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Operations Management

This document discusses key concepts in project management including project typology, the project life cycle, project planning and control processes, understanding the project environment, project definition, project planning, technical execution, project control, and network analysis methods like the critical path method and PERT. It also compares waterfall and agile methodologies, discusses why companies adopted agile, what agile improved, who uses agile, and tools like Scrum. Key terms in network diagrams and crashing networks to reduce project time are also covered.

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44 views

Operations Management

This document discusses key concepts in project management including project typology, the project life cycle, project planning and control processes, understanding the project environment, project definition, project planning, technical execution, project control, and network analysis methods like the critical path method and PERT. It also compares waterfall and agile methodologies, discusses why companies adopted agile, what agile improved, who uses agile, and tools like Scrum. Key terms in network diagrams and crashing networks to reduce project time are also covered.

Uploaded by

The Crimi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operations Management

MS -421 / Project Management


Lecture 6
Projects Typology
Project Management Life Cycle
Project planning and Control Process
Understanding the Project Environment
• Factors that can effect a project during its life cycle.

1. Geo Social Environment – Graphical , climatic and cultural factors


2. Econo Political Environment – Economic, government and
regulatory factors
3. Business Environment – Industry , competition, supply network and
customer expectation.
4. Internal Environment – Company’s strategy , culture , resources
e.t.c.
Understanding project Environment
• Stakeholders – Identify, Manage, and prioritize key stakeholders
Power-Interest Grid (For distinguishing Stakeholders
Project Definition
• Clarity about the project
Project Objectives – The end state project management is trying to
achieve ; Cost , time and Quality
Project Definition

Project Scope – Range of responsibilities taken by project


management team ; Work Content and Products/Services ; What
function each part of the project will perform , Project Specification ->
Written and Graphical

Project Strategy – How to meet the objectives


1. Define Phases
2. Set Milestones and Stage-gates
Project Planning
• It determines cost and duration of the project
• Level of resources required
• Allocate work and monitor progress
• Access the impacts of any changes to the project
Identify Activities
• WBS (Work Breakdown Structure)
Estimate Times and Resources
Project Planning

• Identify relationship and dependencies

• Identify the Constraints ; Resource constraint and Time Constraints

• Fix the Schedule ; Make multiple project plans to avoid contraints


Technical Execution
Developing and building the project using the optimum resources
E.G.???
Project Control
• Monitor the project ; Ways and Culture
• Access the performance ; KPI’s
• Intervening the project to make changes ; Who and when
Computer Assisted Project Planning
Types of Project Management
Agile vs Waterfall
Waterfall Agile

Functionality Resources Time

Resources Time Functionality

Fixed Fixed
Legend
Flexible Drives
18
Why did companies adopt Agile?

62%
56% 55%

47%
44% 44%
40% 40%

29%
24% 23% 22% 21%

Accellerate Better manage Increase Enhance Enhance Improve Improve Reduce Improve team Improve Reduce Increase Better manage
product changing productivity software delivery business / IT project project risk morale engineering project cost software distributed
delivery priorities quality predictability alignment visibility discipline maintainability teams 19
What did Agile improve?

87% 85% 84%


81% 81% 80% 79% 78% 77%
73%
70%
62%

Ability to Increased team Improved Better delivery Increased team Faster time to Enhanced Reduced Improved Improved Enhanced Better manage
manage productivity project predictability morale / market software project risk business / IT engineering software distributed
changing visibility motivation quality alignment discipline maintainability teams
priorities 20
Who is using Agile?
• Apple • Microsoft
• Atlassian (Jira, confluence, etc.) • Rockwell Colins
• Dell • SalesForce.com
• DHL • Siemens Healthcare
• Facebook • Sony Ericsson
• FedEx Corp • Toshiba
• General Motors Corp • Toyota
• Google • UNICEF
• Harvard Business School • Verizon Wireless
• Hewlett-Packard Corp • Warner Music Group
• IBM • Yahoo
• Marriott International • Twitter
• And thousands more …
21
Reduce Risk

Deadline
Waterfall

R
i
s
k
Agile

?
Various feedback loops

Time 22
Reduction Waste / Technical Debt
Scrum is an agile framework for managing work with an emphasis
on software development.

Scrum Framework

24
Tools/Techniques for Project Management
Network Analysis Method
• The techniques which help to plan and control all significant projects
come under the umbrella of Network Analysis. E.g. Gantt Chart

• CPM – Critical Path Method


• PERT – Program evaluation and Review technique

• By drawing Network Diagram we can


• ● identify which are the particularly important activities
• ● calculate the duration of the whole project
Critical Path method
• Models the project by clarifying the relationships between activities
diagrammatically.
Network Diagram
Key Terms
• In all network diagrams where the activities have some parallel
relationships, there will be more than one sequence of activities
which will lead from the start to the end of the project.
These sequences of activities are called paths through the network.

• The path which has the longest sequence of activities is called the
critical path of the network. It is called the critical path because any
delay in any of the activities on this path will delay the whole project.

• The flexibility to change timings of activities in a project is a float. A


float is added in the project to compensate for the flexibility. Using
float we can calculate the Earliest event time and the latest event
time.
Network Diagram with Floats
Use Critical Path
EST= Earliest Start Time
Activity on Node
LST=Latest Start Time
EFT=Earliest Finish Time
LFT=Latest Finish Time
Forward Way for EST , Duration
and EFT
Backwards
LST=LFT-Duration
Float = LST-EST
PERT
(Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
Crashing Networks

• Crashing networks is the process of reducing time spans on critical


path activities so that the project is completed in less time. Usually,
crashing activities incurs extra cost.

• ● overtime working
• ● additional resources, such as manpower
• ● subcontracting

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