ASME B30.

12-2006
(Revision of ASME B30.12-2001)

Handling Loads
Suspended From
Rotorcraft
Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,
Hooks, Jacks, and Slings

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A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L STA N DA R D

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 ASME B30.12-2006
(Revision of ASME B30.12-2001)

Handling Loads

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Suspended From
Rotorcraft
Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,
Hooks, Jacks, and Slings

A N A M E R I C A N N AT I O N A L S TA N D A R D

Three Park Avenue • New York, NY 10016

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 Date of Issuance: February 6, 2007

The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2011. There will be no addenda
issued to this edition.

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Standard. Interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at
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of the Standard.

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The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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Copyright © 2007 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All rights reserved
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 CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
B30 Standard Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Chapter 12-0 Scope, Definitions, and References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 12-0.1 Scope of B30.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 12-0.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 12-0.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 12-1 External Load Ratings and Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Section 12-1.1 Load Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Section 12-1.2 Load Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Chapter 12-2 Lifting Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Section 12-2.1 Primary Cargo Hook(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Section 12-2.2 Hoist/Winch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Section 12-2.3 Rotorcraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Section 12-2.4 Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter 12-3 Inspection and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Section 12-3.1 Rotorcraft Inspection and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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Section 12-3.2 Primary Hook(s) and Attaching Means Inspection and Maintenance . . . . . 10
Section 12-3.3 Hoist and Hoist Rope Inspection and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Section 12-3.4 Sling Inspection, Replacement, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 12-4 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Section 12-4.1 Pilots and Crew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Section 12-4.2 Pilot Qualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Section 12-4.3 Signalperson Qualifications and Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Section 12-4.4 Operating Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapter 12-5 Handling the Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Section 12-5.1 Hooking and Unhooking Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Section 12-5.2 Tag Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Section 12-5.3 Attachment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 12-6 Signals and Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Section 12-6.1 Signal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Section 12-6.2 Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Section 12-6.3 Human External Cargo Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chapter 12-7 Fueling and Ground-Based Facilities at the Work Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Section 12-7.1 Fueling Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Section 12-7.2 Personnel Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Section 12-7.3 Ground-Based Facilities Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figures
1 Hook With Closed Throat Load Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Hook With Open Throat Load Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Vertical Hitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 Two-Leg Sling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5 Three-Leg Sling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6 Four-Leg Sling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7 Two-Leg Spreader Sling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

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 8 Four-Leg Spreader Sling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9 Helicopter Hand Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10 Personnel Approach/Departure Path (Level Ground) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11 Personnel Approach/Departure Path (Sloping Ground) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
12 Personnel Approach/Departure With Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
13 Helicopter Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table
1 Determining Sling Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

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 FOREWORD

This American National Standard, Safety Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,
Hooks, Jacks, and Slings, has been developed under the procedures accredited by the American
National Standards Institute (formerly the United States of America Standards Institute). This
Standard had its beginning in December 1916 when an eight-page Code of Safety Standards for
Cranes, prepared by an ASME Committee on the Protection of Industrial Workers, was presented
to the annual meeting of the ASME.

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Meetings and discussions regarding safety on cranes, derricks, and hoists were held from 1920
to 1925, involving: the ASME Safety Code Correlating Committee, the Association of Iron and
Steel Electrical Engineers, the American Museum of Safety, the American Engineering Standards
Committee (later changed to American Standards Association and subsequently to the USA
Standards Institute), Department of Labor — State of New Jersey, Department of Labor and
Industry — State of Pennsylvania, and the Locomotive Crane Manufacturers Association. On
June 11, 1925, the American Engineering Standards Committee approved the ASME Safety Code
Correlating Committee’s recommendation and authorized the project, with the U.S. Department
of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, and ASME as sponsors.
In March 1926, invitations were issued to 50 organizations to appoint representatives to a
Sectional Committee. The call for organization of this Sectional Committee was sent out October
2, 1926, and the committee organized November 4, 1926, with 57 members representing 29 national
organizations. The Safety Code for Cranes, Derricks, and Hoists, ASA B30.2-1943, was created
from the eight-page document referred to in the first paragraph. This document was reaffirmed
in 1952 and widely accepted as a safety standard.
Due to changes in design, advancement in techniques, and general interest of labor and industry
in safety, the Sectional Committee, under the joint sponsorship of ASME and the Naval Facilities
Engineering Command, U.S. Department of the Navy, was reorganized as an American National
Standards Committee on January 31, 1962, with 39 members representing 27 national organiza-
tions.
The format of the previous code was changed so that separate standards (each complete as to
construction and installation; inspection, testing, and maintenance; and operation) will cover the
different types of equipment included in the scope of B30.
In 1982, the Committee was reorganized as an Accredited Organization Committee, operating
under procedures developed by the ASME and accredited by the American National Standards
Institute.
This Standard presents a coordinated set of rules that may serve as a guide to government
and other regulatory bodies and municipal authorities responsible for the guarding and inspection
of the equipment falling within its scope. The suggestions leading to accident prevention are
given both as mandatory and advisory provisions; compliance with both types may be required
by employers of their employees.
In case of practical difficulties, new developments, or unnecessary hardship, the administrative
or regulatory authority may grant variances from the literal requirements or permit the use of
other devices or methods, but only when it is clearly evident that an equivalent degree of
protection is thereby secured. To secure uniform application and interpretation of this Standard,
administrative or regulatory authorities are urged to consult the B30 Committee, in accordance
with the format described in Section IX, before rendering decisions on disputed points.
This Volume of the Standard, which was approved by the B30 Committee and ASME, was
approved by ANSI and designated as an American National Standard on November 13, 2006.
Safety codes and standards are intended to enhance public safety. Revisions result from commit-
tee consideration of factors such as technological advances, new data, and changing environmental
and industry needs. Revisions do not imply that previous editions were inadequate.

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 ASME B30 COMMITTEE
Safety Standards for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists,
Hooks, Jacks, and Slings
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS

P. S. Zorich, Chair
B. D. Closson, Vice Chair
J. D. Wendler, Secretary

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL

N. E. Andrew, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems E. K. Marburg, Columbus McKinnon Corp.
W. T. Hargrove, Alternate, Mantech International Corp. R. J. Burkey, Alternate, Columbus McKinnon Corp.
R. E. Bluff IV, Gantry Constructors, Inc. L. D. Means, Means Engineering and Consulting/Wire Rope
R. J. Bolen, Consultant Technical Board
G. B. Hetherston, Alternate, E. I. DuPont D. M. Sleightholm, Alternate, Bridon American Corp.
A. D. Brown, A. D. Brown, Inc. K. J. Miller, Jacobs Engineering
M. E. Brunet, Manitowoc Crane Group D. W. Smith, Alternate, Chicago Bridge and Iron Co.
T. A. Christensen, Alliance of American Insurers/Liberty Mutual G. L. Owens, Granite Construction, Inc.
Insurance R. M. Parnell, Wire Rope Rigging Consultants/Industrial Training
M. W. Mills, Alternate, Liberty Mutual Group International
B. D. Closson, Craft Forensic Services, Inc. P. D. Sweeney, Alternate, General Dynamics, Electric Boat
T. L. Blanton, Alternate, NACB Group, Inc. J. T. Perkins, Ingersoll-Rand
J. P. Colletti, John P. Colletti & Associates, Inc. H. G. Leidich, Alternate, Ingersoll-Rand
R. A. Dahlin, Walker Magnetics Group J. E. Richardson, U.S. Department of the Navy
J. W. Downs, Jr., Alternate, Downs Crane and Hoist Co. D. W. Ritchie, St. Paul Companies
L. D. DeMark, International Union of Operating Engineers W. P. Rollins, Manitowoc Crane Group
A. J. Lusi, Alternate, International Union of Operating Engineers J. W. Rowland III, Consultant
D. W. Eckstine, Eckstine and Associates J. C. Ryan, Boh Bros. Construction Co.
A. R. Ruud, Alternate, Atkinson Construction
R. J. Edwards, Schwing America
D. Sayenga, Associated Wire Rope Fabricators
D. R. Remus, Alternate, Reed Manufacturing
J. A. Gilbert, Alternate, Associated Wire Rope Fabricators
J. L. Gordon, Acco Chain and Lifting Products
G. W. Shields, Caterpillar, Inc.
N. C. Hargreaves, Terex Corp./Power Crane & Shovel Association
W. J. Smith, Jr., U.S. Department of Labor: OSHA
E. D. Fidler, Alternate, Grove Worldwide R. G. Strain, Advanced Automation Associates, Inc.
J. J. Headley, Crane Institute of America J. B. Hamill, Alternate, Advanced Automation Associates, Inc.
C. W. Ireland, National Oilwell A. R. Toth, Morris Material Handling
A. J. Egging, Alternate, National Oilwell B. E. Weir, Jr., National Erectors Association/Norris Brothers
L. S. Johnson, Fluor Construction Technology Co., Inc.
E. P. Vliet, Alternate, Turner Industries J. D. Wendler, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
R. M. Kohner, Landmark Engineering Services R. C. Wild, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
H. I. Shapiro, Alternate, Specialized Carriers and Rigging D. N. Wolff, National Crane Corp.
Association/Howard I. Shapiro & Associates A. L. Calta, Alternate, National Crane Corp.
C. E. Lucas, The Crosby Group P. S. Zorich, RZP International Ltd.
P. A. Boeckman, Alternate, The Crosby Group H. W. Fair, Alternate, H. Fair Associates, Inc.

HONORARY MEMBERS
J. M. Klibert, Lift-All Co., Inc.
R. W. Parry, Consultant

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 B30.12 SUBCOMMITTEE PERSONNEL
R. E. Bluff IV, Chair, Gantry Constructors J. L. Clark, Clark Helicopters
T. L. Blanton, NACB Group J. D. Coates, Columbia Helicopters
A. L. Bradbury, Southern California Edison T. E. Evers, Crane Institute of America
C. F. Brown, Air Logistics M. W. Mills, Liberty Mutual Group
J. E. Chamberlin, United Space Alliance E. H. Richburg, Sikorsky Aircraft
D. R. Chambers II, Erickson Air-Crane

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 SAFETY STANDARD FOR CABLEWAYS, CRANES, DERRICKS, HOISTS,
HOOKS, JACKS, AND SLINGS

B30 STANDARD INTRODUCTION

SECTION I: SCOPE B30.23 Personnel Lifting Systems

B30.24 Container Cranes1
The ASME B30 Standard contains provisions that
B30.25 Scrap and Material Handlers
apply to the construction, installation, operation, inspec-
B30.26 Rigging Hardware
tion, testing, maintenance, and use of cranes and other
B30.27 Material Placement Systems
lifting and material-handling related equipment. For the
B30.28 Balance Lifting Units1
convenience of the reader, the Standard has been divided
into separate volumes. Each volume has been written SECTION II: SCOPE EXCLUSIONS
under the direction of the ASME B30 Standards Commit-
tee and has successfully completed a consensus approval The B30 Standard does not apply to track and automo-
process under the general auspices of the American tive jacks, railway or automobile wrecking cranes, ship-
National Standards Institute (ANSI). board cranes, shipboard cargo-handling equipment,
As of the date of issuance of this Volume, the well-drilling derricks, skip hoists, mine hoists, truck
B30 Standard comprises the following volumes: body hoists, car or barge pullers, conveyors, excavating
equipment, or equipment covered under the scope of
B30.1 Jacks the following standards: A10, A17, A90, A92, A120, B20,
B30.2 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running B56, and B77.
Bridge, Single or Multiple Girder, Top
Running Trolley Hoist) SECTION III: PURPOSE
B30.3 Construction Tower Cranes The B30 Standard is intended to
B30.4 Portal, Tower, and Pedestal Cranes (a) prevent or minimize injury to workers, and other-
B30.5 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes wise provide for the protection of life, limb, and property

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B30.6 Derricks by prescribing safety requirements
B30.7 Base Mounted Drum Hoists (b) provide direction to manufacturers, owners,
B30.8 Floating Cranes and Floating Derricks employers, users, and others concerned with, or respon-
B30.9 Slings sible for, its application
B30.10 Hooks (c) guide governments and other regulatory bodies
B30.11 Monorails and Underhung Cranes in the development, promulgation, and enforcement of
B30.12 Handling Loads Suspended From Rotorcraft appropriate safety directives
B30.13 Storage/Retrieval (S/R) Machines and
Associated Equipment SECTION IV: USE BY REGULATORY AGENCIES
B30.14 Side Boom Tractors These Volumes may be adopted in whole or in part
B30.15 Mobile Hydraulic Cranes for governmental or regulatory use. If adopted for gov-
(NOTE: B30.15-1973 has been withdrawn. ernmental use, the references to other national codes
The revision of B30.15 is included in the and standards in the specific volumes may be changed
latest edition of B30.5.) to refer to the corresponding regulations of the govern-
B30.16 Overhead Hoists (Underhung) mental authorities.
B30.17 Overhead and Gantry Cranes (Top Running
Bridge, Single Girder, Underhung Hoist) SECTION V: EFFECTIVE DATE
B30.18 Stacker Cranes (Top or Under Running
(a) Effective Date. The effective date of this Volume of
Bridge, Multiple Girder With Top or Under
the B30 Standard shall be 1 year after its date of issuance.
Running Trolley Hoist)
Construction, installation, inspection, testing, mainte-
B30.19 Cableways nance, and operation of equipment manufactured and
B30.20 Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices facilities constructed after the effective date of this
B30.21 Manually Lever Operated Hoists
1
B30.22 Articulating Boom Cranes These Volumes are currently in the development process.

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 Volume shall conform to the mandatory requirements SECTION IX: REQUESTS FOR INTERPRETATION
of this Volume.
(b) Existing Installations. Equipment manufactured The B30 Standards Committee will render an interpre-
and facilities constructed prior to the effective date of tation of the provisions of the B30 Standard. Such
this Volume of the B30 Standard shall be subject to the requests should be directed to:
inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation require-
ments of this Standard after the effective date. Secretary, B30 Standards Committee
It is not the intent of this Volume of the B30 Standard ASME Codes and Standards
to require retrofitting of existing equipment. However, Three Park Avenue
when an item is being modified, its performance require- New York, NY 10016-5990
ments shall be reviewed relative to the requirements
within the current volume. The need to meet the current
requirements shall be evaluated by a qualified person The requests should be in the following format:
selected by the owner (user). Recommended changes
shall be made by the owner (user) within 1 year. Volume: Cite the designation and title of the volume.

SECTION VI: REQUIREMENTS AND Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the volume.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Requirements of this Standard are characterized by Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s)
use of the word shall. Recommendations of this Standard and the relevant heading(s).
are characterized by the word should.
Question: Phrase the question as a request for an inter-
pretation of a specific provision suitable for
SECTION VII: USE OF MEASUREMENT UNITS general understanding and use, not as a
This Standard contains SI (metric) units as well as request for approval of a proprietary design
U.S. Customary units. The values stated in customary or situation. Plans or drawings that explain
units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units the question may be submitted to clarify the
are a direct (soft) conversion from the customary units. question. However, they should not contain
any proprietary names or information.
SECTION VIII: REQUESTS FOR REVISION
Upon receipt by the Secretary, the request will be
The B30 Standards Committee will consider requests forwarded to the relevant B30 Subcommittee for a draft
for revision of any of the volumes within the response, which will then be subject to approval by the
B30 Standard. Such requests should be directed to: B30 Standards Committee prior to its formal issuance.
Secretary, B30 Standards Committee Interpretations to the B30 Standard will be published
ASME Codes and Standards in the subsequent edition of the respective volume and
Three Park Avenue will be available online at http://cstools.asme.org.
New York, NY 10016-5990

The requests should be in the following format:

SECTION X: ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE
Volume: Cite the designation and title of the volume.
Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the volume. The equipment covered by the B30 Standard is subject
to hazards that cannot be abated by mechanical means,
Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s)
but only by the exercise of intelligence, care, and com-
and the relevant heading(s).
mon sense. It is therefore essential to have personnel
Request: Indicate the suggested revision. involved in the use and operation of equipment who
are competent, careful, physically and mentally quali-
Rationale: State the rationale for the suggested
fied, and trained in the proper operation of the equip-
revision.
ment and the handling of loads. Serious hazards include,
Upon receipt by the Secretary, the request will be but are not limited to, improper or inadequate mainte-
forwarded to the relevant B30 Subcommittee for consid- nance, overloading, dropping or slipping of the load,
eration and action. Correspondence will be provided to obstructing the free passage of the load, and using equip-
the requester defining the actions undertaken by the ment for a purpose for which it was not intended or
B30 Standards Committee. designed.

ix
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 The B30 Standards Committee fully realizes the (c) the acceleration or speed of the ropes, chains,
importance of proper design factors, minimum or maxi- sheaves, sprockets, or drums
mum dimensions, and other limiting criteria of wire (d) the type of attachments
rope or chain and their fastenings, sheaves, sprockets, (e) the number, size, and arrangement of sheaves or
drums, and similar equipment covered by the standard, other parts
all of which are closely connected with safety. Sizes, (f) environmental conditions causing corrosion or
strengths, and similar criteria are dependent on many wear
different factors, often varying with the installation and (g) many variables that must be considered in each
individual case
uses. These factors depend on
The requirements and recommendations provided in
(a) the condition of the equipment or material the volumes must be interpreted accordingly, and judg-
(b) the loads ment used in determining their application.

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 ASME B30.12-2006

HANDLING LOADS SUSPENDED FROM ROTORCRAFT

Chapter 12-0
Scope, Definitions, and References

SECTION 12-0.1: SCOPE OF B30.12 Class D Rotorcraft External Load: a load combination in
which the external load is other than a Class A, B, or C
This Volume applies to the protection of flight crews,
and has been specifically approved by the Administrator
ground personnel, and property on the surface while
for that operation. This load combination includes
working directly with or in the vicinity of rotorcraft
human cargo. For human cargo operations, the load,
conducting external load operations. Within the general
which typically consists of personnel and their contain-
scope as defined in Section I, B30.12 applies to the han-
ment device, is suspended from a hook or similar device
dling of loads suspended from rotorcraft using a cargo
during all or part of the flight. The hook may be attached
sling or powered hoist, or other attaching means, to lift,
to a movable hoist cable and the hoist itself rigidly
carry, pull, or tow a jettisonable load outside of the
attached to the rotorcraft. Typical use is for transfer of
rotorcraft airframe.
personnel to/from a ship. Carrying devices may trans-
port one or more persons. Typical carrying devices are
SECTION 12-0.2: DEFINITIONS vest and straps, baskets, life preservers with straps and
12-0.2.1 Rotorcraft External Load Classifications attachment devices, cages, or a suspended container.
Class A Rotorcraft External Load: a load combination in
12-0.2.2 General Definitions
which the external load cannot move freely, cannot be
jettisoned, and does not extend below the landing gear. administrative or regulatory authority: governmental
This category usually features multiple attachments to agency or the employer in the absence of governmental
the airframe. A typical example is a hard-mounted cargo jurisdiction.
basket attached to the rotorcraft airframe that is used administrator: the Federal Aviation Administrator or any
to carry cargo from points A to B (included for reference person to whom he has delegated his authority in the
only). matter concerned.
Class B Rotorcraft External Load: a load combination in
aircraft: a device that is used or intended to be used for
which the external load is jettisonable and lifted free of
flight in the air.
land or water during the rotorcraft operation. The load
is typically suspended from a hook or similar device. airframe: the fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fair-
The hook may be attached to the rotorcraft structure, or ings, airfoil surfaces (including rotors but excluding pro-
it may be attached to a movable hoist cable and the hoist pellers and rotating airfoils of engines), and landing
itself attached to the rotorcraft. Typical use is to lift a gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls.
cargo load until it is completely airborne and fly it from
altitude, AGL: the height of a level, point, or object mea-
points A to B.
sured in feet Above Ground Level (AGL).
Class C Rotorcraft External Load: a load combination in
which the external load is jettisonable and remains in altitude, MSL: the height of a level, point, or object mea-
contact with land or water during rotorcraft operation. sured in feet from Mean Sea Level (MSL).
The load is typically in contact with land or water during apex fitting: a ring or attaching device between the hook
rotorcraft operation. The load is typically partially sus- and sling and the supporting cables to the load.
pended by a net, slings, or cables from a cargo hook or
appointed: assigned specific responsibilities by the
similar device. The cargo hook may be attached to the
employer or the employer’s representative.
rotorcraft structure or a movable hoist cable and the
hoist itself attached to the rotorcraft. It is typically used attitude: the position of the rotorcraft or suspended load
for stringing wire or laying cable where the load is par- with reference to a horizontal position, such as nose up
tially suspended from the ground. or down.

1
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Fig. 1 Hook With Closed Throat Load Beam design factor: ratio between nominal or minimum break-
ing strength and rated load of the component.
external lift or load operation: any operation involving a
rotorcraft carrying an external load.
external load: a load that is carried, or extends, outside
of the aircraft fuselage.
external load attaching means: the structural components
used to attach an external load to an aircraft, including
external load containers, the backup structure at the

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attachment points, and any quick release device used
to jettison the external load.
FAA: Federal Aviation Administration.
FAR: Federal Aviation Regulations.
flight crew member: a person assigned to perform duty
in an aircraft during flight time.

authorized: appointed by a duly constituted administra- flight visibility: the average forward, horizontal distance,
tive or regulatory authority. from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which promi-
nent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by
backup quick-release subsystem (BQRS): the secondary or day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and
“second choice” subsystem used to perform a normal identified by night.
or emergency jettison of external cargo.
ground base facility: the site from which operations are
birdcaging: the deformation of a section of wire rope conducted on a continuous basis or until a job is com-
imparting to such section a birdcage-like appearance. pleted.
cargo: the part of the rotorcraft load combination that is
ground crew(s): those designated persons specifically
removable, changeable, and attached to the rotorcraft
required to be on or near the job site in connection with
by an approved means.
the actual conduct or performance of the external load
chocking: blocking to prevent rolling or other inadvertent operation.
movement of the wheels of an aircraft when on the
ground visibility: prevailing horizontal visibility near the
ground or other supported areas with a block of wood,
earth’s surface as reported by the United States National
metal, or other substance.
Weather Service or an accredited observer.
choker hitch: a method of rigging a sling in which the
sling is passed around the load, then through one loop helicopter: a rotorcraft that derives its horizontal and
eye, end fitting, or other device with the loop eye or vertical flight ability primarily from its engine-driven
end fitting attached to the lifting device. This hitch can rotors; in this Volume, it will be the basic vehicle for
be made with a sliding choker hook or similar device. lifting, hoisting, pulling, towing, and moving cargo.

closed throat load beam: that weight-bearing part of a pri- hoist (noun): a powered, airframe-mounted device for
mary cargo hook that must be manually relatched or raising or lowering a helicopter external load.
closed after an apex fitting has been placed on it (see hoist (verb): to raise or lower a load with a rotorcraft-
Fig. 1). mounted hoist.
commercial operator: the company, firm individual, or hook, cargo, primary: a device attached or suspended from
other business enterprise that, for compensation or hire, an aircraft that is used to connect an external load to
engages in the carriage by aircraft in air commerce of the aircraft through direct coupling or by lead lines; this
persons or property. unit features both a primary (electrical) quick release
contractor: the company, firm, individual, or other busi- device and manual backup (mechanical) quick release
ness enterprise that contracts with a commercial opera- device.
tor to perform work. human external cargo (HEC): a person(s) that at some
copilot: a pilot who is designated to be second in com- point in the operation is carried external to the rotorcraft.
mand of an aircraft during flight time. jettison, emergency (complete load release): the intentional,
designated person: a person selected or assigned by the instantaneous release of NHEC or HEC in a preset
employer or employer’s representative as being compe- sequence by the QRS that is normally performed to
tent to perform specific duties. achieve safer operation of the rotorcraft in an emergency.

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 ASME B30.12-2006

Fig. 2 Hook With Open Throat Load Beam nonhuman external cargo (NHEC): any external cargo
operation that does not, at any time, involve a person(s)
carried external to the rotorcraft.
open throat load beam: that load-bearing member of a
Manual
cargo hook designed so that in its normal operating
release position, it is possible to slide the apex fitting of a sling
directly onto the load beam without opening the hook
(see Fig. 2).
operation: this pertains to the utilization of a rotorcraft
lifting loads outside its fuselage in order to accomplish
various lifting and placing tasks. The task may consist
of just one lift or may be of long or indefinite duration.
Keeper See also external lift or load operation.
operator: the company, firm individual, or other business
enterprise owning or leasing the rotorcraft that is respon-
sible for its functioning and airworthiness.
Load beam
pendant: a synthetic or wire rope, chain, or webbing of
specific length with fixed end connections.
jettison, normal (selective load release): the intentional personnel-carrying device system (PCDS): the entire
release, normally at optimum jettison conditions, of an attached or suspended system used to carry human
NHEC. external cargo. This is any human external cargo-
jettisonable load: a Class B, C, or D rotorcraft external carrying configuration, such as a suspended (e.g.,
load that can be intentionally released by the pilot or winch/hoist, cable, harness) human external cargo sys-
designated flight crew member, in flight, using either a tem or an attached (e.g., a rigid basket or cage attached
primary or backup quick release system. to the skids) human external cargo system.
keeper: a device, usually spring loaded, that prevents the pilot-in-command (PIC): the person who has the final
apex fitting of a sling from slipping off the load beam authority and responsibility for the operation and safety
of the cargo hook (see Fig. 2). of the flight, has been designated as pilot in command
kV: kilovolts. Equal to 1000 V of electricity. before or during the flight, and holds the appropriate
category, class, and type rating, if appropriate, for the
large aircraft: an aircraft of more than 12,500 lb, maximum conduct of the flight.
certificated takeoff weight.
primary quick-release subsystem (PQRS): the primary or
lift: to raise the load by flight of the rotorcraft.
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“first choice” subsystem used to perform a normal or

limit loads: the maximum load(s) to be expected in emergency jettison of external cargo.
service. qualified person: a person who, by possession of a recog-
limit switch: a device that, by predetermined adjustment, nized degree in an applicable field or certificate of pro-
limits the rotational or linear movement of a mechanism. fessional standing or who by extensive knowledge,
load: the static weight of the object being lifted or low- training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated
ered, including the sling and any other ancillary attach- the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the
ments, not included as part of the rotorcraft or rotorcraft subject matter and work.
hoist system. quick-release system (QRS): the entire release system for
load ratings: the maximum load that a rotorcraft or other jettisonable external cargo (i.e., the sum total of both
item of lifting equipment is authorized to lift, as speci- the primary and backup quick-release subsystems). The
fied by the manufacturer, the FAA, or applicable regula- QRS consists of all components, including the controls,
tory authority. the release devices, and everything in between.
main rotor(s): the rotor that supplies the principal lift to rated load: the maximum allowable working load estab-
a rotorcraft. lished by the lifting component manufacturer.
manual release device: a cargo hook-mounted, mechanical rating: a statement that, as a part of a certificate, sets
release mechanism typically used by ground crews to forth special conditions, privileges, or limitations.
open the cargo hook independent from the rotorcraft’s rescue hook: a hook that can be rated for both HEC and
primary or backup quick release system (see Fig. 2). NHEC. It is typically used in conjunction with a winch/
maximum gross weight: the maximum approved gross hoist or equivalent system.
weight of the rotorcraft and its load in any configuration. rope: refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified.

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 ASME B30.12-2006

rotorcraft: a heavier-than-air aircraft that depends princi- tail rotor: a small, horizontally positioned auxiliary rotor
pally for its support in flight on the lift generated by system located at the rear (tail) of the helicopter that
one or more rotors. provides anti-torque thrust in the appropriate direction
rotorcraft flight manual: the FAA- or other regulatory to neutralize the main rotor torque effect inherent in
authority-approved flight manual issued by the single rotor helicopters.
rotorcraft manufacturer that defines the operating limi- ultimate loads: limit loads multiplied by prescribed fac-
tations for each aircraft. tors of safety.
rotorcraft ground crew: those personnel employed, and/or
designated by a rotorcraft operator or the PIC, to support
SECTION 12-0.3: REFERENCES
and assist the PIC in the conduct of an external load
operation. The following is a list of publications referenced in
rotorcraft load combination (RLC): the combination of a this Volume:

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rotorcraft and an external load, including the external ASME B30.9-2003, Slings
load attaching means. Rotorcraft load combinations are ASME B30.16-2003, Overhead Hoists (Underhung)
designated as Classes A, B, C, and D.
Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical
rotorcraft load combination operation and flight manual: the Engineers (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York, NY
FAA- or other regulatory authority-approved manual 10016-5990; Order Department: 22 Law Drive, P.O. Box
prepared and utilized by the aircraft operator, designat- 2300, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300
ing each rotorcraft model’s limitations, performance,
and procedures for which the airworthiness of the ASTM A 391-2001, Specifications for Alloy Steel Chain
rotorcraft has been demonstrated. Publisher: ASTM International (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor
second in command (SIC): a pilot who is designated to be Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
second in command of an aircraft during flight time (see 19428-2959
copilot). Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR), Nos. 1, 21, 27, 29,
shall: indicates that the rule is mandatory and must be 43, 61, 63, 65, 67, 91, and 133
followed. USAAMRDL Technical Report 72-36, Design Guide for
should: indicates that the rule is a recommendation, the Load Suspension Points, Slings, and Aircraft Hard
advisability of which depends on the facts in each situ- Points
ation. Publisher: Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
signalperson: a designated individual who through radio, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402
intercom, or standardized hand signals can direct the NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2005
PIC when a load is being lifted or set into place. Edition
small aircraft: an aircraft of 12,500 lb or less, maximum NFPA 407, Standard for Aircraft Fuel Servicing, 2001
certificated takeoff weight. Edition
tag line: a line attached to a load used as a guide or Publisher: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),
restraint by the ground or erecting crew. 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471

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 ASME B30.12-2006

Chapter 12-1
External Load Ratings and Characteristics

SECTION 12-1.1: LOAD RATINGS within the operator’s approved rotorcraft combination
flight manual. A placard, marking, or instruction shall
12-1.1.1 Rotorcraft
be displayed on or near the hook(s) stating the maximum
Rated loads for rotorcraft shall include the maximum external load.
gross weight of the rotorcraft and external load combina-
tion. In addition, the rotorcraft load combination may 12-1.1.4 Hoist
only be operated within the weight and center of gravity The maximum capacity of the hoist or winch system
limitations as established by the manufacturer. and its braking means shall not be exceeded as specified
by the hoist manufacturer and approved by the FAA
12-1.1.2 External Load Attaching Means or other regulatory authority. A placard, marking, or
FAA airframe certification limit loads for rotorcraft instruction shall be displayed on or near the hoist/winch
load classifications Classes B, C, and D are 2.5 (mini- system stating the maximum external load.
mum) at maximum gross weight and 3.5 for Class D
(HEC only) at minimum gross weight. In addition, a 1.5 12-1.1.5 Sling Materials
(minimum) safety factor is to be added to the weight of Rated loads for sling materials shall be based on the
Classes B, C, and D loads being lifted for both NHEC catalog strength. In addition to the rated load of sling
and HEC. material to be used to lift any load, consideration shall
be given to its age, environmental conditions, and the
12-1.1.3 Primary Hook(s) rotorcraft load factor (see para. 12-2.4.3).
Rated capacity load of the primary hook(s) for both
HEC and NHEC shall be the maximum weight of the
SECTION 12-1.2: LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
load to be lifted, carried, pulled, or towed. This maxi-
mum weight shall not exceed the weight approved by The size, type, and weight of a load shall not, in the
the FAA, or other regulatory authority, and as specified judgment of the pilot-in-command, adversely affect the
in the manufacturer’s rotorcraft flight manual or as listed controllability of the rotorcraft.
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 ASME B30.12-2006

Chapter 12-2
Lifting Components

SECTION 12-2.1: PRIMARY CARGO HOOK(S) (1) have a quick release system that meets the
requirements of paras. 12-2.1.1(a) and (b) for jettisonable
12-2.1.1 System Requirements external loads
A primary cargo hook of the self-locking type, includ- (2) provide a dual actuation device for the primary
ing a quick-release system to enable the flight crew to quick-release subsystem
release the load quickly during flight, shall be provided. (3) provide a separate dual actuation device for the
The primary cargo hook shall be located as close to the backup quick-release subsystem
rotorcraft as possible to prevent inadvertent entangle- (i) The load beam of the primary cargo hook shall be
ment of the hook and its suspension system with the provided with a means to positively retain the apex
external fixed structures of the rotorcraft. The quick- fitting on the load beam.
release system must consist of a primary and backup (j) The primary cargo hook and its attachment means
quick-release subsystem that are isolated from one shall comply with the applicable strength requirements
another. The primary cargo hook quick-release system of the applicable regulatory authority, or FAR Part 21,
and the means by which it is controlled shall conform 27, or 29, as applicable to the rotorcraft airworthiness
to the following: category.
(a) A control for the primary quick-release subsystem (k) A placard or marking shall be installed next to
shall be installed either on one of the pilot’s primary the external-load attaching means clearly stating any
controls or in an equivalently accessible location and operational limitations and the maximum authorized
designed and located so that it may be operated either external load.
by the pilot or a crew member without hazardously
12-2.1.2 Multiple Primary Hooks
limiting the ability to control the rotorcraft during an
emergency situation. The intent of this section is not to limit the number
(b) A control for the backup quick-release subsystem of primary cargo hooks which may be used. However,
shall be provided and readily accessible to either the in the event that more than one primary cargo hook
pilot or another crew member. is utilized, all such hooks shall provide simultaneous
release of all loads as defined in Section 12-2.1.
(c) Both the primary and backup quick-release sub-
systems shall be reliable, durable, and function properly
with all external loads for which the rotorcraft is cer- SECTION 12-2.2: HOIST/WINCH
tified.
A hoist or winch, when provided, shall be considered
(d) Both the primary and backup quick-release sub- an integral component part of the rotorcraft and certified
systems shall be protected against electromagnetic inter- by the FAA or applicable regulatory authority.
ference (EMI) from external and internal sources and
lightning to prevent inadvertent load release. 12-2.2.1 Construction
(e) The minimum level of protection required for jetti- The hoist or winch shall have a powered drum con-
sonable rotorcraft load combinations used for nonhu- taining the primary lifting member and be equipped
man external cargo is a radio frequency field strength with an emergency load release mechanism or provi-
of 20 volts per meter. sions for emergency load release.
(f) The minimum level of protection required for jetti-
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sonable rotorcraft load combinations used for human 12-2.2.2 Load Rating
external cargo is a radio frequency field strength of The hoist or winch load rating shall be determined
200 volts per meter. by the manufacturer and fully described and displayed
(g) Both the primary and backup quick-release sub- in the operator’s rotorcraft load combination operation
systems shall be protected against any failure that could and flight manual, maintenance manual, and associated
be induced by a failure mode of any other electrical or placards.
mechanical rotorcraft system.
(h) For rotorcraft load combinations to be used for 12-2.2.3 Load Markings
human external load applications, the rotorcraft shall Static load limits shall be displayed.

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12-2.2.4 Limit Switches Fig. 3 Vertical Hitch

The hoist or winch shall be equipped with upper and
lower limit switches to control the length of the lifting
member on the drum.

12-2.2.5 Breaking Strength

A combination of end attachments and wraps of rope
on the drum shall be used to develop breaking strength.

12-2.2.6 Rope Marking

The length of hoist rope nearest the rope’s attachment
to the hoist/winch should be visually marked to indicate
to the operator that the hoist rope is near full extension.

12-2.2.7 Rope Attachment

The hoist rope should be positively attached to the
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hoist/winch drum, and the attachment should meet the

ultimate load capability, or equivalent means should
be provided to minimize the possibility of inadvertent,
complete cable unspooling.

12-2.2.8 Storage
The hoist or winch should be disabled (or an overrid-
ing, fail-safe mechanical safety device, such as a flagged,
removable shear pin or load lowering brake, should be
utilized) to prevent inadvertent load unspooling or
release during any extended flight phase that involves
HEC and in which hoist or winch operation is not
intended.
Fig. 4 Two-Leg Sling

SECTION 12-2.3: ROTORCRAFT

The rotorcraft shall be certified by the FAA, or applica-
ble regulatory authority, and carry proof of same by
display of the registration certificate, airworthiness cer-
tificate, and rotorcraft load combination operation and
flight manual.

SECTION 12-2.4: SLINGS

Sling strengths and configurations per ASME B30.9
do not apply because of the different dynamic load con-
ditions present in flight operations versus ground-based
lifting equipment. Sling strengths should be determined
by the method given in para. 12-2.4.3. However, in no
case shall a design factor of less than 2.5 limit load factor
be used for NHEC applications or less than a 3.0 design
factor be used on the yield strength of the weakest com-
ponent in the QRS, PCDS, and attachments for HEC
applications.

12-2.4.1 Types of Slings

The types of slings considered are as follows:
(a) vertical hitch (see Fig. 3)
(b) two leg (see Fig. 4)
(c) three leg (see Fig. 5)

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Fig. 5 Three-Leg Sling Fig. 6 Four-Leg Sling

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(b) Two-Leg Spreader Sling. The sling portion of a two-
leg spreader assembly shall have the same strength
(d) four leg (see Fig. 6) requirements as a two-leg sling. In addition, the bar
(e) two-leg spreader (see Fig. 7) itself must take compressive forces along its axis equal to
(f) four-leg spreader (see Fig. 8) those imposed by the breaking strength of the sling legs.
(c) Four-Leg Spreader Sling. The sling leg portion of a
12-2.4.2 Sling Materials four-leg spreader assembly shall have the same strength
requirements as a four-leg sling. In addition, the mem-
Slings should be constructed from synthetic ropes,
bers of the spreader bar must resist the compressive
webbing, wire rope, or chain. Wire rope slings should
forces imposed by the breaking strength of the sling
be IWRC (independent wire rope core, steel center). Nat- legs. The spreader bar shall have a diagonal brace or
ural fiber ropes shall not be used as sling materials since other device to prevent distortion of its shape under
their strengths are not predictable. these loads.
(d) Length of Sling Legs. The length of sling legs shall
12-2.4.3 Sling Strength
be such that no sling leg makes an angle from the vertical
(a) Determining Sling Strength. Table 1 should be used greater than 45 deg.
to determine the breaking strength, S, of each leg of (e) Multiple-Leg Slings. The legs of a multiple-leg sling
the sling. should be connected at the top by an apex fitting.

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Fig. 7 Two-Leg Spreader Sling

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Fig. 8 Four-Leg Spreader Sling

Table 1 Determining Sling Strength

Single-Leg Design Factor—
Breaking Strength, Sling Assembly
Configuration S With Legs Vertical

Single leg 5W 5.0

Two leg 3.8 W 7.6
Three leg 2.6 W 7.8
Four leg 2W 8.0

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) This Table also applies to the primary lifting rope of a hoist.
(b) S p breaking strength of each leg
(c) W p rated capacity of the entire sling (i.e., the maximum
load that can be safely lifted by the sling assembly)

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Chapter 12-3
Inspection and Maintenance

SECTION 12-3.1: ROTORCRAFT INSPECTION AND current FAR, FAA, or other regulatory directives and
MAINTENANCE the manufacturer’s recommendations as described in
their operation and maintenance manuals, as well as the
Rotorcraft shall be inspected, operated, and main-
requirements of ASME B30.16.
tained in accordance with the rotorcraft manufacturer’s
maintenance and flight manuals, the operator ’s
approved maintenance practices and procedures, and
the requirements of the FAA or other applicable regula- SECTION 12-3.4: SLING INSPECTION,
tory authority. REPLACEMENT, AND
MAINTENANCE
SECTION 12-3.2: PRIMARY HOOK(S) AND
12-3.4.1 Sling Inspection
ATTACHING MEANS INSPECTION
AND MAINTENANCE All ropes (including synthetic) or chain used for slings
12-3.2.1 Inspection (pendants) shall be visually inspected by a qualified
person each working day they are used. Evidence of
A prelift visual inspection shall be performed prior deterioration, such as described in the applicable sec-
to conducting each operation and on at least a daily tions of ASME B30.9, which could result in appreciable
basis during the operation. Unless the primary hook(s) loss of original strength, shall be carefully noted and a
and attaching means being used pass the following mini- determination made by a qualified person as to whether
mum requirements, they shall not be used: or not future use would constitute a hazard.
(a) Check hook attachments for correct connections. (a) Section 9-1.9 of ASME B30.9 should be followed
(b) Verify operation and integrity of both hook(s) pri- for the inspection of chain.
mary quick-release system (PQRS) and backup quick-
(b) Section 9-2.9 of ASME B30.9 should be followed
release system (BQRS).
for inspection of wire rope slings.
(c) Check electrical connectors and wiring.
(c) Section 9-4.9 of ASME B30.9 should be followed
(d) Check the load beam for binding.
for inspection of synthetic fiber slings.
(e) Visually check the load beam and hook frame
(d) Section 9-5.9 of ASME B30.9 should be followed
members for cracks, gouges, distortion, wear, and latch
for inspection of synthetic webbing slings.
engagement.
(f) Test all other backup release equipment, as appli- (e) Section 9-6.9 of ASME B30.9 should be followed
cable. for the inspection of synthetic roundslings.
(g) Check suspension members, if used, for proper (f) Synthetic slings should be stored in such a manner
alignment. as to prevent damage and deterioration.
(h) Check the primary hook(s) suspension ropes for
broken wires and overall condition. 12-3.4.2 Rope or Chain Maintenance
12-3.2.2 Maintenance (a) Rope or chain should be stored in such a manner
as to prevent damage or deterioration.
The primary hook(s) and support system shall be
maintained, serviced, and overhauled in accordance (b) Unreeling or uncoiling of rope should be accom-
plished as recommended by the rope manufacturers and
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

with the manufacturer’s recommendations and mainte-

nance manuals. with special care to avoid kinking or inducing a twist.
(c) Before cutting a rope, seizings shall be placed on
each side of the place where the rope is to be cut to
SECTION 12-3.3: HOIST AND HOIST ROPE prevent unlaying of the strands.
INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
(d) During use, care should be exercised to avoid
Hoist and hoist rope inspection and maintenance shall dragging the rope in dirt or around objects that could
be performed by a qualified person in accordance with scrape, nick, crush, or induce sharp bends.

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Chapter 12-4
Operations

SECTION 12-4.1: PILOTS AND CREW 12-4.2.3 External Load Qualification

12-4.1.1 Pilots Instructor pilots, regardless of rating, shall have both
Rotorcraft used for commercial external load opera- demonstrated and documented appropriate external
tions shall be operated by any one of the following load operation experience.

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personnel:
(a) pilot-in-command SECTION 12-4.3: SIGNALPERSON
(b) copilot QUALIFICATIONS AND
(c) rotorcraft pilot(s) who holds a current commercial RESPONSIBILITIES
or airline transport certificate, or equivalent, with a rat-
ing appropriate for the rotorcraft or accompanied by a 12-4.3.1 Precision Lifts
company-designated instructor or check pilot with the
Regular signalpersons, who are part of the rotorcraft
appropriate external load operation qualifications
operators crew, should be used for difficult or otherwise
12-4.1.2 Crew precision setting airlifts to make certain that the load
is properly rigged, attached, and set before lifting or
No one, other than the personnel designated in Section releasing.
12-4.1, shall be carried or otherwise enter the rotorcraft
during rotorcraft external load operations unless that 12-4.3.2 General Lifts
person
(a) is a flight crew member Except as provided for in para. 12-4.3.1, ground crews
(b) is a flight crew member trainee who have been thoroughly briefed and designated by
(c) performs an essential function in connection with the rotorcraft pilot or operator for airlifts not requiring
the external load operation or precision lifting or setting may be used.
(d) is necessary to accomplish the work activity
12-4.3.3 Radio Communication
directly associated with that operation
The pilot-in-command shall ensure that all persons If ground-to-air radios are used, the signalperson(s)
are briefed before takeoff on all pertinent procedures to shall be
be followed, including normal, abnormal, and emer- (a) able to communicate without undue interference
gency procedures, and equipment to be used during the from the rotorcraft
external load operation. (b) knowledgeable with applicable radio operation,
phraseology, and Federal Communications Commission
SECTION 12-4.2: PILOT QUALIFICATIONS Regulations

12-4.2.1 General Qualification 12-4.3.4 Hand Signals

Each pilot listed in Section 12-4.1 shall be qualified Signalpersons shall be knowledgeable in the use of
in accordance with all applicable Federal Aviation Regu- hand signals depicted in Fig. 9.
lations (or equivalent) and shall have on hand during
the performance of any lift operation a commercial pilot 12-4.3.5 Rigging and Emergency Procedures
or airline transport pilot license, letter of competency (or
equivalent), and current Class I or II medical certificate Personnel trained or used as signalpersons should
issued by or pursuant to the FAA (or equivalent). have a working knowledge of both rigging and emer-
gency procedures applicable to safety and operations.
12-4.2.2 Load-Handling Qualification
12-4.3.6 Responsibility
Pilots shall be qualified in both the class and type of
rotorcraft utilized to perform the external load combina- The signalperson(s) shall keep the pilot-in-command
tion. This qualification shall be so recorded or otherwise advised of any changed or otherwise unusual ground
documented as a letter of competency or an appropriate conditions, as well as ground-based and overhead obsta-
log book entry in the pilot’s log book. cles, while directing the rotorcraft.

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Fig. 9 Helicopter Hand Signals

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SECTION 12-4.4: OPERATING PRACTICES exclude unauthorized persons from the area in which
12-4.4.1 Preflight Inspection the operation will be conducted, coordination with air
traffic control, if necessary, and a detailed chart depicting
The pilot-in-command shall preflight inspect the flight routes and altitudes.
rotorcraft prior to commencing any external load opera- (c) Each flight must be conducted at an altitude, and
tion. The pilot-in-command shall be satisfied that the on a route, that will allow a jettisonable external load to
rotorcraft, rigging, and other lifting equipment are in be released, and the rotorcraft landed, in an emergency
safe condition before flight. without hazards to persons or property on the surface.
12-4.4.2 Logs
12-4.4.5 Personal Protective Equipment
The pilot-in-command shall make certain that the
Personal protective equipment for persons connect-
rotorcraft airframe and engine(s) log books reflect the
ing, disconnecting, or guiding a load into place shall
status of the rotorcraft and that the aircraft is designated
consist of eye protection and hard hats securable by chin
as airworthy. This person shall make certain that all
straps. The static electricity charge that may build up on
applicable certificates and placards are with the
a suspended load should be dissipated with a grounding
rotorcraft.
device before being touched by ground crews, or alterna-
12-4.4.3 Operational Test tively, rubber gloves should be worn by all ground crews
touching the suspended load.
Prior to any external load operation with a load not
previously accomplished by the operator, the following 12-4.4.6 Hazard Surveillance
precautions shall be taken by the pilot-in-command:
(a) Determine that the weight of the rotorcraft/load The pilot-in-command shall survey the operation(s)
combination and location of its center of gravity are area for landing, pickup, and delivery and ascertain that
within approved limits. no undue hazards, such as blowing debris, trees, power
lines, sand, poles, or other obstacles, endanger the
(b) Determine that the external load is securely fas-
rotorcraft, persons, or property.
tened and that the external load does not interfere with
devices provided for its emergency release. 12-4.4.7 Rigging Authority
(c) Make an initial liftoff, and while hovering the
rotorcraft, verify that directional control of the The pilot-in-command shall approve and be the final
rotorcraft/load combination is within acceptable limits. authority for all rigging procedures for the operation.
(d) Accelerate the rotorcraft into forward flight to ver- 12-4.4.8 Work Area Clearance
ify that no attitude (whether of the rotorcraft or the
external load) is encountered in which the rotorcraft is The rotorcraft operator shall be responsible for making
uncontrollable or otherwise hazardous. arrangements to restrain bystanders and other non-
(e) In forward flight, check for hazardous oscillations ground crew personnel from the rotorcraft work area,
of the external load, but if the external load is not visible including keeping them at least 50 ft (15.2 m) from the
to the pilot, other crew members or ground personnel rotor blades.
may make this check and signal or otherwise notify
12-4.4.9 Refueling
the pilot.
(f) Increase the forward airspeed and determine an The rotorcraft operator shall be responsible for devel-
operational airspeed at which no hazardous oscillation oping written refueling procedures for each type of
or hazardous aerodynamic turbulence is encountered. rotorcraft operated. At a minimum, these practices shall
be in accordance with the provisions set forth in Chapter
12-4.4.4 Plans 12-7. The rotorcraft crew shall be trained and responsible --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Where required by the FAR or other regulatory for conducting refueling practices in accordance with
authority, rotorcraft external load operations planned both the rotorcraft operator’s written procedures as well
over congested areas may be conducted if those opera- as the provisions set forth in Chapter 12-7.
tions are conducted without hazard to persons or prop-
erty on the surface and comply with the following: 12-4.4.10 Suspending Operations
(a) The operator must develop a plan for each com- The pilot-in-command shall have the authority to sus-
plete operation, coordinate this plan with the FAA Flight pend operations when, in the judgment of the pilot, any
Standards District Office or applicable authority having of the following conditions exist:
jurisdiction over the area in which the operation will be (a) flight or ground visibility prevents the pilot from
conducted, and obtain approval for the operation from seeing obstructions in the operating area
that district office or authority. (b) the pilot becomes incapacitated due to illness,
(b) The plan must include an agreement with the fatigue, or any other cause
appropriate political subdivision that local officials will (c) electrical storms are in the immediate area

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 ASME B30.12-2006

(d) wind gusting or direction makes controllability of the specific operation for safety or efficiency
the rotorcraft or external load difficult (d) alternative procedures to be followed if communi-
(e) any ground-based or airborne debris becomes haz- cations or sight become ineffective or are lost between
ardous and could cause damage to the rotorcraft or cause the pilot-in-command and signalperson(s)
injury to persons or property on the ground (e) distinguishing clothes, high-visibility safety vests,
(f) any caution or warning light(s) or other device(s) or gloves to be worn by the appointed signalperson(s).
or gage(s) within the rotorcraft indicate possible Only these designated individuals shall be authorized
mechanical problems to give hand signals to the pilot-in-command
(g) actions or inaction on behalf of rotorcraft ground (f) procedures to be used and followed if any unfore-
crews or others involved in the operations endanger seen hazards develop
themselves or others (g) audible or other appropriate signals that should
(h) atmospheric condition changes create an adverse be used as a warning to ground crews working with
effect on the performance of the rotorcraft the rotorcraft during external load operations
(i) damage is suspected or otherwise sustained by
rigging used for airlifting that could affect its use 12-4.4.14 Pre-Job Coordination: Rotorcraft Operator
(j) crowd control becomes ineffective, and persons are and Contractor
subject to dangerous conditions
Where applicable, the rotorcraft operator’s representa-
12-4.4.11 Evacuation tive and responsible contractor’s representative shall
have a pre-job conference or communication for the pur-
When rotorcraft operations include airlifting loads poses of coordination. This conference or communica-
onto, or into, a building or building courtyard (con- tion shall cover, as a minimum, the following:
gested area), all persons, except those working with the (a) precautions to be in effect at the rotorcraft landing
rotorcraft, shall be vacated along the flight path of the area, pickup area, route to be flown, and delivery (set-
rotorcraft. Occupied structures along the path shall be ting) area and arrangements for compliance with any
evaluated by the rotorcraft operator as to whether or other mutual requirements, including preparation, sub-
not the occupants within need to be vacated (see para. mission, and FAA or other regulatory approval of any
12-4.4.4). required lift plan
12-4.4.12 Operating Near Electrical Power Lines (b) design, strength, and quantity of rigging and how
it will attach to the load [see Section 12-2.4 and paras.
If possible, the owner of the lines or their authorized 12-2.4.1 through 12-2.4.3(e)]
representative shall be notified of the operation, and, if
(c) accuracy of weights; structural strength of the
necessary, the lines shall be deenergized. There shall be
load, including lift points, size, and number of loads;
a minimum clearance of at least 15 ft (4.6 m) between
and number of ground crews and personnel required
any energized power line, rated 50 kV or below, and any
for the operation
part of the rotorcraft load combination. This minimum
(d) assignment of responsibility for clearing and
clearance requirement shall increase proportionally to
securing pickup and setting sites (see para. 12-4.4.17)
the increase in voltage of the line at the rate of 0.5 in.
(e) maximum time that the rotorcraft can hover while
(12.7 mm) for each increase of 1 kV.
ground crews are working beneath it
EXCEPTION: These minimum clearances shall not apply to (f) type and quantity of personal protective gear pro-
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

rotorcraft or NHEC or HEC loads specifically designed and

vided for the ground crews
intended for use in power line inspection, maintenance, and repair.
(g) type of scaffolding, if necessary, to be erected for
12-4.4.13 Pre-Job Coordination: Pilot-in-Command ground crews to provide stable footing when attaching
and Signalperson(s) and unhooking the loads at elevated sites
Before any external load operations are conducted, the (h) working conditions that could be hazardous to
rotorcraft pilot-in-command and signal-person(s) shall ground crews, such as rotorwash, rain, dust, static elec-
confer and agree upon the following: tricity discharge, and gusty winds
(a) the position (or placement) the signalperson will (i) if applicable, operations of the rotorcraft in proxim-
assume so the signalperson can readily observe the ity to electrical power lines (see para. 12-4.4.12)
hook-up/setting ground crew and load for pickup or (j) clearance of nonessential personnel from pickup
delivery and still be seen or heard by the pilot site, setting site, and along the route of flight
(b) type of communications to be used for the specific (k) procedures for wetting down dusty and sandy
operation, i.e., hand signals, ground-to-air radio, inter- areas
com or relay signals, or a combination of them (l) provisions for a point of reference when the
(c) the use of hand signals shown in Fig. 9 and any rotorcraft is hovering
additional agreed upon signals that would be used for (m) provisions for determining wind direction

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 ASME B30.12-2006

(n) if applicable, designated location for refueling the Fig. 10 Personnel Approach/Departure Path
rotorcraft (Level Ground)

12-4.4.15 Pre-Job Coordination: Instructions to the

Ground Crew
Instructions to ground crews directly participating in
the operation shall be provided by the rotorcraft crew
and include at least the following:
(a) Do not turn your back to the load. Know your
position in relation to both the rotorcraft and load at all
times. Fig. 11 Personnel Approach/Departure Path
(Sloping Ground)
(b) Avoid working directly under any suspended
load, except when necessary to the operation.
(c) To avoid injury, avoid being caught between the
load and rotorcraft. Keep hands clear and in view when
steadying the load, and grasp rigging from the sides or
top, not underneath or between, the rigging and load.
(d) Verify installation and operation of keepers on all
rigging hooks.
(e) Verify proper application of all hooks used for Fig. 12 Personnel Approach/Departure With Tools
rigging.
(f) Wear all required personal protective equipment.
Make sure personal protective gear fits properly.
(g) When using tag lines, avoid entanglement; do not
wrap around any limbs or portions of the body.
(h) Use railings, lifelines, or fall-protection devices to
prevent falling, and watch your step when concentrating
on the rotorcraft load. Be aware of obstacles on the (r) Do not grasp the load or tag line if it is rotating
ground or deck that may cause you to trip or fall. Take or swinging too fast.
special care on slippery and wet surfaces.
(i) Pull cinch lines on cargo nets and rigging tight to 12-4.4.16 Transportation of Ground Crew
prevent any objects from falling when the load is air- If ground crews are transported by rotorcraft, the
borne. Avoid sharp objects protruding from cargo nets. pilot-in-command shall ensure that all persons are
(j) Be alert for loads with damaged lifting provisions briefed before takeoff on the following minimum proce-
or rigging. Notify the rotorcraft crew immediately if dures to be followed:
you see or otherwise suspect damaged rigging or lifting (a) the use of seat belts and shoulder harnesses, if
components. installed
(k) Position hooks so that when the strain is taken, (b) location of exits and means of opening doors
the slings or cables will not damage or otherwise break (c) location and use of fire extinguishers and emer-
keepers and slip out. gency gear as applicable to the type of operation being
(l) Verify that all sling legs are free of detrimental performed, i.e., for overwater flights, ditching proce-
twists or knots. dures, and the location and use of flotation equipment
(m) Hold hook up during load attachment, and, when (d) in-flight operating procedures, including normal,
possible, load detachment so it can be seen by the sig- abnormal, and emergency procedures
nalperson(s) and that it will not snag objects on the (e) applicable smoking restrictions in the aircraft and
ground when the rotorcraft is moving. while on the ground
(n) Always watch the rotorcraft, and be ready to move (f) ingress and egress procedures appropriate to the
quickly out of the way in the event of an emergency. terrain, i.e., to depart downhill if the landing site is on a
Know the emergency signals and procedures to be used hill and always walk around to the front of the rotorcraft,
and the need for rapid response. never to the rear (see Figs. 10 and 11)
(o) Report any mishaps or near mishaps to the (g) approach the rotorcraft from the side or the front,
rotorcraft crew immediately. never out of the pilot’s line of sight
(p) To prevent being pinned and injured, do not stand (h) to avoid contact with the rotors by tools or other
or work between the load and other objects. handheld equipment; be carried horizontally (see
(q) Stay clear of swinging cargo hooks, rigging, and Fig. 12)
cargo suspended from rotorcraft. (i) hold firmly to hats and loose articles
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 ASME B30.12-2006

12-4.4.17 Precautions to Prevent Hazards to be secured or removed at the operating sites. In general,
Rotorcraft and Ground Personnel material of low density or objects of relatively high sur-
face area are easily moved or blown by the rotor down-
Precautions shall be taken to provide for the protec- wash. Typical of these are plywood, tarps or plastic
tion of the rotorcraft from objects being blown or other- sheeting, flashing, cartons, paper and plastic bags, rope,
wise drawn into the rotor systems or aircraft engine(s) rags, sheetmetal panels, roofing material, and flimsy
intakes. All items capable of creating such hazards shall temporary structures.
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 ASME B30.12-2006

Chapter 12-5
Handling the Load

SECTION 12-5.1: HOOKING AND UNHOOKING Fig. 13 Helicopter Station

LOADS
12
(a) All loads shall be inspected and lifting points iden- o’clock
tified before rigging.
(b) The ground crew has the responsibility of assuring
that the cargo/load to be transported has been correctly 10 2
o’clock o’clock
prepared and rigged for external transport.
(c) When ground crews are required to work under
hovering rotorcraft, means of access and egress shall be
9 3
provided. Figure 13 depicts the areas that the ground o’clock o’clock
crew should avoid while working with rotorcraft.
(d) The ground crew shall be equipped with and use
personal protective equipment, e.g., hard hat with chin 8 4
strap, goggles, and gloves. o’clock o’clock
(e) Ground crews shall not perform work under a Danger Area Danger Area
hovering rotorcraft except to attach, detach, or guide
loads into place.
6
(f) Signalpersons shall make certain that the load o’clock
being lifted is free and positioned correctly and that the
rigging has not become entangled.

SECTION 12-5.2: TAG LINES

(a) Tag lines, if utilized, shall be of such length that (a) slings attached to lifting points provided by the
contact with the rotors is precluded. manufacturer of the load
(b) Tag lines shall be free of knots and loops that (b) slings attached to convenient structural points on
might cause them to catch or snag persons or objects. the load
(c) slings placed around the load without contacting
SECTION 12-5.3: ATTACHMENT METHODS sharp edges or being pinched
Rotorcraft cargo hooks or other rotorcraft suspension (d) shackles, rings, and other rigging hardware that
systems should be attached to the suspended load by, attach directly between the load and cargo hook
but not limited to, one of the following: (e) cargo nets

17
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Chapter 12-6
Signals and Communication

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SECTION 12-6.1: SIGNAL SYSTEMS 12-6.1.5 Secondary Communication
Operations shall be conducted in such a way that in
12-6.1.1 General
the event of radio communications failure, an effective
There shall be constant reliable communications backup system of communications shall be immediately
between the pilot-in-command and a designated mem- available.
ber of the ground crew at each end of an external load
12-6.1.6 Regulatory Requirements
operation while lifting operations are underway. Signal
systems shall be agreed to, understood, and verified Radio communications procedures shall comply with
prior to each new operation or change of designated the requirements of the Federal Communications Com-
ground crew personnel or pilot-in-command. mission (FCC), or other regulatory authority, and the
rotorcraft operator’s written procedures.
12-6.1.2 Hand Signal Communication
SECTION 12-6.2: PERSONNEL
Hand signals shall be as shown in Fig. 9. The speed
with which the hand signals are given shall determine (a) Signalpersons shall be instructed by the rotorcraft
the rate of compliance requested of the pilot-in-com- operator in the proper use of hand signals.
mand or, in the case of helicopter winch/hoist opera- (b) Signalpersons shall be instructed by the rotorcraft
tions, requested of the winch/hoist operator. operator in the proper use of radio communications
equipment and procedures if intended to be utilized.
(c) Signalpersons should be familiar with means and
12-6.1.3 Signalperson Identification
methods of determining wind direction at the landing
The signalperson shall wear a garment that readily area.
distinguishes themselves from a distance, to the pilot-
in-command, as the signalperson. SECTION 12-6.3: HUMAN EXTERNAL CARGO
COMMUNICATIONS
12-6.1.4 Radio Communication
For rotorcraft load combinations to be used for human
The utilization of two-way radio communication external cargo applications, equipment shall be pro-
between the ground crew and rotorcraft flight crew may vided to allow for direct intercommunication among
be used in lieu of hand signals. required crew members and external occupants.

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 ASME B30.12-2006

Chapter 12-7
Fueling and Ground-Based Facilities at the Work Area

SECTION 12-7.1: FUELING OPERATIONS 12-7.2.2 Fire Training

Fuel servicing personnel shall be trained in the use
12-7.1.1 Regulatory Requirements
of the available fire extinguishing equipment they might
Fueling operations, including storage and handling, be expected to use.
shall comply with the airframe and engine manufactur-
er’s recommendations and all applicable FAA or other 12-7.2.3 Ignition Hazards
regulatory standards. NFPA Standard No. 407, Aircraft Refueling personnel shall not carry lighters or matches
Fuel Servicing, shall be used as a guide. on their person.

12-7.1.2 Equipment
SECTION 12-7.3: GROUND-BASED FACILITIES
Fuel servicing equipment shall comply with the ARRANGEMENT
requirements of NFPA Standard No. 407 and be main- 12-7.3.1 Clearances
tained in safe operating condition. Leaking or malfunc-
tioning equipment shall be removed from service. While the rotorcraft is on a landing site, horizontal
Lighters or matches shall not be permitted on or in clearance between any main or tail rotor and any obsta-
fueling equipment. cle shall be not less than 15 ft (4.6 m).

12-7.3.2 Grades
12-7.1.3 Bonding
The degree of slope of a landing site shall not exceed
Prior to making any fueling connection to the aircraft, the rotorcraft manufacturer’s recommendation.
the fueling equipment shall be properly bonded to the
aircraft by use of an approved bonding system. 12-7.3.3 Wind Indicator
A wind indicator or other means of determining wind
12-7.1.4 Ignition Hazards direction shall be available at or near the landing site.
Smoking, open flames, or other sources of ignition 12-7.3.4 Wheel Chocks
shall not be permitted within 50 ft (15.2 m) of fueling
operations or fuel storage areas. All wheel-type landing gear rotorcraft shall be
chocked while unattended on the ground or other sup-
12-7.1.5 Fire Extinguishers ported area.

During fueling operations, fire extinguishers shall be 12-7.3.5 Warning Signs

available at the work area landing zone. At least two The following warning signs or equivalent informa-
listed extinguishers having a rating not less than 20-B:C tion shall be posted:
each shall be provided. The extinguishers shall be (a) No Smoking Within 50 ft (15.2 m) of Fueling
located not more than 100 ft (30 m) from the aircraft and Operations
should be located upwind from the fueling operations. (b) CAUTION: Beware of Rotor Downwash and
Extinguishers shall conform to the requirements of Clearance
NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers.
12-7.3.6 Dust Control
Efforts should be made for dust control at the landing
SECTION 12-7.2: PERSONNEL TRAINING site, using either water, gravel, crushed stone, or hard
top, etc.
12-7.2.1 Fueling Training
Only authorized personnel trained in the safe opera- 12-7.3.7 Debris
tion of the equipment they use, including the operation Efforts shall be made to clear the landing site of loose
of emergency controls and procedures, shall fuel the trash, debris, or other materials that may otherwise cre-
aircraft. ate a hazard due to rotor downwash.

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 ,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 ASME B30.12-2006
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Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale