POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN A GRID INTEGRATED SOLAR PV SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

At present, Power Quality is one of the key elements, which influences the economy of a
nation. Due to rising of population utility supplies excess power to meet the increasing
demand of the consumers. To maintain the pollution and the global warming within the
particular level alternate sources of energy have used which develops the pollution less
environment. To overcome those issues nonconventional energy come into picture. The
whole performance of the electrical utility can be improved by the usage of non-conventional
energy resources. There are different forms of Renewable Energy Resource (RES) are
available. Among them solar energy is mostly used because it is abundantly available in
nature. In addition it has lot of advantages such as no air pollution, no fuel cost, noiseless and
low maintenance. Integrating solar power to the grid has adverse effect on the power quality
in the grid. In a few PV based framework, the inverter is a key segment which is responsible
for the control of power stream between the dc source, and loads or lattice. This paper
describes the difficulties and issues in the area of power quality the due to the integration of
solar power in to grid are to be analysed. The Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) with PI
controller is to be designed to enhance power quality in the grid integrated solar system.

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CHAPTER -I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Requirement of energy for the human is escalating step by step due to globalisation and
industrialization. In harmony with the above case, since the twentieth century, nations across
the world are enchanting process, but the main problem is to solving the prevention of energy
getting extinct and to forfending our environment from pollution by amending newer
technology in the field of energy. Expanding the fresh and non-conventional energy, for
purpose of obtaining them and maintaining than at a constant growth rate is the vital task. In
the middle ofthem, the solar energy is the main spotlight of the energy that can be developed
and to be consumed. PV production is renowned as main methodological data and the
predicting technology, because of its prevalence upon environmental defence.Inverter
topology is the leading topology of PV grid. As the crossing point devices across solar cells
and the grid, inverter plays a crucial piece in developing and consuming the new energy
schemes, disturbing the financial side and consistency of the photovoltaic (PV) grid
generation system openly. To get better PV grid inverter work transmission and
consummation excellence is the study to be focused in upcoming era.

Fig. 1.1 Block diagram of proposed system

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Grid Connected solar PV system is a kind of electrical inverter that alters DC current from
PV module into alternating current (AC). When the PV system is associated to the grid, it can
transmit the extra energy to the grid after satisfying the limited demand. But when the
demand is more than the generation, extra energy is obtained from the grid. Thus PV energy
acts as another source of electricity. The PV system, considered in this work, aims to relocate
electrical power from PV panel to the grid. Firstly, DC-DC Converter is used to boosts PV
voltage to a higher level than the peak of

grid voltage. Power converters are used for interfacing the RES to power system. When the
power converters are utilized, they introduces the harmonics in the system. Conversely, the
increased use of sensitive electronic circuits in the industries and household jointly with
privatization and rivalry in electric energy systems, pose the power quality improvement as
one of the key problems in electrical industry. Harmonics causes distortion of source voltage,
addition loss due to unwanted current flowing in the source. And also it may guide to
misoperation of relays, mains and other control units. So it is necessary to reduce the
harmonics there a many techniques to reduce the effect of harmonics . One of those methods
is to use SAPF which produce harmonic current of equal magnitude and opposite polarity to
that of the harmonic current produced in the system such that it cancels the harmonic current
in the system. It has a high speed response and flexibility in operation as it contains the power
electronic devices.

Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) is proficient of concurrently compensates the harmonics,
current distort, and injecting the power produced by non conventional resources . The SAPF
is a voltage source inverter (VSI), is related to the load. Shunt Active Power Filter can keep
the current balanced and sinusoidal after remuneration for different load conditions. The DC
to AC power conversion is the result of power switching deviated .The output waveforms are
consequently prepared up of distinct values, producing the output which are more oscillatory
rather the filtered ones . The capacity to deliver close sine waveforms around the key
recurrence is directed by the regulation technique tyrannical when and how long the power
values can become active in nature. General techniques, include the pulse width modulation,
fuzzy control based technique is used. The design scheme and configuration of these devices
is based on combination of traditional power system components and power electronic
elements . In this project, the difficulties and issues involved in the zone of power quality due

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to the integration of solar power in to grid are to be analysed. The suitable fuzzy control
technique is to be designed and modelled to get better power quality in the grid integrated
solar system.

1.2 PV GENERATION
Advancement in the field of solar energy leading to the cheaper rate of PV cells and the rates
are decreasing day by day, though they are advancing but solar energy is costing higher
among the other available sources. Due to the higher cost, solar powered system can be
setting up with the help of funds given by the government. Effectiveness and rate are vital
driven factors on the PV merchadise. The effectiveness of the PV circuit is moderately high
and the unit rate is cheap due to its high power capacity. Yielding the energy will be
improved by and security issues will eradicated by appending the stimulant at the back of the
segment so consumers are uncovered to high dc voltage. Establishment gets to be distinctly
simpler by assign the ac unit scheme, yielding effectiveness can be kept at peak even in
variance condition. But it is relatively expensive and less effective related to the integrated
configuration are hurdles for its broad utilization. Use of electrolytic capacitors can reduce
the life span is also a downside for this access. Since the module-integrated inverter is
implemented on the rear of the PV array casing should maintain unsympathetic circumstances
and excess temperature. The duration of electrolytic capacitors, which has shorter span than
other apparatus and deeply depends upon operational temperature, becomes the key barrier to
expanding the life span of PV unit production.

In this article, a dc PV generation crossing point is in view of proposed as a compensatory

answer for AC module idea. Employing the significance of the ac module theory, dc
interfaced PV production systems are cheap and has higher effectiveness because of less
transformation stages from source to stack. Additionally, consistency point are transmitted by
eradicating the shorter lifespan of electrolytic capacitors in the PV circuit. Therefore PV cell
can be modelled as a current source which generate current IL. The current flows in the
reverse path and which is caused by a voltage between the terminals. The series resistance
(Rs) is due to the fact that solar cell is perfect insulator. The shunt resistance (Rsh) is due to
leakage of current from 1 terminal to the other due to underprivileged insulation. In an ideal
solar cell, Rs=0 and Rsh=∞. The simplified equivalent circuit of solar PV cell is shown in
below fig.

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Fig 1.2 Equivalent circuit of PV cell

The characteristic equation of Photovoltaic cell is

Where,

I = Output current of PV panel (A)

IL =Current generated by PV cell (A)

ID =Current through diode (A)

Ish=Current through shunt resistor (A)

Rs =Series Resistance(R)

Q =Electron charge (1.6 x 10-19C)

K=Boltzmann’s constant (1.381 x 10-23J/K)

T=Junction temperature (K)

N=Diode ideality factor (1~2)

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Where,V=PVpaneloutputvoltage.

I=PVpanel output current.

Table 1:Parameters of PV module

Table 1shows the Parameters for theSolar PV panel. Fromthespecifications the

experimentaloperationhad beendone.

1.3 AIM OF PROJECT

The required voltages without any mis operations of system equipments. By extract the
energy from both PV, FC & SAPF systems and supply this energy to end user through the
inverter operation

1.4 DESCRIPTION
Requirement of energy for the human is escalating step by step due to globalisation and
industrialization. In harmony with the above case, since the twentieth century, nations across
the world are enchanting process, but the main problem is to solving the prevention of energy
getting extinct and to forfending our environment from pollution by amending newer
technology in the field of energy. Expanding the fresh and non-conventional energy, for
purpose of obtaining them and maintaining than at a constant growth rate is the vital task. In
the middle of them, the solar energy is the main spotlight of the energy that can be developed
and to be consumed. PV production is renowned as main methodological data and the
predicting technology, because of its prevalence upon environmental defence. Inverter

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 POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN A GRID INTEGRATED SOLAR PV SYSTEM

topology is the leading topology of PV grid, Grid Connected solar PV system is a kind of
electrical inverter that alters DC current from PV module into alternating current (AC). DC-
DC Converter is used to boosts PV voltage to a higher level than the peak of grid voltage .
Power converters are used for interfacing the RES to power system. Shunt Active Power
Filter (SAPF) is proficient of concurrently compensates the harmonics, current distort, and
injecting the power produced by non-conventional resources . The SAPF is a voltage source
inverter (VSI), is related to the load The DC to AC power conversion is the result of power
switching devices, General techniques, include the pulse width modulation, fuzzy control
based technique is used. The suitable fuzzy control technique is to be designed and modelled
to get better power quality in the grid integrated solar system.

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CHAPTER -2
SYSTEM DISCRIPTION

2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

DC to DC converters at this time used is Boost converter, where input voltage (DC) is a
smaller than output voltage (DC).That means boost converter output is higher than the PV
input. Hence, boost converter is required for the PV system with PI controller to boost-up
the voltage of the PV system. DC-DC Converters are used for dc-input voltage which is then
converted to desired dc-output voltages where the magnitude of the output voltage may
differ than the input voltage magnitude. Normally, DCDC converters are classified into three
types namely: buck, boost and buck-boost Converter and here boost converter is preferred
as we need to step up the PV output. DC-DC converters are also useful for noise separation
and power bus regulation. The DC-DC boost converter contains an inductor, capacitor, diode
and a MOSFET. Based on the switch duty cycle the output voltage may change. Generally
transformer can step up the voltage, but there may be losses in the transformer. So to
overcome this loss and to get desired output voltage DC-DC converters is used. The
converter operates in two modes, in the first mode begins when transistor M1 is switched
lying on at time t=0. The input current ascent and flows through inductor L and transistor
M1.

The inductor and MOSFET form a closed path when MOSFET is ON. The current flows
through the inductor (L1) and the energy is stored in inductor when the switch is ON.
Virtually there is no current flowing through the load at the initial stage. And the second
mode begins when transistor M1 be switched off at time t=t1. The input current now breeze
through L, C, load, and diode Dm.

The inductor current detoirates until the next cycle. The energy stored in inductor L flows
through the load. The total of vitality put away in the inductor during ON time and the
supply current will courses through the load resistor (RL) and the capacitor (C) when switch
is OFF. Thus the voltage across the load is (VIN +VL).The proposed converter is designed
with the specifications shown in below then modelled using MATLAB shown in below fig .

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Fig 2.1 Circuit diagram of converter with PI controller

Parameters Values Input voltage (Vs ) 21.1 V Output voltage (V0) 230V Switching
Frequency 20khz Duty Cycle (α) 0.9 Inductance(L) 0.8 mH Capacitor(C) 9.1 μF
Resistor(R) 500 Ω.

The oscillations from the boost converter are rectified by using PI controller. The converter
outputs with and without PI controller are shown in above figure.

Table 2 design specification of pi converter

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Fig 2.1.1 Output Voltage and current waveform of converter with PI controller

2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

DC-DC
PV DC-AC GRID
CONVERT
array CONVERTER
ER

PI FUZZY
CONTROLL CONTROLL
ER ER SAPF

2.3 SOLAR PV ARRAY

A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to
supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several
components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar
inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling, and
other electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar tracking
system to improve the system's overall performance and include an integrated battery
solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline. Strictly speaking, a solar array
only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does
not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS).

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2.3.1 SOLAR ARRAYS GENERATE ELECTRICITY

Solar arrays generate electricity by converting sunlight into an electrical current. Specifically,
the current generated by a solar array is direct current (DC). However, your home appliances
and electronics require alternating current (AC) to work properly, which is how energy.
Never confuse DC electricity with AC electricity. Installing a residential solar energy system
is no easy task for a novice, so unless you’re extremely knowledgeable about electricity, solar
energy is not a do-it-yourself project, no matter how independent you want to be. There are
simply too many safety concerns when you begin to connect any home to any electrical grid
in any manner.

2.3.2 SOLAR ARRAY DIFFERENT THAN A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSYTEM

A solar array is the totality of solar cells, modules and panels. However, a photovoltaic
system is the totality of every component in the system, including what are known as
balance-of-system components. Balance-of-system components are what safely converts DC
power to AC power.
Standard balance-of-system components include:

Inverters
Power-conditioninequipment

Safetyequipment
Instrumentation
Meters

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Depending on how you want to supply solar power to your home, you may require different
configurations of every component in a photovoltaic system. Solar arrays are the starting
point, but balance-of-system components are what makes your solar energy system work well
enough to be safe and viable.
2.3.3 THEORY OF OPERATION OF PV/SOLAR CELL

Fig.2.2. Construction and Working of PV / Solar Cell

A PV / Solar Cell is a semiconductor device that can convert solar energy into DC electricity
through the “Photovoltaic Effect― (Conversion of solar light energy into electrical
energy). When light shines on a PV / Solar Cell, it may be reflected, absorbed, or passes right
through. But only the absorbed light generates electricity.

2.3.4 PV MODULE /PANEL AND PV ARRAY

To increase their utility, a number of individual PV cells are interconnected together in a
sealed, weatherproof package called a Panel (Module). For examine, a 12 V Panel (Module)
will have 36 cells connected in series and a V Panel (Module) will have 72 PV Cells
connected in series

To achieve the desired voltage and current, Modules are wired in series and parallel into what
is called a PV Array. The flexibility of the modular PV system allows designers to create
solar power systems that can meet a wide variety of electrical needs. shows PV cell, Panel
(Module) and Array.

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The cells are very thin and fragile so they are sandwiched between a transparent front sheet,
usually glass, and a backing sheet, usually glass or a type of tough plastic. This protects them
from breakage and from the weather. An aluminum frame is fitted around the module to
enable easy fixing to a support structure. The picture in Fig. 6 below shows a small part of a
Module with cells in it. It has a glass front, a backing plate and a frame around it.

Fig. 2.3 shows PV cell, Panel (Module) and Array.

Fig.2.4 Construction of a typical Mono-crystalline PV / Solar Panel

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2.3.5 BYPASS DIODES

As mentioned, PV / Solar cells are wired in series and in parallel to form a PV / Solar Panel
(Module). The number of series cells indicates the voltage of the Panel (Module), whereas the
number of parallel cells indicates the current. If many cells are connected in series, shading of
individual cells can lead to the destruction of the shaded cell or of the lamination material, so
the Panel (Module) may blister and burst. To avoid such an operational condition, Bypass
Diodes are connected anti-parallel to the solar cells as in below fig. As a consequence, larger
voltage differences cannot arise in the reverse-current direction of the solar cells. In practice,
it is sufficient to connect one bypass diode for every 15-20 cells. Bypass diodes also allow
current to flow through the PV module when it is partially shaded, even if at a reduced
voltage and power. Bypass diodes do not cause any losses, because under normal operation,
current .

Fig.2.5 Parallel PV cell with bypass diodes

2.3.6 SOLAR SYSYTEM

Solar/photovoltaic systems may be used in a variety of sizes, but the installation of large
numbers of photovoltaic systems is undesirable due to high land costs and in many
geographic areas with poor intensity and reliability sunlight In general, almost one acre of

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land would be needed to provide 150 kW of electricity, so solar/photovoltaic systems will

continue to have limited applications in the future. Energy storage devices such as ultra
capacitors, batteries, and flywheels are one of the most criteria.
2.4 DC _DC CONVERTER

A DC Power supply is used in most of the appliances where a constant voltage is required.
DC stands for Direct Current, in which the current flow is unidirectional. The process of DC
conversion can be don be DC Converters. The charge carriers in DC supply travel in a single
direction Solar Cell, batteries and Thermocouples are the sources of DC supply. A DC
voltage can produce a certain amount of constant electricity, which becomes weak when it
travels further longer. An AC voltage from the generator can change their strength when they
travel through a transformer.

24V DC to 9V DC Converter

An AC power supply is an Alternating Current, in which the voltage changes instantly with
time. In AC supply the charge carriers change their direction periodically. AC supply is used
as utility current for household needs. This utility AC current is converted into DCby using a
circuitry which consists of a transformer, rectifier and a filter. Similarly, a DC voltage is
stepped up or stepped down to desired voltage using such circuitry.

This utility AC current is converted to DC by using a circuitry which consists of a

transformer, rectifier and a filter. Similarly, a DC voltage is stepped up or stepped down to
desired voltage using such circuitry.An AC power supply is an Alternating Current, in which
the voltage changes instantly with time. In AC supply the charge carriers change their

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direction periodically. AC supply is used as utility current for household needs. This utility
AC current is converted to DC by using a circuitry which consists of a transformer, rectifier
and a filter. Similarly, a DC voltage is stepped up or stepped down to desired voltage using
such circuitry.

CATEGORIES OF DC TO DC CONVERTER

Buck converters
Boost converters
Buck boost converters
2.4.1 BUCK CONVERTER

The buck converters are used to convert the high input voltage to low output voltage.the AC
mains, the input voltage is rectified and filtered using a capacitor and rectifier.

2.4.2 BOOST CONVERTER

The boost converters are used to convert the lower input voltage to higher output voltage. In a
stepupconverteror a boost converter, when switch is closed, the load gets voltage supply from
the capacitor which charges through the current passing through the inductor and when
switch is open, the load gets supply from the input stage and the inductor.
Buck Boost Converters: In buck boost converter, the output can be maintained higher or
lower, which depends on the source voltage. When the source voltage is high then output
voltage is low and source voltage is low then output voltage is high.

Here brief details of the boost converter are discussed below

The Boost Converter is a simple converter. It is used to convert a DC voltage from lower
level to higher level. Boost Converter is also called a DC to DC converter. The Boost
Converters (DC-DC Converters) were developed in the early 1960s. These converters are
designed using semiconductors switching devices.

Without using the Boost Converter: In semiconductor switching devices, the Linear regulated
circuits (DC power regulated circuits) access voltage from the unregulated input supply (AC
power supply) and due to this there is a power loss. The power loss is proportional to the
voltage drop.
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Using the Boost Converters: In switching devices, the converters converts the unregulated
AC or DC input voltage to regulated DC output voltage.
Most of the Boost converters are used in SMPS devices. The SMPS with input supply the AC
mains, the input voltage is rectified and filtered using a capacitor and rectifier.

2.4.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BOOST CONVERTER

Electrical power circuit designers mostly choose the boost mode converter because the output
voltage is always high when compared to source voltage.

1. In this circuit power stage can be operates in two modes Continuous Conduction Mode
(CCM).
2. Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM).
1. CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE

The Boost Converter Continuous Switching Mode is constructed with given components that
are inductor, capacitor and input voltage source and one switching device. In this inductor
acts as a power storage element. The boost converter switch is controlled by the PWM (pulse
width modulator). When switch is ON the energy is developed in the inductor and more
energy is delivered

to the output. It is possible to convert highvoltagecapacitors from low voltage input source. The
input voltage is always greater than the output voltage. In continuous conduction mode, the
current is increased with respect to input voltage.

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2. DISCONTINUOUS CONDUTION MODE

Boost Converter Discontinuous Condition Mode

The discontinuous conduction mode circuit is build with inductor, capacitor, switching device
and input voltage source. Inductor is a power storage element same as continuous conduction
mode. In discontinuous mode, when the switch is ON the energy is delivered to the inductor.
And if the switch is OFF some period of time the inductor current reaches to zero when next
switching cycle is on. The output capacitor is charging and discharging with respect to input
voltage. The output voltage is less than compared to the continuous mode.

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CHAPTER-3

CONTROLLERS

3.1 INTRODUTION OF PI CONTROLLER

PID is acronym for Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Controller.It is a control
loop feedback mechanism (controller) widely used in industrial control systems due to their
robust performance in a wide range of operating conditions & simplicity. In This PID
Controller Introduction, I have Tried to Illustrate the PID Controller with SIMPLE
Explanations & BASIC MATLAB CODE to Give Your Idea About P, PI, PD & PID
Controllers

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For PID control, the actuating signal u(t), consists of proportional error signal added with
derivative and integral of error signal e(t)

The Plant P is controlled by input u(t) which is represented as

Where Kp is the Proportional Gain,Kd is the Derivative Gain & Ki is the Integral Gain of the
controller

3.1.1 FREQUENCRY DOMAIN REPRESENTATION OF PID CONTROLLER

In Frequency Domain (after taking Laplace Transform of both sides),the control input can be
represented as

Thus, PID controller adds pole at the origin and two zeroes to the Open loop transfer function

The Closed loop Transfer Function of the system can be written as

Physical Realisation of PID Controller

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3.1.2 NEED OF PID CONTROLLER

The Characteristics of P, I, and D controllers are briefly discussed With MATLAB Code to
give an insight about individual P, PI, PD, PID Controllers

1. A proportional controller (Kp) will have the effect of reducing the rise time and will
reduce, but never eliminate, the steady-state error.
2. An integral control (Ki) will have the effect of eliminating the steady-state error, but
it maymake the transient response worse.
3. A derivative control (Kd) will have the effect of increasing the stability of the
system, reducing the overshoot, and improving the transient response but little effect
on rise time
4. A PD Controller could add damping to a system, but the steady-state response is not
affected.(steady state error is not eliminated)
5. A PI Controller could improve relative stability and eliminate steady state error at
the same time, but the settling time is increased(System response sluggish)

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But a PID controller removes steady-state error and decreases system settling times while
maintaining a reasonable transient response

Example: Illustrating P& PI controller in MATLAB

For the Given Spring-Mass-Damper System

Using D’Alembert’s Principle

Taking Laplace Transform with Zero initial conditions to get:

The transfer function between Output X(s) & input F(s) is

Assuming m=1kg, b=10 Ns/m & k=20 N/m [For Simplicity]

Which is the open loop transfer function

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The DC gain of the plant transfer function is 1/20, so 0.05 is the final value of the output to a
unit step input. This corresponds to the steady-state error of 0.95, quite large indeed.

Furthermore, the rise time is about one second, and the settling time is about 1.5 seconds.

3.1.3 PROPOTIONAL CONTROL

In Proportional control, the actuating signal for the control action in a control system is
proportional to the error signal. The error signal being the difference between the reference
input signal and the feedback signal obtained from the output

The Transfer function of the controller is:

U(s) = Kp E(s) or, C(s) =Kp

The closed-loop transfer function of the Spring-Mass system with a proportional controller is:

For Kp=500

Executing following Commands in MATLAB will give output on command window

The Step response of the system in MATLAB indicates that the proportional controller
(Kp) reduces the rise time, increases the overshoot, reduces the steady state error but never
eliminates it completely

This is a type-zero system and hence will have a finite steady-state error for a step input.

Large values of K lead to small steady-state error; however, they also lead to a faster, less
damped responses.

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If we want asmallovershootandasmallsteady-stateerror, a proportional gain alone is not

enough.

3.1.4 PI CONTROLLER

For Integral control action, the actuating signal consists of proportional-error signal added
with integral of the error signal.

Proportional-integral (PI) control considers both the magnitude of the system error signal and
the integral of this error.

3.1.5 MATLAB CODE FOR PI CONTROLLER (WITH OUT TUNNING SAMPLE

VALUES)

Executing Following commands in MATLAB

Using integral control makes the system type-one, so the steady-state error due to a step
input is zero.

The response shows that the Integral control has removed the steady-state error and improved
the transient response, but it has also increased the system settling time.

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Increasing Ki increases overshoot & settling time making system response sluggish

To reduce both settling time and overshoot.

3.2 DC-AC CONVERTER

An inverter is an electrical gadget that changes over direct current (DC) to rotating current
(AC); the changed over AC can be at any required voltage and recurrence with the utilization
of proper transformers, exchanging, and control circuits.

Static inverters have no moving parts and are utilized as a part of an extensive variety
of uses, from little exchanging force supplies in PCs, to vast electric utility high-voltage
direct current applications that vehicle mass force. Inverters are generally used to supply AC
power from DC sources, for example, sunlight-based boards or batteries.

The electrical inverter is a high-control electronic oscillator. It is so named in light of

the fact that early mechanical AC to DC converters were made to work backward, and in this
way were "reversed", to change over DC to AC.

The inverter performs the inverse capacity of a rectifier.

3.2.1 BASIC DESIGNS

In one straightforward inverter circuit, DC force is joined with a transformer through
the inside ap of the essential winding. A switch is quickly exchanged forward and backward
to permit current to stream ack to the DC source completing two substitute ways one end of
the essential winding and after that the other. The course's variation of current in the essential
twisting of the transformer produces substituting current (AC) in the auxiliary circuit.

The electromechanical variant of the exchanging gadget incorporates two stationary contacts
and a spring bolstered moving contact. The spring holds the portable contact against one of
the stationary contacts and an electromagnet

pulls the mobile contact to the inverse stationary contact.

The present in the electromagnet is hindered by the switch's activity so that the switch
persistently switches quickly forward and backward. This kind of electromechanical inverter
switch, called a vibrator or bell, was once utilized as a part of vacuum tube car radios.

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A comparable component has been utilized as a part of entryway ringers, bells and
tattoo. As they got to be accessible with satisfactory force evaluations, transistors and
different sorts of semiconductor switches have been joined into inverter circuit plans.

3.2.2 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

The switch in the basic inverter depicted above, when not coupled to a yield
transformer, creates a square voltage waveform because of its straightforward now and again
nature rather than the sinusoidal waveform that is the standard waveform of an AC power
supply.

Fig:3.1 Basis inverter schematic diagram

Utilizing Fourier examination, occasional waveforms are spoken to as the total of an

interminable arrangement of sine waves. The sine wave that has the same recurrence as the
irst waveform is known as the major part. The other sine waves, called music, which are
incorporated into the arrangement, have frequencies that are necessary products of the central
recurrence.

The inverter's nature yield waveform can be communicated by utilizing the Fourier
examination information to ascertain the aggregate symphonious mutilation (THD). The
aggregate consonant bending is the square foundation of the squares' entirety of the
symphonious voltages separated by the principal voltage:

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Fig:3.2 The output waveform for the inverter

3.2.3 TYPES OF INVERTERS

Generally inverters are of Two Types:

1. VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER

2. CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER

3.2.4 SINGLE_ PHASE VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER

Single-stage voltage source inverters (VSIs) can be found as half-scaffold and full-
connect topologies. In spite of the fact that the force range they cover is the low one, they
aregenerally utilized as a part of force supplies, single-stage UPSs, and at present to frame
expand high-control static force topologies, for example, for occasion, the multi cell
arrangements that are surveyed the fundamental elements of both methodologies are looked
into and introduced in the accompanying.

3.2.5 Half-Bridge VSI

The force topology of a half-connect VSI, where two expansive capacitors are
required to give an impartial point N, such that every capacitor keeps up a steady voltage=2.
Since the present sounds infused by the inverter's operation are low-arrange music, an
arrangement of huge capacitors (C. furthermore, Cÿ) is required.

It is clear that both switches S. also, Sÿ can't be on at the same time on the grounds
that short out over the dc join voltage source vi would be created. There are two characterized
(states 1 and 2) and one unclear (state 3). In request to maintain a strategic distance from the
short out over the dc transport and the indistinct air conditioning yield voltage condition, the
regulating procedure ought to dependably guarantee that at any moment either the top or the
base switch of the inverter leg is on.

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Fig:3.3 Half-bridge circuit

It demonstrates the perfect waveforms connected with the half-connect inverter

appeared in Fig.2.2.4.1 The states for the switches S. what's more, they are characterized by
the adjusting system, which for this situation is a transporter based PWM.

3.2.6 Full-Bridge VSI

The force topology of a full-connect VSI. This inverter is like the half-connect
inverter; then again, a second leg gives the nonpartisan point to the heap. Of course, both
switches S1. what's more, S1ÿ (or S2. what's more, S2ÿ) can't be on at the same time in light
of the fact that a short out over the dc join voltage source vi would be delivered. There are
four characterized and one indistinct.

The indistinct condition ought to be maintained a strategic distance from in order to

be constantly equipped for characterizing the air conditioner yield voltage. With a specific
end goal to stay away from the short out over the dc transport and the vague air conditioning
yield voltage condition, the regulating system ought to guarantee that either the top or the
base switch of every leg is on at any moment.

It can be watched that the air conditioner yield voltage can take qualities up to the dc
connection esteem vi , which is twice that got with half-connect VSI topologies. A few
balancing procedures have been created that are appropriate to full-connect VSIs. Among
them are the PWM (bipolar and unipolar) procedures.

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Fig:3.4 Full bridge circuit

3.2.7 THREE PHASE INVERTER

A standard three-stage inverter is appeared in Figure 2.2.4.3 comprising of six
controlled switches, for example, IGBT. In this converter, the line streams can be formed to
be sinusoidal at a solidarity force variable, and in addition the yield air conditioning voltage
can be controlled at a coveted worth. The inverter is joined with the heap through three LC
channels.

Figure 3.5 Three-Phase Inverter

The injecting so as to tweak sign is created the third symphonies part to the 50 Hz basic
segment as given in the accompanying mathematical statements.

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Utilizing the modulator given will keep up the top voltage equivalent to the dc
voltage.

The SIMULINK Embedded Target for the TI C2000 pieces used to build framework
models and ongoing control calculation which is utilized from the SIMULINK library. Focus
for TI C2000 utilized alongside Link for Code Composer Studio to computerize code era,
execution, and correspondence with TI assessment sheets by embeddings obstructs for
advanced capacities, together with the proper board peripherals, into the model.

Three PWM squares used to get three-stage THIPWM for the three-stage inverter.
Each PWM piece produce exchanging signal for one leg of the inverter as appeared in Figure
2.2.4.3.The balancing signal information created utilizing comparison 1, 2 and 3 and spared
in lookup table. The bearer is given by the PWM obstruct by applying suitable PWM setting.
The transporter recurrence is ascertained from the accompanying mathematical statements
when the counter setting is up/down.

Figure 3.6 Generation of THIPWM

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3.2.8 APPLICATIONS
DC POWER SOURCE UTILIZATION

Inverter intended to give 115 VAC from the 12 VDC source gave in a vehicles. The
unit indicated gives up to 1.2 amperes of substituting current, or enough to power two sixty
watt lights.

An inverter changes over the DC power from sources, for example, batteries, sunlight
based boards, or energy units to AC power. The power can be at any required voltage;
specifically it can work AC hardware intended for mains operation, or amended to create DC
at any fancied voltage.

Framework tie inverters can encourage vitality once more into the dissemination
system on the grounds that they deliver substituting current with the same wave shape and
recurrence as supplied by the appropriation framework. They can likewise switch off
consequently in the case of a power outage.

Miniaturized scale inverters change over direct current from individual sun oriented
boards into substituting current for the electric network.

HVDC POWER TRANSMISSION

With HVDC power transmission, AC force is redressed and high voltage DC force is
transmitted to another area. At the accepting area, an inverter in a static inverter plant
changes over the force back to AC.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES

A variable-recurrence drive controls the controlling so as to work pace of an AC

engine the recurrence and voltage of the force supplied to the engine.
An inverter gives the controlled force. Much of the time, the variable-recurrence drive
incorporates a rectifier with the goal that DC power for the inverter can be gave from primary
AC power. Since an inverter is the key part, variable-recurrence drives are now and then
called inverter drives or just inverters.

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AIR CONDITIONING

A ventilation system bearing the inverter label utilizes a variable-recurrence drive to

control the engine's pace and along these lines the compressor.

POWER FACTOR

The cosine of edge in the middle of voltage and current in an a.c. circuit is known as
force component. In an a.c. circuit, there is by and large a stage distinction φ in the middle
of voltage and current. The term cos φ is known as the force component of the circuit. In the
event that the circuit is inductive, the present falls behind the voltage and the force
component is alluded to as slacking. In any case, in a capacitive circuit, current leads the
voltage and force component is said to be driving. Consider an inductive circuit taking a
slacking current I from supply voltage V; the edge of slack being φ. The phasor outline of
the circuit is appeared in Fig.

Fig3.7 power angle graph

The circuit current I can be determined into two opposite parts, in particular;

(a) I cos φ in phase with V

(b) I sin φ 90o out of phase with V

The segment I cos φ is known as dynamic or watt full segment, though segment I sin
φ is known as the receptive or watt less segment. The responsive part is a power's measure
component.

On the off chance that the receptive segment is little, the stage edge φ is little and
thus force component cos φ will be high. Along these lines, a circuit having little receptive
current (i.e., I sin φ) will have high power element and the other way around. It might be
noticed that estimation of force element can never be more than solidarity.

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(i) It is a typical practice to join "slacking" or "driving" with the numerical estimation of
force variable to connote whether the present slacks or leads the voltage. Subsequently if
the circuit has a p.f. of 0•5 and the present slacks the voltage, we for the most part compose
p.f. as 0•5 slacking.

(ii) Sometimes power element is communicated as a rate. Subsequently 0•8 slacking force
component may be communicated as 80% slacking.

POWER TRIANGLE

The examination of force component can likewise be made as far as force drawn by
the a.c. circuit. On the off chance that every side of the present triangle Oab of Fig. 6.1 is
increased by voltage V, then we get the force triangle OAB appeared in Fig. 6.2 where

Fig:3.8 angle of elevation

OA = VI cos and represents the active power in watts or kW

AB = VI sin and represents the reactive power in VAR or kVAR

OB = VI and represents the apparent power in VA or kVA

The accompanying focuses may be noted structure the force triangle:

(i) The obvious force in an a.c. circuit has two parts viz., dynamic and responsive force
at right points to one another. OB2=OA2+AB2

or (apparent power)2 = (active power)2 + (reactive power)2

or (KVA)2=KW2+KVAR2

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𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸 𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅
power factor cos ϕ =𝑂𝐵 = = 𝐾𝑊/𝐾𝑉𝐴
𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇

(ii) Thus, the force component of a circuit might likewise be characterized as the
proportion of dynamic energy to the clear power. This is a superbly broad definition and can
be connected to all cases, whatever be the waveform.

(iii) The lagging* receptive force is in charge of the low power element. It is clear from
the force triangle that littler the responsive force part, the higher is the force element of the
circuit.

𝐾𝑊
KVAR=KVA sin ϕ=𝐶𝑂𝑆 ϕsin ϕ

(iv)For driving streams, the force triangle gets to be turned around. This gives a key to the
force component change. In the event that a gadget taking driving receptive force (e.g.

capacitor) is associated in parallel with the heap, then the slacking responsive force of the
heap will be somewhat Neutralized, in this manner enhancing the force element of the heap.

The force element of a circuit can be characterized in one of the accompanying three ways:
Power factor =cos ϕ= cosine of angle between V and I

3.3 FUZZY CONTROLLER

A Shunt Active Filter (SAPF) is the bidirectional current converter with six switches
having combination of both switching network and filter-components. Structure of this
powerfilter is dependent on the control technique of VSI having a capacitor for the purpose
of DC energy storage and the inverter output has been connected to Non-linear load consists
of diode bridge rectifier with a RL-load. In each of the switches the diodes are connected in
back to back arrangement with the IGBTs to permit current flow in either direction. For
compensation of reactive power, the PV interconnected shunt APF injects real PV power to
a distribution line at PCC and also reduces harmonic in load currents caused by nonlinear
loads by injecting compensating current. This filter is connected in shunt that means in
parallel with the nonlinear load. This SAPF has ability of detecting the harmonic current
caused by the nonlinear loads and then injects a current of equal magnitude and opposite in
phase with the non-linear load current which is called compensating current to reduce the
harmonics present in load currents due to Non-linear load. Hence, the resulting current is in
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form of a fundamental frequency sinusoidal current which is drawn at PCC in distribution

network. VSI is one of the DC source has tiny or trifling impedance. At the end of the day
VSI has hardened DC voltage source at its info terminals. At present CSI is sustained with
customizable current from a DC asset of high impedance, (i.e.) from a solid DC current
source. In a CSI bolstered with firm current source, yield current waves are not influenced
by the load. A 3-phase inverter, which is the most normally utilized topology in motor
drives. The control procedure is like the control of the 1 phase inverter, with the exception
of that the reference signals for the adjusted legs have a phase shift of 120 in lieu of 180 for
the 1 phase

Fuzzy logic deals with ambiguity in engineering by attaching level of certainty to

answer a logic question. FL is a critical unriddle charge framework technique that fits
execution in framework running from straightforward little, installed smaller scale
controllers to huge, arranged, multi-channel PC or workstation-based
informationprocurement and control frameworks.

Fig. 3.9 Inverter topology

It can be actualized in equipment, programming, or a collection of together. FL

gives undemanding technique to touch base at an unequivocal conclusion based upon
obscure, uncertain, loose, loud, or missing info data. FL approach imitates how a man
would decide, just significantly quicker. The fuzzy controller is based on the following
rules.

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Fig. 3.10 Fuzzy rules

3.4 SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER

3.4.1.CONTROL STRATEGY

(A). INSTANTANEOUS REAL AND REACTIVE POWER THEORY

This control strategy is used for the generation of reference source currents . Inputs
of the Instantaneous active and reactive power theory (p–q theory) are load side harmonic
currents, source voltages and loss component current from the dc link voltage control. The
concept of instantaneous reactive power theory (p-q theory) method basically consists of a
variable transformation from the a, b, c reference frame of the instantaneous power, voltage

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and current signals to the α − β reference frame .The conversion formulae of voltages and
currents are given below.

The reference currents based on the instantaneous active and reactive power are determined
according to the following equation

The block diagram of Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power Theory (P-Q theory) is
shown in below figure.

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Fig.3.11:Instantaneous active and reactive power theory for reference current

generation

(B).HYSTERESIS BAND CURRENT CONTROL:

Hysteresis current control technique is employed to design the control part of the APF [8] .The hysteresis nd
generate the switching pattern of the inverter. In this controller actual current is forced to track the sine refer
switching of the upper and lower switches. So the inverter then becomes a current source, which is con
sinusoidal.

Fig.3.12:Hysteresis band current control

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THE switching takes place when carrier signals crosses the error signal of iref and iact. Comparision of carr

with the error signal of iref and iact realizes the PWM switching law described below:

If (iact) > (iref + hb) upper switch of a leg is ON and lower switch is OFF

If (iact) < (iref + hb) upper switch of a leg is OFF and lower switch is ON

(C). PI CONTROLLER

The reason behind the use of proportional integral controller is its effectiveness in the control of steady-
However, one disadvantage of this conventional compensator is its inability to improve the transient res
voltage is detected and compared with the reference value, and the error is amplified then added to the ilo`s

Therefore, active power allowed into the capacitor is being changed and the dc voltage is controlled.

Where, (vsn ï€Âvs(n 1)) is the error between the reference (Vdc*) and sensed (Vdc) dc voltage at
the integral gains of the dc bus voltage PI controller. The placement of PI controller is shown in Fig.2 [5].

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CHAPTER - 4
MATLAB
Matlab is a superior dialect for specialized processing. It incorporates calculation,
representation, and programming in a simple to-utilize environment where issues and
arrangements are communicated in well known numerical documentation. Run of the mill
uses incorporate Math and calculation Algorithm advancement Data securing Modeling,
reproduction, and prototyping Data examination, investigation, and representation Scientific
and designing illustrations Application improvement, including graphical client interface
building.

Matlab is an intuitive framework whose fundamental information component is a

cluster that does not require dimensioning. This permits you to take care of numerous
specialized figuring issues, particularly those with network and vector plans, in a small
amount of the time it would take to compose a system in a scalar no intuitive dialect, for
example, C or Fortran.

The name matlab remains for framework research center. Matlab was initially
composed to give simple access to lattice programming created by the linpack and eispack
ventures. Today, matlab motors consolidate the lapack and blas libraries, inserting the cutting
edge in programming for framework calculation.

Matlab has advanced over a time of years with info from numerous clients. In college
situations, it is the standard instructional device for basic and propelled courses in
arithmetic,designing, and science. In industry, matlab is the instrument of decision for high-
profitability examination, improvement, and investigation.

Matlab highlights a group of extra application-particular arrangements called tool

stash. Important to most clients of matlab, tool compartments permit you to learn and apply
particular innovation. Tool kits are exhaustive accumulations of matlab capacities (M-
documents) that extend the matlab environment to take care of specific classes of issues.
Ranges in which tool kits are accessible incorporate sign handling, control frameworks,
neural systems, fluffy rationale, wavelets, recreation, and numerous others.

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4.1 THE MATLAB SYSTEM CONSISTS OF FIVE MAIN PARTS

Improvement Environment. This is the arrangement of devices and offices that assist you
with utilizing matlab capacities and documents. A number of these devices are graphical
client interfaces. It incorporates the matlab desktop and Command Window, an order history,
an editorial manager and debugger, and programs for survey help, the workspace, documents,
and the hunt way.

The matlab Mathematical Function Library. This is a boundless accumulation of

computational calculations running from rudimentary capacities, similar to entirety, sine,
cosine, and complex math, to more modern capacities like lattice reverse, network
eigenvalues, Bessel capacities, and quick Fourier changes.

The matlab Language. This is an abnormal state grid/cluster dialect with control
stream proclamations, capacities, information structures, data/yield, and protest arranged
programmingcomponents. It permits both "programming in the little" to quickly make snappy
discard projects, and "programming in the substantial" to make expansive and complex
application programs.

Matlab has broad offices for showing vectors and lattices as charts, and also clarifying
and printing these diagrams. It incorporates abnormal state capacities for two-dimensional
and three-dimensional information perception, picture handling, activity, and presentation
illustrations. It likewise incorporates low-level capacities that permit you to completely tweak
the presence of representation and also to construct complete graphical client interfaces on
your matlab applications.

The matlab Application Program Interface (API). This is a library that permits you to
compose C and Fortran programs that cooperate with matlab. It incorporates offices for
calling schedules from matlab (element connecting), calling matlab as a computational motor,
and for perusing and composing MAT-documents.

4.2 SIMULINK
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION

Simulink is a product add-on to matlab which is a numerical device created by The

Math works, (http://www.mathworks.com) an organization situated in Natick. Matlab is
fueled by broad numerical examination ability.

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Simulink is an apparatus used to outwardly program a dynamic framework (those

represented by Differential comparisons) and take a gander at results. Any rationale circuit,
or control framework for a dynamic framework can be constructed by utilizing standard
building pieces accessible as a part of Simulink Libraries.

Different tool stash for distinctive procedures, for example, Fuzzy Logic, Neural
Networks, dsp, Statistics and so on are accessible with Simulink, which upgrade the handling
force of the device. The fundamental favorable position is the accessibility of
layouts/building pieces, which maintain a strategic distance from the need of writing code for
little numerical procedures.

Concept of signal and logic flow: In Simulink, information/data from different squares are
sent to another piece by lines interfacing the important pieces. Signs can be produced and
bolstered into squares dynamic/static).Data can be sustained into capacities.

Information can then be dumped into sinks, which could be extensions, shows or
could be spared to a document. Information can be associated starting with one piece then
onto the next, can be expanded, multiplexed and so forth. In reenactment, information is
handled and exchanged just at Discrete times, since all PCs are discrete frameworks.

In this way, a recreation time step (generally called a mix time step) is crucial, and the
choice of that stride is controlled by the quickest elements in the mimicked framework.

Fig 4.1 Simulink library browser

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4.2.2 CONNECTING BLOCKS

Fig. 4.2 Connecting blocks

To unite pieces, left-snap and drag the mouse from the yield of one square to the data of
another piece.

4.3 SOURCES AND SINKS

The sources library contains the wellsprings of information/flags that one would use in a
dynamic framework reenactment. One might need to utilize a steady info, a sinusoidal wave,
a stage, a rehashing arrangement, for example, a heartbeat prepare, a slope and so on. One
might need to test aggravation impacts, and can utilize the arbitrary sign generator to
reenact clamor. The clock may be utilized to make a period file for plotting purposes. The
ground could be utilized to interface with any unused port, to abstain from notice messages
demonstrating detached ports.

The sinks are pieces where signs are ended or eventually utilized. Much of the time,
we would need to store the subsequent information in a record, or a lattice of variables. The
information could be showed or even put away to a record. the stop piece could be utilized to
stop the reenactment if the data to that square (the sign being sunk) is non-zero. Figure 3

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demonstrates the accessible pieces in the sources and sinks libraries. Unused signs must be
ended, to counteract notices about detached signs.

fig 4.3 Sources and sinks

4.4CONTINUOUS AND DISCRETE SYSTEMS

Every single element framework can be broke down as nonstop or discrete time
frameworks. Simulink permits you to speak to these frameworks utilizing exchange
capacities, combination squares, and deferral pieces and so on.

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fig 4.4 continuous and descrete systems

4.5 NON -LINEAR OPERATORS

A principle point of interest of utilizing apparatuses, for example, Simulink is the

capacity to mimic non-straight frameworks and land at results without needing to understand
diagnostically. It is extremely hard to touch base at an investigative answer for a framework
having non-linearities, for example, immersion, information exchange capacity, restricted
slew rates and so on.

fig 4.5 simulink blocks

In Simulation, since frameworks are broke down utilizing cycles, non-linearities are
not a prevention. One such could be an immersion square, to show a physical impediment on
a parameter, for example, a voltage sign to an engine and so forth. Manual switches are
helpful while attempting reproductions with diverse cases. Switches are what might as well
be called if-then articulations in programming.

4.6.1 MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

Scientific administrators, for example, items, entirety, consistent operations, for
example, and, or, and so on .can be customized alongside the sign stream. Grid duplication
turns out to be simple with the network addition piece. Trigonometric capacities, for example,

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sin or tan opposite (at an) are additionally accessible. Social administrators, for example,
'equivalent to', 'more noteworthy than' and so forth can likewise be utilized as a part of
rationale circuits

Fig. 4.6 Simulink math blocks

4.6.2 SIGNALS & DATA TRANSFER

In muddled square charts, there may emerge the need to exchange information
starting with one parcel then onto the next bit of the piece.

They may be in distinctive subsystems. That flag could be dumped into a go to

square, which is utilized to send signals starting with one subsystem then onto the next.
Multiplexing assists us with evacuating mess because of over the top connectors, and makes
matrix(column/line) perception less demanding.

fig 4.7 signals and systems

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4.6.3 MAKING SUBSYSTEM

Drag a subsystem from the Simulink Library Browser and spot it in the guardian
square where you might want to conceal the code. The kind of subsystem relies on upon the
motivation behind the square. All in all one will utilize the standard subsystem yet different
subsystems can be picked. Case in point, the subsystem can be an activated piece, which is
empowered just when a trigger sign is gotten.

Open (double tap) the subsystem and make info/yield PORTS, which move signals
into and out of the subsystem. The info and yield ports are made by dragging them from the
Sources and Sinks catalogs separately. At the point when ports are made in the subsystem,
they naturally make ports on the outside (guardian) square. This takes into consideration
interfacing the suitable signs from the guardian piece to the subsystem.

4.6.4 SETTING SIMULATION PARAMETERS

Running a reenactment in the PC dependably requires a numerical procedure to
comprehend a differential mathematical statement. The framework can be mimicked as a
constant framework or a discrete framework taking into account the squares inside. The
reenactment begins and stop time can be indicated. In the event of variable step measure, the
littlest and biggest step size can be determined.

A Fixed step size is prescribed and it takes into consideration indexing time to an
exact number of focuses, in this manner controlling the span of the information vector.
Reenactment step size must be chose in light of the motion of the framework. A warm
process may warrant a stage size of a few moments, yet a DC engine in the framework may
be very quick and may require a stage size of a couple of milliseconds.

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CHAPTER -5
SIMULINK RESULTS
SIMULINK DIAGRAM

Fig5.1:Circuit diagram of grid connected with SAPF

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SIMULINK DIAGRAM

Fig5.2: Circuit diagram of control scheme

SIMULINK DIAGRAM

Fig 5.3 circuit diagram of inverter topology

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SIMULINK DIAGRAM

Fig 5.4 circuit diagram of DC-DC Converter with PI Controller

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SIMULINK DIAGRAM

Fig 5.5 circuit diagram of pv panel

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OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

Fig:5.6 output waveform of inverter voltage with SAPF

Fig:5.7 output waveform of grid voltage with SAPF

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Fig : 5.8 output waveform of current with SAPF

Fig:5.9 output waveform of inverter voltage without SAPF

Fig:6.1 output waveform of grid voltage without SAPF

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Fig 6.2THD of inverter with SAPF

Fig 6.3THD of grid with SAPF

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Fig 6.4THD of inverter without SAPF

Fig 6.5 THD of grid without SAPF

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TABLE3THDCOMPARISON

SYSTEM THD Without SAPF THD With SAPF

Inverter 7.41 3.59

Grid 10.22 3.60

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CHAPTER -6
CONCLUSION

In this paper the issues and difficulties involved due to the Grid integration of Solar PV
System was completely analysed. The harmonics present in this proposed system was
efficiently eliminated using SAPF. Comparison with other conventional techniques shows
that FUZZY controlled SAPF limit the total percent of THD. Voltage effectively to an
attainable level. This prototype affords reliability in feeding the load. This prototype also
supplies the active power indispensable during the unreliable grid operation all the way
through the solar energy linked at the DC side of the SAPF. The obtained results prove that
the proposed model animatedly performs the THD of source voltages at inverter and Grid is
reduced.

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