I + C Technologies

Embedded Systems
Szilárd Aradi (PhD), István Ferenc Lövétei
Department of Control for Transportation and Vehicle
Systems, Budapest University of Technology and
Economics, Budapest, Hungary
 Table of Contents

• General Introduction
• IC – Integrated Circuit – Technology
• Architectures of Computers
• Memories
• CPU vs. MCU
• MCU
• Short Presentation of MCU Intel 8051
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 General Introduction
• Embedded System: An embedded system is
a computer system with a dedicated
function.
• traffic lights and measuring systems (road
traffic);
• railway interlocking systems, train controlling
systems, controlling units of trains;
• flight control units of aircrafts;
• industrial process control;
• vehicle systems;
• etc…
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 General Introduction

• ratio of electronic parts in a car:

about 25%,
• e.g. in a high level car, the average engine control
number of electronic control units
(ECU) is 80; automotive sensors
• e.g. in a modern aircraft more, than 700 safety
ECUs are working in the same time;
intelligent lighting
• generally the ECUs constitute
networks.

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 General Introduction

CAN controlling system

- Freescale MC9S12XDT512
UAV – unmanned aerial vehicle

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 General Introduction

• The first microprocessor

controllers have appeared at
the end of 1970.
• In 2000: ~15 processors in
an average vehicle.
• In 2010: ~60 processors in
an average vehicle.

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 IC – Integrated Circuit – Technology
• Integrated Circuit: An integrated circuit (IC, a chip, or a microchip)
is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of
semiconductor material, normally silicon.
• First IC had created by Jack Kilby – researcher of Texas Instruments
- in 1958.
• Basic elements of ICs:
• resistor,
• capacitor,
• diode,
• transistor.
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 IC – Integrated Circuit – Technology
• Digital integrated circuits can contain anywhere from one to
billions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other circuits
in a few square millimeters.
• Planar process (several
times in a row), from
slices of a silicon single
crystal rod, called wafer:
• creation of a layer,
• lithography,
• doping.
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 IC – Integrated Circuit – Technology

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 IC – Integrated Circuit – Technology

• CMOS type inverter:

• p and n type layers by masks – these are the layers of the source and
the drain of the transistors, with aluminum outlet,
• gate of the transistor is made by polycrystalline silicon, beneath a thin
layer of SiO2, above it is also a thicker insulating layer.

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 IC – Integrated Circuit – Technology

• Generation of ICs:
• ICs – number of transistors:
• SSI (Small-Scale Integration): 10x
• MSI (Medium-Scale Integration): 100x
• LSI (Large-Scale Integration): 10000x
• VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration): 100000x
• ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration): 1000000x
• SoC (System on Chip): a „whole computer” integrated in a single IC.
(E.g.: motherboard of smart phones)
• Intel 4004 (1971): 2300
• Intel Core i7 (2008): 781 million
• Wire width in the chip:
• Intel 4004 (1971): 10 µm
• Intel Core i7 (2008): 45 nm

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 Architectures of Computers

• Von Neumann Architecture (1945):

• using the binary numeral system,
• common used memory to store both
instructions (code) and data,
• universal usability.
• Harvard Architecture (1944):
• separated code (instructions) and data
memory,
• generally used by microcontrollers
(MCUs).
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 Memories

• Memories:
• Volatile:
• RAM (Random – Access Memory):
• Dynamic RAM,
• Static RAM.
• Non – Volatile:
• ROM (Read-Only Memory),
• PROM (Programmable ROM),
• EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM),
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM),
• Flash.
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 Memories

• RAM:
• Dynamic RAM:
• one cell consists of one transistor and one capacitor,
• it has to refresh time to time, because the capacitor is discharged due to the
trickle current,
• slow, smaller size, cheap.
• Static RAM:
• one cell consists of more transistors (flip-flop),
• it stores the data for any length of time, if there is a power supply,
• fast, small energy consumption, expensive.
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 Memories

• ROM
• Programmed by the manufacturer, the user can only read it.
• PROM
• User can program it once, than he can only read it.
• EPROM
• Cleared by UV light, programmed by special equipment.
• EEPROM
• Programmed and cleared by special equipment.
• Flash
• Type of EEPROM, programmed and cleared by the computer.
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 CPU vs. MCU

• Central Processing Unit:

• large, generally used instruction set and other
special instruction sets*,
• complex memory management,
• it requires a complex additional circuit, itself is
inoperable,
• capable to doing complicated calculating
performing it in a high-speed,
• capable to running complex operating systems.
*:by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

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 CPU vs. MCU

• Micro Controller Unit:

• CPU and:
• RAM, ROM,
• digital I/O ports,
• timers/counters,
• clock generator,
• lower computing capacity,
• suitable for industrial control tasks,
• not capable to running complex operating
systems,
• hardware based on MCU is called „Embedded
System”.
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 MCU

• General properties of MCUs:

• register width (word): 8, 16, 32 bits:
• expected distribution in 2017:
• 8 bits – 28 %, 16 bits – 34 %, 32 bits – 38%,
• 16 and 32 bits are used generally in the automotive industry,
• frequency: 2 – 100 MHz,
• size of the memory:
• RAM: 128 bytes – 64 Kbytes,
• ROM: 2 Kbytes – 256 Kbytes;
• power supply:
• voltage level: 5 V, 3,3V;
• energy consumption: 10x mA.
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 MCU

• Instruction set:
• Reduced Instruction Set • Complex Instruction Set
Computer, Computer
• few, simple instructions, • many, complex instructions,
• uses more registers, • less registers,
• fewer addressing mode, • more addressing mode,
• instructions take one cycle • instructions take a varying
time, amount of cycle time,
• emphasis on software. • emphasis on hardware.
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 MCU
• e.g. an excerpt of the CISC of Intel 8051

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 MCU

• Programming, e.g. (IDE).

• C, C++ • assembly

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 MCU

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 MCU

• CPU:
• Arithmetic Logic Unit:
• performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary number,
• AND, NOT, OR, XOR,
• addition, subtraction, multiplication, division (in 2’s complement code),
• shift, rotate.
• Control Unit:
• it tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how
to respond to a program's instructions.
• it directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and control signals.
• Address Generation Unit:
• calculates addresses used by the CPU to access main memory.
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 MCU

• Registers:
• a processor register is a quickly accessible location available to a digital
CPU, size: 1-2 words (e. g. in an 8 bits controller: 1- 2 bytes),
• data register, to store the data,
• address register, suitable for memory addressing,
• general purpose register, suitable for store data or address,
• special function register:
• suitable for running and tracking of the program (code);
• or suitable for handling other hardware modules.
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 MCU
• E.g. combinational
logic circuitry of
the type 74181 IC,
which is a simple
four-bit ALU.

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 MCU

• Input/Output ports (I/O, GPIO):

• multifunctional, bidirectional interface between peripherals (sensors,
actuators) and other MCUs.
• Interrupt:
• is signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an
event that needs immediate attention;
• an interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring
the interruption of the current code the processor is executing;
• can be a hardware or software interrupt.
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 MCU

• Main types of MCU architectures:

• MCS-51 (Intel 8051): from 1980’s, (e. g. Infineon XC 800 in the
automotive industry);
• ARM: from 1983’s, Acorn Ltd., generally used in the RISC type MCUs;
• Freescale: generally used in the automotive industry, (e.g. Qorivva series
MPC55 and 56, with float-point arithmetic);
• PIC: to general purposes,
• Atmel AVR: in 1996, by two Norwegian students, the firs MCU, that
used flash memory to store the code.
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 Short Presentation of MCU Intel 8051

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 Short Presentation of MCU Intel 8051

FLASH ROM
4 kB + 64 kB

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 Short Presentation of MCU Intel 8051

RAM
384 B + 64 kB

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 Short Presentation of MCU Intel 8051
RAM
lower 128 B

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 Short Presentation of MCU Intel 8051
RAM
SFR

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 Short Presentation of MCU Intel 8051

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 Short Presentation of MCU Intel 8051

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 Short Presentation of MCU Intel 8051

• Live presentation:
• 8051 with ASM;
• 8051 with C;
• small electric motor controlling task.

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 I + C Technologies
Embedded Systems
István Ferenc Lövétei
Department of Control for Transportation and Vehicle Systems,
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest,
Hungary
[email protected]