TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

1. Title 1

2. Introduction 1-2

3. Objective 3

4. Apparatus and Material 3-6

5. Procedure 7-8
A) Preparation of Fresh Concrete
B) Slump Test
C) Compacting Factor of Fresh Concrete
D) Fresh and Demoulding Density

6. Results 9 - 10

7. Discussion 11

8. Conclusion 12

9. Reference 13 - 14

10. Appendix 14 - 28
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1. TOPIC

C4 – Mixing, Fresh Properties, Casting, Demoulding and Curing

2. INTRODUCTION

Mixing concrete is simply defined as the complete blending of the materials which
are required for the production of a homogeneous concrete ( Young, 267 ). Cement is a
binder, used as an ingredient in combination with sand and stone to make a composite
material called concrete. The three constituents on their own have no real strength but
when bound together, stones interlock like a 3D jigsaw puzzle and sand fills the gaps.
Cement just glues the stones together but it's the stone that gives concrete its shear and
compressive strength, not the cement. The ratio and the mass of cement, fine and coarse
aggregates are based on our results in C3. But, the ratio of mixing is 1:1.5:3 where 1 is
part of cement, 1.5 is part of fine aggregates and 3 is part of coarse aggregates ( Gopal
Mishra, n.d. ).

There are several different types of cement but In C4, we are using Portland cement
for the mixture. Portland cement is made by baking limestone in kilns and grinding the
clinker produced with a little gypsum to form a fine powder. Blast furnace slag cement
is made from the waste products of the steel industry.

Fresh properties of concrete are verified using slump test. Whether the compaction
is achieved by ramming or by vibration, the process consists essentially of the
elimination of entrapped air from the concrete until it has achieved as dense a
configuration as possible for a given mix. Large pockets of entrapped air seriously
weaken the concrete since they act as powerful stress concentrators. The test is to
measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed to check the
workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows.
It can also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch. The test is popular due
to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure. The slump test is used to

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ensure uniformity for different loads of concrete under field conditions ( Gambhir, M.
L., 2004 )

Casting process is important to make sure that the concrete mixture can achieve its
best quality. The purpose of casting is to remove the extra water from the concrete
mixture. A soupy mixture will yield a casting that is soft and vulnerable to wear and
damage but a dry mixture will yield more solid stone-like quality concrete. Another
purpose on casting is to make sure that all the air pocket in the mixture are eliminated. (
Professor Kamran M. Nemati, 2015 )

Next, the demoulding process. Test cubes should be demoulded between 16 and 24
hours after they have been made. If after this period of time the concrete has not
achieved sufficient strength to enable demoulding without damaging the cube then the
demoulding should be delayed for a further 24 hours. When removing the concrete
cube from the mould, take the mould apart completely. Take care not to damage the
cube because, if any cracking is caused, the compressive strength may be reduced (
Demoulding the Test Cubes, n.d. )

Lastly, the curing process. Curing plays an important role on strength development
and durability of concrete. Curing takes place immediately after concrete placing and
finishing, and involves maintenance of desired moisture and temperature conditions,
both at depth and near the surface, for extended periods of time. Properly cured
concrete has an adequate amount of moisture for continued hydration and development
of strength, volume stability, resistance to freezing and thawing, and abrasion and
scaling resistance. The length of adequate curing time is dependent on the mixture
proportions, specified strength ,size and shape of concrete member, ambient weather
conditions, future exposure conditions ( Jerzy Z. Zemajtis, n.d. ).

3. OBJECTIVE

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To mix all ingredients using proper method to produce the concrete with specified
properties of workability, strength and durability.

4. APPARATUS

a) Molds (or forms) for casting of the test specimens for future testing, Concrete
mixer, Balance, Curing Tank, Shovel, Cement Bucket.

b) The Slump Cone Apparatus, Baseplate, Scoop, Slump rod.

c) Compacting Factor Apparatus, Cylinder, Scoop, Rod, Cement Bucket and

Vibrating Table.

MATERIALS

a) Cement, Fine Aggregate, Coarse Aggregate, Water and Grease.

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Figure Apparatus and Materials

Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows the

mould that used to cast the
specimens.

Figure 1 : Mould

Figure 2 : Mould

Figure 3 shows slump cone that

used to carry out slump test.

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Figure 3 : Slump Cone

Figure 4 shows the base plate that

used to support the slump cone in
slump test.

Figure 4 : Base Plate

Figure 5 shows the scoop that used

to take cement powder in hand
mixing process.

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Figure 5 : Scoop

Figure 6 shows the cement powder

needed in mix design of concrete.

Figure 6 : Cement

5. PROCEDURE

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A) PREPARATION OF FRESH CONCRETE

The Preparation of Fresh Concrete is carried out according to BS

1881 : Part 116 : 1983 : The Compressive Strength of Cubic Concrete Specimens
( refer to Appendix 1 Procedure I and II )

There are some modification have been made in this experiment that is the size of
mould use for cube is 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm and beam is 500 mm × 100 mm ×
100 mm

Figure 7 shows the fully filled mould.

After 24 hours of casting the concrete is then put into the water tank
for curing process.

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Figure 8 show the concrete undergo curing process

B) SLUMP TEST

The slump test is carried out according to ASTM C 143 - 89a : The Slump of
Hydraulic Cement Concrete ( refer to Appendix 2 )

C) DEMOULDING DENSITY

The demoulding density is carried out according to BS 1881 : Part 116 : 1983 : The
Compressive Strength of Cubic Concrete Specimens ( refer to Appendix 1 )

The demoulding density is calculated using the formula:-

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

6. RESULT

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B) SLUMP TEST
Type of slump = Shear Slump
Slump height = 200.00 mm
Slump distance = 100.00 mm

C) DEMOULDING DENSITY

1 CUBE
Mass of demoulding concrete ( kg ) = 7.894
Volume of demoulding concrete ( m3 ) = 0.15m x 0.15m x 0.15m
= 3.375x10-3
7.894
Demoulding Density ( kgm-3 ) =
3.375x10-3
= 2338.96 kgm-3
2 CUBE
Mass of demoulding concrete ( kg ) = 7.680
Volume of demoulding concrete ( m3 ) = 0.15m x 0.15m x 0.15m
= 3.375x10-3
7.680
Demoulding Density ( kgm-3 ) =
3.375x10-3
= 2275.56 kgm-3
3 CUBE
Mass of demoulding concrete ( kg ) = 7.786
Volume of demoulding concrete ( m3 ) = 0.15m x 0.15m x 0.15m
= 3.375x10-3
7.786
Demoulding Density ( kgm-3 ) =
3.375x10-3
= 2306.96 kgm-3

BEAM
Mass of demoulding concrete ( kg ) = 11.653

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Volume of demoulding concrete ( m3 ) = 0.10m x 0.10m x 0.50m
= 5.0x10-3
11.653
Demoulding Density ( kgm-3 ) =
5.0x10-3
= 2330.6 kgm-3

7. DISCUSSION

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A. Preparation of Fresh Concrete ( Casting )

The precaution that is needed in this experiment is the eye must be perpendicular
to the scale of the measuring cylinder when the reading is taken to prevent parallax
error. Also the bucket use must be clean every time to make sure that the amount of
cement and aggregate is correct. Also all the aggregate, cement and water must be
mix together to make sure that all the mix is well cover with concrete. Next is the
mould must be well oiled with grease so that the concrete can be more easily to be
demould. Finally, we must vibrate the mould containing concrete before hardening so
that the bubble contain in concrete decrease.

B. Slump Test

The slump that we get in this test is shear slump and have a slump distance of
100.00 mm this show that our slump have too many water and have tendency to
undergo segregation and bleeding.but the workabily of our slump is high

The factor that affect the workabilty of the slump in this experiment is the amount
of water, grading of aggregate and proportion of cement and aggregate.

The precaution needed in this experiment is we must stroked 25 times each layer
so that the concrete is well compact together by using the slump rod. Next is the eye
must be perpendicular to the scale of the ruler when the reading is taken to prevent
parallax error. Finally, we must stand straight and remove the cone vertically without
any pause in order to make sure the shape of the slump does not change or collapse

C. Demoulding density
The demoulding density for the first cube is 2338.96 kgm-3, for the second cube is
2275.56 kgm-3 for the third cube is 2306.96 kgm-3 and for the beam is 2330.6 kgm-3.

8. CONCLUSION

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In conclusion, The slump we obtained from the experiment is shear slump
with the distance of 100 mm. This shows that our fresh concrete mix are typically
used for beam, column and reinforced wall. The demoulding density for the first cube
is 2338.96 kgm-3, for the second cube is 2275.56 kgm-3 for the third cube is 2306.96
kgm-3 and for the beam is 2330.6 kgm-3 .

Through these experiments, it is proven that insufficient w/c ratio causes the
strength of the concrete increase, whereas too much w/c ratio causes the concrete to
be porous and weaker. Thus, precise amount of material need to be used based on the
mix design form in order to gain the best results. By considering certain factors, we
may be able to gain right mix for concrete. Although increasing the water content
ratio may affect the durability and permeability of the concrete, but it will also
increase the strength of the concrete with correct amount.

1. REFERENCE

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ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 2: Construction Practices and Inspection
PavementsMaterials and General. Detroit: American Concrete Institute, 1997.

Retrieved from

https://trid.trb.org/view/778878

Demoulding the Test Cubes

Retrieved from

http://www.cityu.edu.hk/CIVCAL/design/labexp/testcube/testcube5.html

Gambhir, M. L. (2004). Concrete technology. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 127, 128.

Gopal Mishra, Calculate Quantities of Materials for Concrete -Cement, Sand,

Aggregates

Retrieved from

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/calculate-quantities-of-materials-for-concrete/
10700/

Jerzy Z. Zemajtis, Role of Concrete Curing

Retrieved from

https://www.cement.org/learn/concrete-technology/concrete-construction/curing-i
n-construction

Mindess, Sidney and J. Francis Young. Concrete. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1981

Retrieved from

https://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/courses/ce584/concrete/library/construction/mixingt
ransport/mixingandtransporting.html

Professor Kamran M. Nemati, 2015

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Retrieved from

http://courses.washington.edu/cm425/fresh.pdf

2. Appendix

Appendix 1

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Appendix 2

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