −  sinh(αξ ) +  ξ 
 α  1 
 0   
   

62
 or Φ (ξ ) = Φ1 (α , ξ )

  2 2
 1 − (1 − ζ ) 2
+ 2Γ
 1 − 1 + 2 2
Γ − 2Γ −
α α
3 2
 

 (Γ1 − 1)Γ2 − Γ3 + ζ [d]
Φ1 (α , ζ ) = 

 1 − Γ2



sinhα cosh (αζ ) sinh (αζ )
where Γ1 = ; Γ2 = ; Γ3 =
α coshα α
The values of Φ1 (α , ξ ) can be found in Tables 1-3.
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
 Internal Forces
(a) Coupling beam
from [d] or Table 1-3, Φ1 (α , ξ ) can be found at any height , V0α12 Φ (ξ j )
m(ξ j ) =
from [c] . Link beam moment is: α2
The shear force of the jth storey coupling beam
m(ξ j )h
VBj = = τh
2c
The end moment of the jth storey coupling beam
M Bj = VBj a
The axial force of the jth storey coupling beam
N Bj = σ (ξ j )h
2
d Mσ
x
Q M σ = ∫ σ (λ )( x − λ )dλ 2
= σ ( x)
0 dx
σ (x) can be found using M σ = M 2 + c2 N ( x)

Moment in wall 2 and axial force

70
(b) Walls
Axial force of the wall at the jth storey
n n

N = N1 = N 2 = ∑ VBs= ∑ τ ( xs )h
s= j s= j

Moment of the wall at the jth storey

VBn
I1
M1 = Mj
I1 + I 2 VB(j+1)
I2
M2 = Mj VBj
I1 + I 2 M1
n N1
Here M j = M Pj − ∑ m( xs )h
s= j

71
Shear forces of the walls at the j th story

n

V1 = V p − ∑ N Bs 
s= j

n

V2 = V p − V1 = ∑ N Bs 
s= j 

I1
V1 = Vj Ii
Alternatively I1 + I 2 Ii =
12µEI i
1+
I2 GAi h 2
V2 = Vj (Net moment inertia
I1 + I 2 after considering shear
deformation of wall)
72
d b( x) db( x)
[ ]
dx ∫a ( x )
f ( λ , x ) dλ = f b ( x ), x
dx
da( x) b ( x ) df (λ , x)
− f [a ( x), x ] +∫ dλ
dx a ( x ) dx

Now if a(x)=0, b(x)=x

Then da( x) db( x)

=0 , =1
dx dx
d x x df (λ , x)
∴
∫ f (λ, x)dλ = f [x, x] + ∫ dλ
dx 0 0 dx

73
 Further f (λ, x) = σ (λ )(x − λ )

df (λ, x)
∴ = σ (λ )
dx

d x x x
∴ ∫ σ ( λ )( x − λ )dλ = σ ( x )( x − x ) + ∫ σ ( λ )dλ = ∫ σ ( λ )dλ
dx 0 0 0

d2 x d x
∴ 2
dx ∫0 σ (λ )( x − λ )dλ = dx ∫0 σ (λ )dλ = σ ( x)

74
Displacement and Equivalent Flexural Rigidity

y = y m + yv

1 x x 1 x x x

E ( I1 + I 2 ) ∫H ∫H M p dxdx − E ( I1 + I 2 ) ∫H ∫ ∫
= m( x)dxdxdx
H 0

µ X

G( A + A ) ∫
− VP dx Ymdue to bending
H
1 2

Yv due to shear deformations

75
 d 2 ym 1  x

Note:
dx 2
=
E ( I1 + I 2 ) 
M p − ∫0 m ( x ) dx


X  d 2 ym 
X
ym = ∫ ∫  2
dxdx
H H
 dx 
τ τ
µ Vp dyv γ
γ= =−
G ( A1 + A2 ) dx

dyv µ Vp
=− τ τ
dx G ( A1 + A2 )

76
For the three loading conditions under consideration

 11
 60 Γ[T + 3 .64γ 2
] (TL)

 1 ∆ = Displacement
∆ =  Γ[T + 4.0γ 2 ] (UDL)
 8 at wall top
 1 Γ[T + 3.0γ 2 ]
 3 (PL)

Here Γ = V0 H 3 /[ E ( I1 + I 2 )] T = 1 − T + ψ aT
,
γ 2 = µE ( I1 + I 2 ) /[ H 2G ( A1 + A2 )]

T = α12 / α 2

77
  60 2
 11 γ 1 ( 3 + 2γ 1γ 2 − 2γ 3 − γ 2 )
 1
Ψa =  8γ 1 ( + γ 1 − γ 3 − γ 2 )
 2
 3γ 1 (1 − γ 2 )

1
γ 1 = 1 / α ; γ 2 = sinh α /[α cosh α ]; γ 3 = 2
2

α cosh α
Ψa can be found from the table.
Equivalent rigidity:
(11 / 60)V0 H 3 /( EI e ) ( I1 + I 2 ) /(T + 3.64γ 2 )
 
∆ =  (1 / 8)V0 H 3 /( EI e ) I e =  ( I1 + I 2 ) /(T + 4γ 2 )
 (1 / 3)V H 3 /( EI )  ( I + I ) /(T + 3γ 2 )
 0 e  1 2
78
79
Characteristic behaviour: Effect of “α”
(a) Deflected shape is of bending type
α ↑, wall stiffness ↑, y ↓
(b) Distribution of τ : Maximum τ q
(also maximum MBj) not at the
lowest storey, and depends on α
α ↑, τ ↑, location of τ max ↓

(c) α ↑, τ ↑, ∴ N ↑
α ↑, M ↓ M1 M2
(d)
N N
M 1 + M 2 + N ⋅ 2c = M p

∴ N ↑ M 1 and M 2 ↓
80
 20
Storey number

15

10

5
0
2.5 5 4 8 200 400 2000 4000
y(cm) τ (kN/m) N(kN) M(kNm)

Typical results
81
 2 2
Note: 6 H D 3 H D
α =
2
+
h ( I1 + I 2 ) hcS
6 H 2 D  I1 + I 2  α 21
= 1+  =
h ( I1 + I 2 )  S ⋅ 2c  T
1 α1 2

α 21 = ⇒ T= 2
T α
2cA1 A2
Since S= = A1 y1 = A2 y2
A1 + A2
S ⋅ 2c = A1 y1 ( y1 + y2 ) 1 1 + A1 y1 y2 = A1 y1 + A2 y2 = I A
2 2
=
2
A y
I = I1 + I 2 + I A
2cS I
∴T = = A
I1 + I 2 + 2cS I
82
 Centroidal line of When acting as a composite section
composite section
2c ( A1 + A2 ) y1 = A2 ⋅ 2c
y1
2cA2 2cA1
∴ y1 = ∴ y2 =
A1 A2 A1 + A2 A1 + A2

I
∴α = α ⋅
2 2
1→ α > α1
IA
6H 2 D
α =
2
1
h ( I1 + I 2 )
α, α1: both represent the stiffness ratio between the
connecting beams and the walls  global characteristics
of the coupled wall.
83
α1--- effect of axial deformation ignored
α --- effect of axial deformation considered
α > α1 , T < 1

T= parameter of axial deformation

µE ( I 1 + I 2 )
γ= = shear parameter
GH ( A1 + A2 )
2

G ( A1 + A2 ) = shear rigidity of walls

γ = 0 : → effect of shear deformation neglected
T = 1 : → effect of axial deformation neglected

84
 In general, the effect of shear deformation is smaller than
that of axial deformation. When , shear deformation
should be considered.
H
H,B = height and width of coupled wall≤ 4
B
α < 1: restraining effect of the coupling beams can
be neglected.
α ≥ 10: restraining effect of the coupling beams is
very strong. The walls can be treated as a
single wall with small openings or without
openings.
1 ≤ α < 10: should be analysed as coupled walls.
9.9 DETAILING FOR DUCTILITY (CoP 2004)
9.9.1 Beams
9.9.1.1 Longitudinal reinforcement
The maximum area of tension reinforcement should not exceed 2.5% of the gross
cross sectional area of the concrete. At any section of a beam within a critical
zone the compression reinforcement should not be less than one-half of the 85
tension reinforcement at the samesection.
γ ≠ 0 T ≠1 γ = 0 T ≠1 γ = 0 T =1

86
87
(a) Single beam model (b)Two separate beams (c)Wall with small
model openings model

88
(d) Coupled shear wall (e) Frame model
model

89
Relative properties of various wall geometries

90
Relative deflection of coupled walls

91
 ii. WIDE COLUMN FRAME METHOD

• When the opening size is

large and the link beam
stiffness closing to or larger
than the wall stiffness.
• Under lateral wind load,
contra flexural moment
occurs at wall each floor (but
not similar to frame)

• Wall shear deformation is

dominant
• Intersection area between
wall and link beam is large
and rigid zone can be
considered due to its limited
deformation 92
Usually: beams are axially rigid
walls are axially deformable

a L b a L b

h A1 A2
A1 A2
h I1 I2
I1 I2

93
 IB = ∞
θ θ
θ θ

Actual Structure Analogous Structure

94
 Analysis of wide-column frames

The stiffness matrix for an equivalent column segment

including axial, bending (and shear) deformation is the
same as that for an ordinary column.

A/ h 0 0 − A/ h 0 0 
 12 I / h 3 − 6I / h2 0 − 12 I / h 3 − 6I / h2 
 
 4I / h 0 6I / h2 2I / h 
[ Kc ] = E  
 A/ h 0 0 
 Symmetric 12 I / h 3 − 6I / h2 
 
 4I / h 

95
 1
To include the effect of shear
3
deformation, multiply k22, k23, k25,
2
k26, k35, k55 and k56 by 1/(1 + 2g) ,
k33 and k66 by (2 + g)/(2 + 4g) and h

k36 by (1 - g)/(1 + 2g).

5
6
where g = 6EIµ/(AGh2) and µ (shape
4
function of shear) = 1.2

96
Stiffness matrix for a beam with rigid arms
The elements in the stiffness matrix due to a unit rotation at point
A are obtained from a combination of two displacements at B,
e.g. a unit rotation and a deflection a. Therefore, the following
elements in the matrix can be calculated as:
[
k11=4 EI / L+6 EIa / L2 + a 6 EI / L2 +12 ELa / L3 ]
=4 EI (1 + 3α + 3α 2 ) / L
k21=6 EI / L2 +12 EIa / L3 =6 EI (1 + 2α ) / L2

[
k31=2 EI / L+6 EIa / L2 +b 6 EI / L2 +12 ELa / L3 ]
=2 EI (1 + 3α + 3β + 6αβ ) / L
k 41 =− 6 EI / L2 −12 EIa / L3 =− 6 EI (1 + 2α ) / L2
here α = a / L and β = b/L
97
 2 4
1 3
A B C D
a L b
1
a

6 EI
L2
4 EI 1 2 EI
L L

a 6 EIa
6 EIa 12 EIa
L2
L2 L2
98
 Beam without rigid arms
 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI − 6 EI 
 L L2 L L2  θ 
 M 1   6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI   1 
   2 
 F1   L L3 L2 L3   v1 
  = 2 EI − 6 EI  θ 2
M 2  
6 EI 4 EI
 
 F2   L L2 
2
L L v2 
 − 6 EI − 12 EI − 6 EI 4 EI 
 2 12 3 
 L L3 L2 L 

Beam with rigid arms

 M 1   k11 k12 k13 k14  θ1   k11   M 1   M1 

 F  k k   F  F 
 1   21 k 22 k 23 k 24   v1   21  = 1  
= 1 
 =     M 
M 2  k31 k32 k33 k34  θ 2  k31   2  M 2 
 F2  k 41 k 42 k 43

k 44  v2  k 41   F2   F2 

due to θ1 = 1 due to θ1 = 1 and v1 = a

99
 2 EI 6 EIa F2
4 EI 6 EIa + 2
F1 + 2 L L 6 EI 12 EIa
M1 L L 6 EI 12 EIa + M2
+ L2 L3
L2 L3

a b
⇓ ⇓
6 EI 12 EIa
6 EI 12 EIa k 41 = F2 = −( 2 + )
k 21 = F1 = 2
+ L L 3
L L3
6 EI
6 EI = − 2 (1 + 2α )
= 2 (1 + 2α ) L
L
2 EI 6 EIa
k11 = M 1 =
4 EI 6 EIa
+ 2 k31 = M 2 = + 2
L L L L
6 EI 12 EIa
6 EI 12 EIa
+ a( 2 + ) + b( 2 + 3
)
L L3 L L
= 2 EI (1 + 3α + 3β + 6αβ ) / L
= 4 EI (1 + 3α + 3α 2 ) / L
with β = b / L
with α = a / L 100
 Neglecting axial deformation but including shear deformation, the
stiffness matrix is
 3(1 + 2α ) − 3(1 + 2α ) 
(2 + g ) + 6α (1 + α ) L
(1 − g ) + 3(α + β + 2αβ )
L 
 6 3(1 + 2 β ) −6 
2 EI  L2 L L2


L(1 + 2 g )  − 3(1 + 2 β ) 
(2 + g ) + 6 β (1 + β )
 L 
 6 
 
 L2


If shear deformation is ignored, the stiffness matrix is obtained

from the above by setting g = 0.
The total stiffness matrix for a multi-storey, multi-wall structure
can be assembled from the stiffness matrices for the walls and
beam members. Only computer capacity limits the number of
floors and walls which may be considered.
101
Note that the resulting bending moments for beams with rigid
arms are at the ends (nodes) on the neutral axes of the walls.
The moments at the beam-to-wall joints must be deduced as
M1 + M 3
M beam LH = M 1 − a ⋅ Slope = M 1 − a ⋅
a+ L+b
M 1a + M 1 ( L + b) − M 1a − M 3a
=
a+L+b
M 1 ( L + b) − M 3 ( a )
M beam LH =
a+ L+b
a
MBeam RH
M1

M3
MBeam LH
NA
b NA 102
Analysis of wide-column frames by standard
computer programs
In a standard frame analysis program, one cannot include
infinitely stiff members, nor are members with rigid arms
directly allowed.

Alternatives
(a) To analyse a wide-column frame using such a program,
each member with rigid arms can be modelled using
three elements with each rigid arm modelled as an
almost rigid member. (See Schwaighofer and Microus: 'Analysis of
shear walls using standard computer programs', ACI Journal, Dec. 1969,
pp.1005-1007)

103
 f e

Table 5: Suggested values of K1 and K2

e/f K1 K2
0.5 50 238
IB AB 1.0 100 700
2.0 200 2600
3.0 300 6300
5.0 500 21500

A = K1 AB; I = K2 IB

Using the above values for calculation, the errors in the

moments and forces of walls and beams were claimed to be
no more than 0.1%. This method requires the addition of
nodes at the junctions between beams and rigid arms.

104
(b) For symmetrical walls, one can replace wide-column
beams with a full-span equivalent beam with a
modified I.

I’
I=∞ I

2 4 2 4
1 3 1 3
a L a L+2a

Wide-column beam Equivalent full span beam

k22 = 12 EI/L3 k22 = 12 EI'/(L + 2a)3

Equating these two k22, we have

I' = I ( 1 + 2a / L )3 105
 For k12, the situation is similar. For a beam with
rigid arms
k12 = 6 EI / L + 12 EIa / L
2 3

Therefore, we get the modification factor for the

moment of inertia is
I ′ / I = (1 + 2a / L) 3

(c) Adding a subroutine to a standard framework computer

program to modify member stiffness matrix for
members with rigid arms.
The stiffness matrix for beams with rigid arms has
been derived earlier. The subroutine can therefore be
easily prepared.

106
 iii THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

This is a general method for two and three dimensional

structural analysis. It is suitable for detailed analysis of the
stresses and deformations in complex shear walls (for
example in walls with irregular openings or changes in
width ).

Shear wall behaviour is usually compatible with a plane

stress approximation. The following are plane stress
elements commonly available in stress analysis programs.

107
6 DOF triangular element (constant strain triangles; or CST)

y Displacement functions:
6 u = a1 + a2 x + a3 y
v = a4 + a5 x + a6 y
5 4
k
2  u1  ∂u
v  εx = = a2
3  1 ∂x
j ∂v
i u2  ε y = = a6
1
{δ }
e
=  ∂y
 v2  ∂u ∂v
x u3  γ xy = + = a3 + a5
  ∂y ∂x
 v3 

The strains and stresses are uniform over the whole

element. Therefore if the element is to be used for shear
wall analysis, an accurate representation of stress
variations in the wall requires a large number of elements.
108
8 DOF quadrilateral element
Displacement function:
y 8
6 u = a1 + a2 x + a3 y + a4 xy
7 v = a5 + a6 x + a7 y + a8 xy
l 5
k ∂u
4 εx = = a2 + a4 y
2 ∂x
j 3 ∂v
i 1 ε y = = a7 + a8 x
∂y
∂u ∂v
x γ xy = + = a3 + a4 x + a6 + a8 y
∂y ∂x
In general, fewer elements are required to obtain results of
reasonable accuracy in the analysis. The aspect ratio (i.e.
length-to-width ratio) used should not be too large and the
shape should be close to rectangular. Much better results
are obtained if the aspect ratio is kept below 2.
109
From the assumed displacement distribution in the element, one
can form the stiffness matrix for the element and then assemble
these matrices to form the stiffness matrix of the whole structure.
Finally, the following equation in matrix form can be obtained:
[K] {δ} = {P}
Here [K] is the assembled stiffness matrix of the whole structure,
{δ} is the nodal displacement vector and {P} is the nodal load
vector. In fact, this equation is a set of linear algebraic equations.
The number of equations is equal to the total DOF of the
structure. With appropriate support conditions, {δ} can be
obtained by solving these equations and then the stresses in the
structure can be obtained.

110
111
Method
Equivalent (a) Closed-form solutions (a) Restrictive assumptions including
Continuum available; uniform geometry and properties
Method (b) Provides insight into general up the height and points of
structural behaviour; inflection at beam mid-span; and
(c) Tables and formulas for (b) Formulas somewhat complex.
preliminary design use.
Wide- (a) Geometric and material (a) A numerical approach, so insight
Column properties may vary up the into general behaviour not
Frame height; available;
Method (b) Conceptually simple; and (b) Limited to regular geometries; and
(c) Frame analysis programs can (c) Needs a computer.
be used
Finite (a) Can deal with (a) Also a computer-based numerical
Element irregular/complex shapes; approach, so insight into general
Method and behaviour not available;
(b) Most accurate results with a (b) Computationally most intensive;
proper mesh. (c) Conceptually more complex;
(d) Wall forces not readily available;
and
(e) Special treatment may be required
when beam elements are used to
model coupling beams.
112
 3. SHEAR WALLS WITH SMALL OPENINGS
It was pointed out earlier that
if α is greater than 10 the restraining effect of the coupling
beams is very strong and the walls can be approximately treated
as a single beam.
Here α represents the rigidity ratio between coupling beams and
walls. This implies that the distribution of vertical stress in the
walls is basically linear as found in a solid section beam.

Existing research has led to the following hand method for the
stress analysis of multi-bay shear walls (including two-bay
coupled shear walls) with small openings.

113
The conditions for applicability of this method are:
(1) α ≥ 10.0 and (2) IA / I ≤ Z
The second condition means that no point of contraflexure
exists in the walls. If only the first condition is satisfied, the
behaviour of the structure is similar to a frame and it should be
analysed as a frame.
2 2
6 H I c I
For two-bay shear walls α2 = B
h( I1 + I 2 )a 3 I A

∑ [I ]
k
For multi-bay shear walls 6H 2 2
Bi i c / ai3
α2 = i =1
k +1

Note T=
IA hT ∑ I i
i =1
I
114
 k = number of columns of openings
T = 0.8 (for k = 2-3)
T = 0.85 (for k = 4-6)
T = 0.9 (for k > 6)
I = cross-sectional moment of inertia of the whole shear wall
structure
Ii = cross-sectional moment of inertia of the ith shear wall.
k +1
I A = I − ∑ Ii
i =1

[ ]
I Bi = I Bi / 1 + 3µEB I Bi /( GB ABi ai2 )
H = height of the shear wall.
2ai = span of the coupling beam.
Z = coefficient, a function of α and n (see table).
n = number of storeys of the shear walls.
115
 i k

IBi
hB
ABi

Ii
Ai h H

2a 2ai 2ak

2c1 2ci 2ck

116
 Table for Values of Z
(Suitable for nearly equal width walls)
Load UDL TDL
Storey Number,
α n 8 10 12 16 20 8 10 12 16 20
10 0.832 0.897 0.945 1.000 1.000 0.887 0.938 0.974 1.000 1.000
12 0.810 0.874 0.926 0.978 1.000 0.867 0.915 0.950 0.994 1.000
14 0.797 0.858 0.901 0.957 0.993 0.853 0.901 0.933 0.976 1.000
16 0.788 0.847 0.888 0.943 0.977 0.844 0.889 0.924 0.963 0.989
18 0.781 0.838 0.879 0.932 0.965 0.837 0.881 0.913 0.953 0.978
20 0.775 0.832 0.871 0.923 0.956 0.832 0.875 0.906 0.945 0.970
22 0.771 0.827 0.864 0.917 0.948 0.828 0.871 0.901 0.939 0.964
24 0.768 0.823 0.861 0.911 0.943 0.825 0.867 0.897 0.935 0.959
26 0.766 0.820 0.857 0.907 0.937 0.822 0.864 0.893 0.931 0.956
28 0.763 0.818 0.854 0.903 0.934 0.820 0.861 0.889 0.928 0.953
30 0.762 0.815 0.853 0.900 0.930 0.818 0.858 0.885 0.925 0.949

117
If the above conditions are satisfied, the forces of the
walls can be calculated as follows.

The moments and axial forces of each wall (I = 1 to k+1)

M i = 0.85M P I i / I + 0.15M P I i / ∑ I i

N i = 0.85M P Ai yi / I (i = 1, k + 1)

Mp = moment at section x due to external loading

Ai and Ii = cross-sectional area and moment of inertia of ith
wall
yi = distance between the centroid of the ith wall and that of
the cross-section of the whole shear wall structure, and
I = moment of inertia of the whole shear wall structure

118
The shear forces at the bottom of each wall are
k +1
Vi = V0 Ai / ∑ Ai
i =1

The shear forces at other storeys are

k +1 k +1
 
Vi = 0.5V p  Ai / ∑ Ai + I i / ∑ I i 
 i =1 i =1 

Vo = total shear force from external loading at the base

Vp = total shear force from external loading at the
corresponding storey

The top displacement can be calculated using the formulae

introduced at the beginning of this chapter.
119
 5. MULTI-BAY COUPLED SHEAR WALLS

The steps and formulae for the analysis of multi-bay

coupled shear walls by the equivalent continuum method
are given below.

120
 2ai

σ i (x)

Ai Ai+1
Ii Ii+1
x
τ i (x)

ci,1 ci,2
2c1 2ci 2ck

121
Geometric Characteristics
(a) The reduced moment of inertia of coupling beams
considering the effect of shear deformations:

I Bi [µ = 1.2 for rectangular sections]

I Bi =
1 + 3µEB I Bi /(GB ABi ai2 )

Here ai = ai 0 + hBi / 4 , where ai is half of the net span of the

coupling beams and hB i is the height of the coupling beams.

(b) The rigidity coefficients of the coupling beams:

Di = ci2 I Bi / ai3
(c) Global parameter α1(without considering the effect of
axial deformations of walls):
k k +1
α = 6H
2
1
2
∑ D /(h∑ I )
i =1
i
i =1
i 122
 1 i k

x
ξ=
H

r1
ri
B

123
Basic Parameters
(a) Axial deformation influence parameter T:
Si = 2ci A i A i +1 /( A i + A i +1 )
ηi = Di φi / ∑ Di φi
1
T
= 1+ [∑ I / (2∑ D )]∑ {( D / c )[η / S − η
i i i i i i i −1 /( 2ci −1 Ai ) − ηi +1 /( 2ci +1 Ai +1 )]}

1 ri ri  Use α1 for α as α is still

φi = 1 + α (1 − )
1+α 4  B B  unknown at this stage.
The value of T can be approximately taken as the following :
T = 0.8 (for k = 2 or 3)
T = 0.85 (for k = 4 to 6) Using these
T = 0.9 (for k > 6) approximate
For two-bay walls: values, α can then
S = 2cA1 A2 /( A1 + A2 ) be found for use
T = 2 Sc /( I1 + I 2 + 2Sc) in finding Φ i .
124
(b) Global parameter (considering the effects of
axial deformations of walls)
α 2 = α12 / T
(c) Shear parameter:
µE ∑ I i
γ =
2

H 2G ∑ Ai
(d) Equivalent rigidity Ie

∑ I i /[(1 − T ) + Tψ a + 3.64γ 2 ] (for TDL)


I e =  ∑ I i /[(1 − T ) + Tψ a + 4γ 2 ] (for UDL)

 ∑ i − + ψ + γ 2
I /[(1 T ) T a 3 ] (for TPL)

where ψa is listed in Table 4.

125
Calculation of Internal Forces
(a) Restraining moment distribution coefficients of coupling
beams:
k
ηi = Diφi / ∑ Diφi mi (ξ ) = ηi m(ξ )
i =1

(b) Shear forces and moments of coupling beams:

VB ,ij = ηi hTV0Φ ( ξ ) /( 2ci ) TV0 Φ (ξ ) = m(ξ )
M B ,ij = VB ,ij aio τ = m(ξ ) / 2c

here and later j represents the storey number.

126
(c) Axial forces of the walls:
n
N1 j = ∑ VB ,1s for the 1st wall
s= j
n
N ij = ∑ (VB ,is − VB ,i −1, s ) for the 2nd to kth wall
s= j
n
N k +1, j = −∑ VB ,ks for the last wall
s= j

here n = total number of storeys.

VB,i-1,s VB,i,s

Nij
127
(d) Moments and shear forces of the walls:
n
M j = M pj − ∑ ms , ms = ThV0Φ ( ζ ), Vj =Vpj
s= j

M ij = I i M j / ∑ I i , Vij =I i Vj / ∑ I i
Ii = I i /[1 + 2µI i /(0.07Ah 2 )], I = I i /[1 + 12µEI i /(GAh 2 )]

(e) Axial force of jth storey coupling beam:

N bi = σ i (ζ ) h = ( d 2 M σi / dx 2 ) h
x x
M σi = M i +1 + ci +1,1 ∫ τ i +1 (λ )dλ + M σ ,i +1 + ci , 2 ∫ τ i (λ )dλ
0 0

(i = 1, 2 ,.... K-1)

where M σk = M k +1 + ck , 2 N k +1

128
Top Displacement of the Walls

11Γ / 60 (for TDL)


∆ = Γ/8 (for UDL)
 Γ/3 (for TPL )


where
Γ = V0 H3 / (EIe)

129
Lintel Beam

130
Structural action
of coupled shear
wall-slab
structure

131
Coupled shear wall
configurations

132
133
Effective curves for effective width (planar walls)
Where Ye is the effective width of slab 134
Thank You

135
Example 1
Find the internal forces and displacements of the 11-
storey shear wall structure.
3.3m 2m 6m 2m 3.3m

t=0.2m
q=1kN/m

0.6m G/E=0.42

11x3=33m
3m

2.65m 4m 4m 2.65m
16.6m
136
Solution: G
= 0.42
E

0.2 × 3.33
I1 = = 0.59895 m 4
12
I1 0.59895
I1 = = = 0.13438 m 4
12µEI1 12 × 1.2 × 0.59895
1+ 2 1+ 2
h AG 3 × 0.2 × 3.3 × 0.42
0.2 × 63
I2 = = 3.60m 4
12

3.6
I2 = = 0.28966 m 4
12 ×1.2 × 3.60
1+ 2
3 × 6 × 0.2 × 0.42

I 3 = I1 , I 3 = I1
137
Wall No . 1 2 3 ∑
Ai 0 .66 1 .2 0 .66 2 .52
Ii 0 .59895 3 .6 0 .59895 4 .7979
Ii
0 .12484 0 .75032 0 .12484
∑ Ii
Ii 0 .13438 0 .28966 0 .13438 0 .55842
Ii
0 .24064 0 .51871 0 .24064
∑ Ii

Span of coupling beams for calculation:

hBi
ai = ai 0 + Height of coupling
4
beams
0.6
Net span/2 = 1 + = 1.15 m
4
138
 0.2 × 0.63
I Bi = = 0.0036 m 4
12
I Bi 0.0036
I Bi = = = 0.003 m 4
3µEI 3 ×1.2 × 0.0036
1 + 2 Bi 1 +
ai AG 1.152 × 0.2 × 0.6 × 0.42

Coupling Beam 1 2 ∑
2
ci 11.0556 11.0556
2
ci I Bi
Di = 3 2.18 ×10 −2 2.18 ×10 −2 4.36 ×10 − 2
ai

6 H 2 ∑ Di 6 × 332 × 4.36 ×10 −2

α1 =
2
= = 19.78
h ∑ Ii 3 × 4.7979

139
Since there are three walls, so k = 2
α 2
19.78
∴ T = 0.8 approximately α = 2 1
= = 24.72, α = 4.972
T 0.8
Since 1 < α < 10, the structure should be analyzed as a coupled
wall structure.
µE ∑ I i
1.2 × 4.7979
Shear parameter γ = 2
2
= 2 = 4.993 ×10 −3
H G ∑ Ai 33 × 0.42 × 2.52

Equivalent Rigidity Ie: I = ∑ Ii

e
for UDL (1 − T ) + TΨa + 4 γ 2
With α=4.972, ψa=0.1083
∑ Ii 4.7979
Ie = =
(1 − T ) + TΨa + 4γ 2 (1 − 0.8) + 0.8 × 0.1083 + 4 × 4.993 ×10 −3
4.7979
= = 15.65
0.3066 140
Internal forces:
Total restraining moment at the jth storey level of the
coupling beams
m j = hTV0Φ1 ( α, ξ) = 3 × 0.8 × 33Φ1 (α, ξ) = 79.2Φ1 ( α, ξ)
At both top and bottom ( ξ = 0 and 1 )
h
m11 = T ( )V0 Φ1 (α , ξ ) = 39.6Φ1 (α ,0)
2
m0 = 39.6Φ1 (α ,1)
As there are only two columns of coupling beams
and the structure is symmetrical, 1
η 1= η 2 =
2
Diφi
In general, ηi = k
∑ Diφi
i =1
141
Shear forces and moments in coupling beams:
ηiThV0Φ1( α ,ξ )
VB1 j = VB 2 j =
2ci
1
× 0.8 × 3 × 33Φ1 (α , ξ )
= 2
(2 × 3.325)
= 5.955Φ1 (α , ξ )
mj mj 1 mj
or VB1 j = Vb 2 j = ηi = × =
2c i 2 × 3.325 2 13.3
mj
M Bj = VBj ai 0 = (a10 = a20 = 1 m)
13.3

142
Moment in the wall:
n Ii M j
M j = M pj − ∑ ms M ij =
s= j , ∑ Ii

I iV j
V j = V pj , Vij =
∑ Ii

Axial forces in the wall

n
N1 = N 3 = ∑ VB1s , N 2 = 0
s= j

143
144
Ex. 1 -To identify the structural wall layout which can
provide the block to be built up to 50 storey

Preliminary Architectural 145

Plan
Case B: 15 storey

146
Case C: 57 storey

147