A.

PRELIMINARY DESIGN DATA

No. of households: 410

Demand/ household: 100 watts
Total demand: 410 x 100 = 41 KW
Increasing for the future demand (10%): 41 + 41 x 0.1 = 45.1 KW
Head available = 14m
Discharge (Q) = 650 l/s
Power = η x γ x Q x H
= 0.65 x 9.81 x 0.65 x 14
= 44.65 Kw

Design of Weir (Temporary)

From field survey, it is found that the length of Weir is 13m.

Flow deviation angle is assumed to be 20°.
Hovertop = (Q/Cw x Lweir) 0.667
= ((1.04-0.65)/ (1.6 x 13)) 0.667
= 0.07m.
This value indicates the dry season flow.
Therefore height of Weir = 1.2 - 0.07 = 1.13m.
Providing a sufficient width of 0.5m.

B. DESIGN OF SIDE INTAKE:

1. Design of Trash rack:

Trashrack coefficient (k) = 2.4
Thickness of bar = 10 mm
Spacing of bar = 70mm
Total width = 3m
Approach velocity =1.5m/s
No of bars = 3/0.07
= 43 numbers
Angle of inclination from horizontal (Ø) = 60°
Flow deviation (β) = 20°
Flow discharge = 0.65 cumecs
Height of Trashrack bottom from river bed = 0.6m
Vertical height of Trashrack = 0.7m

2. Orifice design:
Qd = 0.65 Cumecs
Assuming velocity, v = 1.5m/s
Area, A = Qd/v
= 0.65/1.5
= 0.433 sq.m.
0
Assuming orifice height h = 0.4m
Width of the orifice w = A/h = 0.433/ 0.4 = 1.08m
Assuming width of the orifice = 1.1m

Setting the bottom of orifice 0.2m above the riverbed level. This will minimize the bed load.
Also, set the datum at the river bed level.
Design flood level is about 3m above the river bed level
Set water level at head race canal Hr = 0.7m w.r.t. datum.
Normal water level (NWL) = 1.2m
Now,
Q = A x C x ((2 x g (NWL – Hr)) 1/2
Where C = 0.6 for roughly finished masonry orifice.
Q = 0.826Cumecs
Qred = 0.65 Cumecs

Hence, the designed orifice meets the requirements.

Discharge through the orifice during flood,
Qflood = A x C x ((2 x g (HFL – Hr))1/2
Qflood = 1.72Cumecs
This excess flood water can be discharged through spillway at certain distance from the intake.

C. DESIGN OF THE HEAD RACE CANAL

1. From intake to chainage 360m i.e. up to the settling basin

Bed slope: 1 in 300

Canal type: Stone masonry in cement mortar
Qd = 0 .65 Cumecs
Shape of the canal: Rectangular
From table 4.1 (ITDG manual)
1
 Manning’s coefficient n = 0.02
For the rectangular, the hydraulically optimum shape is given by,
B=2xH
Now,
Q = ((BH + NH2)5/3 x S1/2 / ( n ( B + 2H(( 1 + N2)1/2))2/3) ----- (i)
Putting,
N = 0 for rectangular canal
Using these values in the above equation, we get,
H = 0.522m, adopting H = 0.55m
And B= 2 x 0.55 = 1.1m

Check for velocity:

V = Q/A
= 0.65 / (1.1 x .55) = 1.074 m/s
Critical velocity;
Vc = (H x g)1/2
= 2.32 m/s
Therefore 80% of the critical velocity,
Vc = 0.8 x 2.32
= 1.856 m/s > 1.074, hence design is safe.
Calculate wetted perimeter and hydraulic radius:
Wetted perimeter P = 2H + B
= 2 x 0.55 + 1.1
= 2.2m
Thus, Hydraulic radius R = A/P
= 1.1 x 0.55/ 2.2
= 0.275m
Diameter of the particle,
D = 11RS
= 11 x 0.275 x 1/300
= 0.0108m
= 10.08 mm i.e. the particle larger than 10.08mm will settle in this
canal.
Check for canal bed slope:
From Manning’s equation,
V = 1/n R2/3S1/2
From this equation putting R = 0.275m and V = 1.074m/s, n = 0.02
We get S = 1 in 387, which is less than provided bed slope (1 in 300) so
The design is ok.

Design parameters:
Width of the canal B = 1.1m
Providing freeboard = 0.45m and water depth in the canal = 0.55m
Total height of the canal = 0.45 + 0.55 = 1m

Therefore, to avoid deposition upstream of settling basin the gravel trap must be then designed
to remove the particles greater than 10mm.
2
D. DESIGN OF GRAVEL TRAP

Location: 1 m d/s of intake

Discharge (Q) = 0.65 Cumecs
Size of particles = 2mm
Velocity (v) = 0.6m/s
Area (A) = Q/V
= 0.65/0.6
= 1.083m2
Depth of water in the canal=0.55m
Width (B) = A/depth
= 1.083/0.55
= 1.969m
= approx. 2m
Length of the trap (L) = 3 x canal width
= 3 x 1.1
= 3.3m
= 3.5m (adopting)
Length of Transition,
For inlet zone, set α = 15º
Linlet = (B-B*)/ (2 x tan15º)
= (2 - 1.1)/ (2 x tan15º)
=1.68m
Linlet = 1.70m
For exit, set α = 26º
Loutlet = (B-B*)/ (2 x tan26º)
= (2 - 1.1)/ (2 x tan26º)
= 0.922m
Therefore, adopt the exit length of 0.95m.
The Sluice gate of size = B x D = 0.8m x 0.75m is used.

E. DESIGN OF SPILLWAY

Location: 20m d/s of intake.

Two conditions to be checked are:

1. The spillway must be able to convey the entire flood flow of 1.72cumecs in case the
headrace canal downstream gets obstructed. (Ponding case)
2. The spillway should be able to convey the excess flow: = 1.72 - 0.65
= 1.07 cumecs when there is no
obstruction d/s
The calculated maximum spillway length must be used in the design.
Calculations
Case I:
Qspillway = 1.72Cumecs
Hovertop = 200mm
Lspillway = Qspillway/Cw x Hovertop^1.5
3
 = 1.72/ (1.6 x 0.21.5)
= 12.01m

Case II
Lspillway = 2 x Qspillway/Cw x Hovertop^1.5
= 1.07 x 2/ (1.6 x 0.21.5)
= 14.95m
Therefore Spillway of Length of 15m to be used.

F. DESIGN OF SETTLING BASIN

With a mean river temperature of 15ºC during the high flow season, the fall velocity
w = 0.037m/s
For dlimit = 0.3mm.
Area = 2Q/w
= 2*0.65/0.037
= 35.135 m2
Set B=3m
L = 35.137/3 = 11.37m, set L = 12m
L/B = 4

For inlet zone, set α = 15º

Linlet = (B-B*)/ (2 x tan15º)
= (3-1.1)/ (2 x tan15º)
= 3.54m
Linlet = 3.5m
Check required depth of settling zone, y
Maximum horizontal velocity
V = 0.44sqrt (dlimit)
= 0.44sqrt (0.3)
= 0.24m/s
y = Q/ (B x V)
= 0.65/ (3 x 0.24) = 0.902m
Sediment storage requirement:
Assume sediment concentration, C = 2kg/m3

Sdensity = 2600 kg/m3

Pfactor = 0.5
Flushing frequency T = 12 hrs
Vsediment = Q x T x C
=0.65 x 12 x 3600 x 2
=56160kg
Vsediment = Sload/ (Sdensity x Pfactor)
= 56160/ (2600*0.5)
= 43.2m3
Actual basin area = 12 x 3= 36m2
4
Required storage depth, Ystorage = 1.2m
Required depth of basin = freeboard + y + Ystorage
= 0.3 + 0.902 + 1.2
= 2.402m
Actual dimension
Lsettling = 12m
Bsettling = 3m
Depth = 2.5m (adopted)
Linlet = 3.5m
Loutlet = (B-B*)/ (2 x tan26˚)
= 2m

G. DESIGN OF FLUSHING PIPE FOR SETTLING BASIN

Three equations used to size the vertical flush pipe.

1. d = (Q+1000)/ (1.9 x π x (Hflood^1.5))

2. d = (6 x Qd / (π x c x sqrt (Hbasin+Hflush)))0.5

3. d = (4 x Qd / (π x c x sqrt (Hflush)))0.5
Since we have placed the spillway along the headrace canal (u/s of settling basin) we make the
use of equation 2 and 3.

2 d = (6 x Qd/ (π x c x sqrt (Hbasin+Hflush)))0.5

= (6 x 0.65/ (3.14 x 2.76 x sqrt (2.4+1.5)))0.5
= 227mm.

3 d = (4 x Qd/ π x c x sqrt (Hflush))0.5

= (4 x 0.65/ (3.14 x 2.76 x sqrt (1.5))0.5
= 494.8mm.
Therefore, adopt a diameter of 500mm (larger of two) for the flush pipe.

H. DESIGN OF HEADRACE CANAL AFTER SETTLING BASIN (beyond 360)

Q = 0.65 Cumecs
For stone masonry Manning’s coefficient n = 0.02
Bed slope (S) = 1 in 1000
For rectangular canal, N = 0, B = 2H

Using the relation of equation (i):

H = 0.656 m, Adopting H = 0.7 m
B = 2H = 2 x 0.7 = 1.4
Providing freeboard = 0.4 m
The total depth of the canal = 0.7 + 0.4 = 1.1 m
Check for velocity:
Velocity V = Q/A = 0.65/ (0.7x1.4) = 0.663 m/s
5
Critical velocity
Vc = (H x g)1/2
= (0.7 x 9.81)1/2 = 2.62 m/s
Therefore 80% of the critical velocity,
Vc = 0.8 x 2.62
= 2.096 m/s > 0.663 m/s, hence design is safe.

I. DESIGN OF PENSTOCK
Discharge through the penstock pipe,
Qd = 0.6175 m3/s
Head gross = 14m
Penstock material = uncoated mild steel
Setting velocity, V = 3m /s
Internal diameter of the pipe, d = (4xQ/πV)1/2
= (4x 0.6175/π x 3)1/2
= 0.511m
Adopt pipe diameter of 500mm.
Calculating wall loss, K = 0.006 mm
K/d = 0.06/500 = 0.00012
1.2Q/d = 1.2 x 0.6175/0.5 = 1.482
From Moody’s diagram, f = 0.016

h wall loss = fLV2/2gd

= 0.016 x 36.8 x 32/ 2 x 9.81 x 0.5
(Length of penstock = 36.8 m)
= 0.5401m
Inlet loss,
h inlet loss = k (entrance) x v2/g
= 0.5 x 32/9.81
= 0.458
Exit loss = 0 (Since the flow at the end of the penstock is converted to mechanical power by
rotating the turbine runner).
For bends,
For mitred bends, θ = 36.063˚, kbend = 0.177
Bend loss = 0.177 x 32/9.81 = 0.162m

Total head loss = 0.5401+ 0.458 + 0.162

= 1.1601m
% head loss = 1.1601 x 100/14 = 8.286% which is less then 10%, hence ok.

Pipe wall thickness calculations:

Pressure wave velocity, a = 1440/ ((1+2150 x d/E x t)1/2)

Here E = 2 x 105 N/mm2, t = 4mm, d = 500mm

Then a = 940.6m/s
Critical time (Tc) = (2*L)/a = 2 x 35.3/940.6
6
 = 0.075 sec
Choose closure time T = 10 sec > 2Tc

Then, k = (L*V/g*Hgross*T) 2
= (35.3 x 3/9.81 x 14 x 10) 2
= 0.00594 < 0.01
Hsurge = Hgross x k^ (1/2) = 1.078m
Htotal = Hgross + Hsurge
= 14 + 1.078
= 15.078 m
t effective = 4/1.1x1.2 -1.5 = 1.53mm
Safety factor (S.F) = 200 x t effective x S / H total x d
= 200 x 1.53 x 320/ 15.078 x 500
= 12.98 > 3.5 ok.

Hence internal diameter of pipe = 500mm

Wall thickness (t) = 4mm

J. SIZING OF EXPANSION JOINT

Thickness of Joint = 2 x t pipe= 2 x 4= 8mm.

Between forebay and first anchor block:
Expansion gap = 2 x ΔL
Where,
ΔL= α x ΔT x L
= 12 x 10-6 x (40-4) x 16.326
= 7.052mm.
Minimum recommended gap = 2 x 7.052 = 14.1mm
Adopt gap of 15mm.

Between first anchor and second anchor block:

Expansion gap = 2 x ΔL
Where,
ΔL= α x ΔT x L
= 12 x 10-6 x (40-4) x 13.6
= 5.875mm.
Minimum recommended gap = 2 x 5.875 = 11.75mm
Adopt gap of 12mm.

Between second anchor and power house

Expansion gap = 2 x ΔL
Where,
ΔL= α x ΔT x L
= 12 x 10-6 x (40-4) x 5.325 (from graph of penstock alignment)
= 2.3mm.
Minimum recommended gap = 2 x 2.3 = 4.60mm
Adopt gap of 5mm.
7
K. DESIGN OF FOREBAY BASIN

Width of forebay = 2 m (min= 1m)

Diameter of penstock = 0.5m
Pipe level (hS) ≥ (1.5 x V2)/ (2 x g)
≥ (1.5 x 9)/ (2 x 9.81) = 0.688m

Height of forebay = 0.5 + d of penstock + hS+ 0.05 + 0.3

= 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.69 + 0.05 + 0.3
= 2.04 m
Take, height of forebay = 2m
Now volume of water = 0.6175 x 15 (for time = 15secs)
= 9.2625 m3
Then length of basin = 9.2625/2x2
= 2.315m
Adopting length of the basin = 2.5 m

Hence,
Length = 2.5m, Width = 2m, Height = 2m

Design of spillway for forebay

Height of spillway crest (H) = 0.3m
Using Weir equation
Q= 1.7 x Cd x Lspillway x H3/2
i.e. 0.6175 = 1.7 x 0.95 x Lspillway x 0.33/2
Therefore, Lspillway = 2.326m
Hence adopting the length of spillway = 2.5m.

L. DESIGN OF AIR VENT AT THE ENTRANCE OF PENSTOCK

Discharge (Q) = 0.6175 Cumecs

Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) =2 x 105 MPa
Internal diameter of penstock (D) = 0.5m
Thickness of penstock (t) = 4mm
t effective = 1.53mm
Factor of safety (F) =10 (for open pipe)
Size of air vent is given by:
d 2 = Q x sqrt ((F/Ex(D/t effective) 3)
d =160.6mm
Adopting size of air vent (d) =160mm.

8
M. DESIGN OF THE ANCHOR BLOCK

Type I

Pipe diameter: 500mm

Pipe thickness: 4mm
Hgross = 14m
Hsurge = 1.078m
α = 11.482˚ β = 36.063˚

Calculations:
Htotal = 15.078m
Block volume excluding volume of pipe:
= 2.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 – π x 0.508² /4(0.75/cos 11.482˚ + 0.75/cos 36.063˚) – ½ x 1.5 x 0.4 x 1.5
= 4.84 m³
Unit weight of concrete = 22 KN/ m³
Weight of block = 22 x 4.84
= 106. 546 KN
Weight of pipe, Wp = π (d + t) x t x γsteel
= π (0.5 + 0.004) x 0.004 x 77
= 0.365 KN/m
Weight of water, Ww = π x 0.5²/4 x 9.81 = 1.924 KN/m
Therefore Wp + Ww = 0.365 + 1.924 = 2.29 KN/m

Calculation of the relevant forces:

There are 3 support piers at 4m centre to center spacing to the upstream of the anchor block.
An expansion joint is located just downstream of the block.
Distance to u/s support pier = 4m
Therefore L1u = 2m
Distance to d/s support pier = 4m
Therefore L1d = 2m
Distance to u/s expansion joint = 15.826m
Therefore L4u = 15.826m
The soil type is stiff clay and stiff sandy clay.

1. F1u = (Wp + Ww) L1u cos α

= 2.29 x 2 x cos 11.482˚
= 4.49 KN
2. F1d = (Wp + Ww) L1d cos β
= 2.29 x 2 x cos 36.063˚
= 3.7 KN
3. Frictional force per support pier:
= ± f (Wp + Ww) L2u cos α
= ± 0.25 x 2.29 x 4 x cos 11.482˚ = ± 2.224 KN
Since there are 3 support piers,
F2u on anchor block = ± 6.732 KN
F2d = 0
4. F3 = 15.4 x Htotal x d² x sin ((β – α)/2)
9
 = 15.4 x 15.078 x 0.5 ² x sin ((36.063˚ – 11.482˚)/2)
= 12.35 KN
5. F4u = Wp x L4u x Sin α
= 0.365 x 15.826 x sin 11.482˚
= 1.149 KN
F4d is negligible since an expansion joint is placed immediately downstream of the anchor
block, i.e. L4d ~0 and therefore, F4d = 0.

6. F6 = 100 x d = 100 x 0.5 = 50 KN

7. F7 = 31 x Htotal x (d + t) x t
F7u = 31 x 15.078 x (0.5 + 0.004) x 0.004
= 0.705 KN
F7d = 0.705 KN
The resultant of these forces is insignificant.
8. F8 = 2.5 (Q²/d²) sin ((β – α)/2)
= 2.5 (0.6175²/0.5²) sin ((36.063˚ – 11. 482˚)/2)
= 0.81 KN
9. F9 = 0, since pipe diameter does not change
10. Soil Force F10,
γsoil = 20 KN/m³, φ = 30˚ Bearing Pressure = 200 KN/m², i = 11.482˚

Ka = (cos i – (cos²i - cos² φ)1/2)/ (cos i + (cos²i - cos² φ)1/2)

= (cos 11.482˚ – (cos²11.482˚ - cos² 30˚)1/2)/ (cos 11.482˚ + (cos²11.482˚ - cos² 30˚)1/2)
= 0.521/1.438 = 0.362

F10 = γ soil x h1²/2 x cos i x Ka x W

= 20 x 0.95²/2 cos 11.482 x 0.362 x 2.29
= 7.331 KN
This force acts at 1/3 of the buried depth at u/s face of the anchor block i.e. 1/3 x 0.95 = 0.317m

Resolution of forces:
α = 11.482˚ β = 36.063˚
Forces X- component (+) Y-component (+)

F1u = 4.49 -F1u sin α = -0.893 F1u cos α = 4.4

F1d = 3.7 -F1d sin β = -2.178 F1d cos β = 3
F2u = ± 6.732 ± F2u cos α = ±6.597 ± F2u sinα = ± 1.34
+ve during expansion (1) +ve during expansion (1)
-ve during contraction (2) -ve during contraction (2)

F3 = 12.35 F3 sin ((β+ α)/2) = 4.978 -F3 cos ((β+ α)/2) = -11.302

F4u = 1.149 F4u cosα = 1.126 F4u sin α = 0.228

F6 = 50 ± F6 (cos α – cos β) ±F6 (sinβ – sin α)

= ± 8.58 = ±19.48
F7u = 0.705 F7u cos α = 0.69 F7u sin α = 0.1403
F7d = 0.705 - F7d cos β = -0.569 - F7d sin β = -0.415
10
F8 = 0.81 F8 sin ((β + α)/2) = 0.326 -F8cos ((β + α)/2) = -0.741
F10 = 7.331 F10 cos i = 7.184 F10 sin i = 1.459

WB =106.546 0 106.546
------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Σ H = 25.841 KN (1) expansion Σ V = 124.135 KN (1 expansion.)
Σ H = -4.513 KN (2) contraction Σ V = 82.495 KN (2 contraction.)

The center of gravity of the block, from the u/s face by taking moment of mass about O. The
effect of pipe passing through the block is negligible.

= (2.1 x 1.5) x1.5/2 +1/2 x 1.5 x 0.4 x 1/3 x 1.5

(2.1 x 1.5) + (1/2 x 1.5 x 0.4)

= 0.728 m
i.e. the weight of the block WB acts 0.728m from point O.

Sum of the horizontal forces that acts at the bend:

Σ H – F10x
1. Expansion case, 25.841 – 7. 184 = 18.657 KN (→)
2. Contraction case, -4.513 – 7.184 = -11.697 KN (←)

Sum of the vertical forces that act at the bend:

Σ V - F10y – Wp
1. Expansion case, 124.135 – 1.459 – 106.546 = 16.13 KN (↓)
2. Contraction case, 82.495 – 1.459 – 106.546 = -25.51 KN (↑)

The force is shown on the figure:

Check for overturning:

1. Expansion case (→)
Take sum of the moments about point O with clockwise moments as positive.
Σ M@O = 18.657 x 1.5 + 16.13 x 0.75 + 7.659 x 0.317 + 106.546 x 0.728
= 120. 047 KNm
Σ V = 124.213 KN
Now,
d=ΣM/ΣV
= 120.047/124.213
= 0.966 m
Thus e = | 1.5/2 – 0.966 | = 0.216m
e allowable = Lbase/ 6 = 1.5/6 = 0.25m
Since e<e allowable, Hence it is safe in overturning.

2. Contraction case (←)

Take sum of the moments about point O with clockwise moments as positive.
11
 Σ MO = -25.51 x 0.75 – 11.697 x 1.5 + 7.569 x 0.317 + 106.546 x 0.728
= 43.286 KNm
Σ V = 82.573 KN
Now,
d=ΣM/ΣV
= 43.286/82.573
= 0.524 m
Thus e = | 1.5/2 – 0.524 | = 0.226m
e allowable = Lbase/ 6 = 1.5/6 = 0.25m
Since e<e allowable
Hence, it is safe in overturning.

Check for bearing capacity:

Allowable bearing pressure for stiff clay and stiff sandy clay = 200 KN/m²

1. Expansion case (→)

Pbase = Σ V/Abase x (1 + 6e/Lbase)
= (124.135/ (1.5 x 1.5)) x (1+ 6 x 0.216/1.5)
= 102.83 KN/m²
2. Contraction case (←)
Pbase = Σ V/Abase x (1 + 6e/Lbase)
= (82.495/ (1.5 x 1.5)) x (1+ 6 x 0.226/1.5)
= 69.809 KN/m²

Since in the both cases Pbase < P allowable (200 KN/m²), so the structure is safe against bearing
capacity.

Check for sliding:

1. Expansion case (→)

ΣH<µΣV
µ = 0.5 for concrete/masonry on soil.

25.841< 0.5 x 124.135

< 62.067 KN hence ok.
2. Contraction case (←)

ΣH<µΣV
µ = 0.5 for concrete/masonry on soil.

i.e -4.513 < 0.5 x 82.495

< 41.247 KN hence ok.
Since Σ H < µ Σ V in both cases, the structure is safe against sliding.

12
Type II

Pipe diameter: 500mm

Pipe thickness: 4mm
Hgross = 14m
Hsurge = 1.078m
α = 36.083˚ β = 0
Distance to u/s support piers = 3.3m
Therefore L1u = 1.65m
Distance to d/s support piers = 1.5 m (length of penstock pipe after the anchor block)
Therefore L1d = 1.5m
Distance to u/s expansion joint = 18.931-0.5=18.431m
Therefore L4u = 18.431m
There are three support piers to u/s of the anchor block, spacing of first supporting pier is 4m
c/c, and that of third pier is 3.3m center to center.
An expansion joint will be located just below the anchor block.

Calculations:
Htotal = 15.078m

Block volume excluding volume of pipe:

= 2.5 x 1.5 x 2 – π x 0.508² /4(0.75/cos 36.063˚) – π x 0.5² /4(0.75/cos 0˚) – ½ x 1.5 x 0.5x 2
= 6.421 m³
Unit weight of concrete = 22 KN/ m³
Weight of block = 22 x 6.421
= 141.262 KN
Weight of pipe, WP = π (d + t) x t x γsteel
= π (0.5 + 0.004) x 0.004 x 77
= 0.365 KN/m
Weight of water, WW = π x 0.5²/4 x 9.81 = 1.924 KN/m
Therefore WP + WW = 0.365 + 1.924 = 2.29 KN/m

Calculation of the relevant forces:

1. F1u = (WP + WW) L1u cos α

= 2.29 x 1.65 x cos 36.063˚
= 3.054 KN
2. F1d = (WP + WW) L1d cos β
= 2.29 x 1.5 x cos 36.063˚
= 2.776 KN
3. Frictional force per support pier:
(a) For first two piers
= ± f (WP + WW) L2u cos α
= ± 0.25 x 2.29 x 4 x cos 36.063˚ = ± 1.851 KN
Similarly
(b) For third support pier:
= ± f (WP + WW) L2u cos α
= ± 0.25 x 2.29 x 3.3x cos 36.063˚ = ± 1.527KN
13
 F2u on anchor block = ± (1.851x2 + 1527) = ± 5.229 KN
F2d = 0 since an expansion joint is located immediately d/s of the anchor block.

4. F3 = 15.4 x H total x d² sin ((β – α)/2)

= 15.4x15.078x0.52 sin (-36.063˚/2)
= -17.97KN
5. F4u = Wp x L4u x Sin α
= 0.365 x 18.413x sin 36.063
=3.96 KN
F4d is negligible since an expansion joint is placed immediately downstream of the anchor
block, i.e. L4d ~0 and therefore, F4d ~ 0.

6. F6 = 100 x d = 100 x 0.5 = 50 KN

7. F7 = 31 x H total x (d + t) x t
F7u = 31 x (15.078 – 18.431 sin 36.063˚) x (0.5 + 0.004) x 0.004
= 0.198 KN
F7d = 31 x H total x (d + t) x t, Htotal = 15.078 m
= 0.705 KN
The resultant of this force is insignificant.
8. F8 = 2.5 (Q²/d²) sin ((β – α)/2)
= 2.5x (0.61752/0.52) sin (-36.063˚/2)
= -1.18 KN
9. F9 = 0, since pipe diameter does not change
10. Soil Force F10,
γsoil = 20 KN/m³, φ = 30˚ Bearing Pressure = 200 KN/m², from graph ground slope i =8˚

Ka = (cos i – (cos²i - cos² φ)1/2)/(cos i + (cos²i - cos² φ)1/2)

= (cos 8˚ – (cos²8˚ - cos² 30˚)1/2)/(cos8˚ + (cos²8˚ - cos² 30˚)1/2)
= 0.346

F10 = γ soil x h1²/2 x cos i x Ka x W

= 20 x 1.2²/2 x cos 8˚ x 0.346 x 2.29
= 11.298 KN
This force acts at 1/3 of the buried depth at u/s face of the anchor block i.e. 1/3 x 1.2= 0.4m

Resolution of forces:
α = 36.063˚ β =0˚
Forces X- component (+) Y-component (+)
(KN) (KN) (KN)

F1u = 3.054 -F1u sin α = -1.797 F1u cos α = 2.468

F1d =2.776 -F1d sin β = 0 F1d cos β = 2.776

F2u = ± 5.229 ± F2u cos α = ±4.226 ± F2u sinα = ± 3.078

+ve during expansion (1) +ve during expansion (1)
-ve during contraction (2) -ve during contraction (2)
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F3 = -17.97 F3 sin ((β+ α)/2) = -5.562 -F3 cos ((β+ α)/2) = 17.087

F4u = 3.96 F4u cosα =3.201 F4u sin α = 2.331

F6 = 50 ± F6 (cos α – cos β) ±F6 (sinβ – sin α)

= ± (-9.58) = ± (-29.433)

F7u =0.198 F7u cos α = 0.16 F7u sin α = 0.116

F7d = 0.705 - F7d cos β = -0.705 - F7d sin β = 0

F8 = -1.18 F8 sin ((β + α)/2) = -0.365 -F8 cos ((β + α)/2) =1.122

F10 = 11.298 F10cos i = 11.18 F10 sin i = 1.572

WB =141.262 0 141.262
------------------------------- -----------------------------------
Σ H = 0.758 KN (1) expansion Σ V = 142.379 KN (1 expansion.)
Σ H = 11.466KN (2) contraction Σ V = 195.089 KN (2 contraction.)

The center of gravity of the block, from the u/s face by taking moment of mass about O. The
effect of pipe passing through the block is negligible.

= (2 x 1.5) x1.5/2 +1/2 x 1.5 x 0.5 x 1/3 x 1.5

(2 x 1.5) + (1/2 x 1.5 x 0.5)

= 0.722 m
i.e. the weight of the block WB acts 0.722m from point O.

Sum of the horizontal forces that acts at the bend:

Σ H – F10x
1. Expansion case, 0.758 – 11.18 = -10.422 KN (←)
2. Contraction case, 11.466 – 11.18 = 0.286 KN (→)

Sum of the vertical forces that act at the bend:

Σ V - F10y – Wp
1. Expansion case, 142.379 – 1.572 – 141.262 = -0.455 KN (↑)
2. Contraction case, 195.089 – 1.572 – 141.262 = 52.255 KN (↓)
The force is shown on the figure:

Check for overturning:

1. Expansion case (→)

Take sum of the moments about point O with clockwise moments as positive.
Σ MO = -0.455 x 0.75 -10.422 x 0.85 +11.18 x 0.4 + 141.262 x 0.722
= 97.263 KNm
Σ V = 142.379 KN
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Now,
d=ΣM/ΣV
=97.263/142.379
= 0.683 m
Thus e = | 1.5/2 – 0.683 = 0.067m
e allowable = Lbase/ 6 = 1.5/6 = 0.25m
Since e<e allowable hence safe in overturning.

2. Contraction case (←)

Take sum of the moments about point O with clockwise moments as positive.
Σ MO = 0.286 x 0.85 +52.255 x 0.75 +141.262 x 0.722 + 11.18 x 0.4
= 145.897 KNm
Σ V = 195.089 KN
Now,
d=ΣM/ΣV
= 145.897/195.089
= 0.747m
Thus e = | 1.5/2 – 0.747 | = 0.003m
e allowable = Lbase/ 6 = 1.5/6 = 0.25m
Since e<e allowable hence safe in overturning.

Check for bearing capacity:

Allowable bearing pressure for stiff clay and stiff sandy clay = 200 KN/m²

1. Expansion case (→)

Pbase = Σ V/Abase x (1 + 6e/Lbase)
= (142.379/ (1.5 x 2)) x (1+ 6 x 0.067/1.5)
= 60.178 KN/m²
2. Contraction case (←)
Pbase = Σ V/Abase x (1 + 6e/Lbase)
= (195.089/ (1.5 x 2)) x (1+ 6 x 0.003/1.5)
= 65.81 KN/m²

Since in the both cases Pbase < Pallowable (200 KN/m²), so the structure is safe against bearing
capacity.

Check for sliding:

1. Expansion case (→)

ΣH<µΣV
µ = 0.5 for concrete/masonry on soil.

0.758< 0.5 x 142.379

< 71.189 KN hence ok.
2. Contraction case (←)
ΣH<µΣV
µ = 0.5 for concrete/masonry on soil.

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 i.e 11.466< 0.5 x 195.089
< 97.54 KN hence ok .
Since Σ H < µ Σ V in both cases, the structure is safe against sliding.

N. POWER HOUSE DIMENSIONING

Size of turbine = 1m x 1m (floor size)

Size of generator= 1.2m x 1m
Providing clear gap of at least 1m around each item of equipment that has moving parts.
Length of Power house (L) = 1 + 1.2 + 1=3.2m
Providing 1m space for inspection and operation.
Then L = 4.2m + 0.8m=5m
Wall thickness = 0.3m
Width of power house = 5m
Height of powerhouse (the side where penstock enters) = 2.7m
Height of powerhouse (the side opposite to the penstock) = 2.5m.
For detail, refer figure.

O. DESIGN OF TAILRACE CANAL

Q = 0.6175 m³/s
Manning’s coefficient n = 0.02
Assuming velocity V = 1.5 m/s
Therefore, A = Q/V = 0.6175/1.5 = 0.412 m²

Taking B = 2H,
A= B x H
0.412 = 2H x H
H = 0.454m
Adopting, H = 0.5 m
Hence B = 2H = 2 x 0.5 = 1m

Providing rectangular channel,

P = 2H + B
= 2m
Thus R = A/P
= 0.412/2
= 0.206 m
Now, V= 1/n R2/3 S½
Putting the values and solving we get,
S= 1 in 136
Providing freeboard = 0.3 m
Final design dimension:
Width of canal B= 2m

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Height of canal H= 0.5 + 0.3 = 0.8m

P. DESIGN OF MACHINE FOUNDATION

Design data
Diameter of penstock (D) = 500mm
The pipe centerline is 550mm above the powerhouse floor
Design discharge (Qd) = 617.5 lps
Gross Head (H) = 14m
Maximum surge (Hsurge) = 1.078m
Water level in the tailrace canal = 0.5m
Weight of Turbine (WT) = 750Kg
Weight of Generator (WG) = 424 Kg

Design:
Total Head (Htotal) = Hgross + Hsurge
= 14+1.078
= 15.078m
Let us start the design by considering the following reinforcement and dimensioning
Force due to Htotal (FH) = pipe area x 15.078 x unit weight of water
= 3.14 x 0.5 x 0.5/4 x 15.078 x 9.81
= 29.0134KN
Weight of Turbine (WT) = 750 x 9.8
= 7350N
= 7.35KN
Weight of Generator (WG) = 424 x 9.8
= 4155.2N
= 4.1552KN
Place all the forces on the machine foundation and divide the foundation into the following
three parts

Refer Diagram

W1 = 0.45 x 1.5 x 2.5 x 22

= 37.125KN
W2 = (0.5 x 1.5 x 2.5-0.5 x 1 x 0.5-0.5 x 0.5 x 1) x 22
= 30.25KN
W3 = 2.35 x 1.5 x 2.5 x22
= 193.875KN

Check the block for

1. Overturning
Taking moment about the end point A as shown in the diagram
M = W1 x (2.35+0.5+0.45/2) + (WT+W2) x (2.35+0.5/2) + (WG+W3) x 2.35/2 – FH x (1.5+0.55)
= 37.125 x (2.425) + (7.35+30.25) x 2.6 + (4.1552+ 193.875) x 2.35/2
= 385.127 KNm

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Distance through which the resultant acts
X = M/V
= 385.127/272.755
= 1.412m

Ecentricity (e) = B/2-X

= 3.3/2-1.412
= 0.238m
Allowable eccentricity = B/6
= 3.3/6
= 0.55m
e should be less than allowable, i.e. e<B/6
e (0.238) < 0.55
Hence, it is safe against overturning.

2. Bearing Pressure
Pbase = V/A (1+ 6e/B)
= 272.755/ (3.3 x 2.5) (1 + 6 x 0.238/3.3)
= 47.3 KN/sq.m< 180 KN/sq.m
Hence, it is safe against pressure.

3. Sliding
Assume friction coefficient (µ) =0.6
Factor of safety against sliding = 0.6 x V/FH
= 0.6 x 272.755/29.0134
= 5.64 > 1.5 OK.
Hence, it is safe against sliding.

Length of anchorage bars =700mm

Diameter of bars = 20mm
Number of bars =6
Reinforcement bars = 10mm
Spacing = 150mm and 125mm in Turbine pit
Spacing = 168.75mm in other faces.
Lap length = 400mm.

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