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The document discusses a retrospective study evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of intravenous pyelography (IVP) and ultrasonography (US) for imaging blunt renal trauma in children. Forty-six children with renal injuries from blunt abdominal trauma were assessed. IVP had a superior diagnostic accuracy of 80.8% compared to 41% for US in diagnosing all types of renal injuries. IVP should be performed as an emergency procedure when macroscopic hematuria is present or when isolated renal injury is clinically suspected. US is recommended for asymptomatic patients with microscopic hematuria.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
70 views

Journal Ivp-WPS Office

The document discusses a retrospective study evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of intravenous pyelography (IVP) and ultrasonography (US) for imaging blunt renal trauma in children. Forty-six children with renal injuries from blunt abdominal trauma were assessed. IVP had a superior diagnostic accuracy of 80.8% compared to 41% for US in diagnosing all types of renal injuries. IVP should be performed as an emergency procedure when macroscopic hematuria is present or when isolated renal injury is clinically suspected. US is recommended for asymptomatic patients with microscopic hematuria.

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Dyahtrip
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Nama : Dyah Tri Pangastuti

Nim: 18230027

Prodi: radiologi

Imaging evaluation of blunt renal trauma in children: diagnostic


accuracy of intravenous pyelography and ultrasonography

Forty-six consecutive children with blunt renal injury were evaluated retrospectively to assess
the diagnostic accuracy of the different imaging methods, including ultrasonography (US),
intravenous pyelography (IVP), and computed tomography (CT), and to determine the optimal
radiologic management. Doppler ultrasonography was never performed in an emergency.
Classification of the 46 renal injuries was as follows: 25 contusions, 4 lacerations, 11 ruptures,
and 6 pedicle injuries. The diagnostic accuracy of IVP (80.8%) was superior to the diagnostic
accuracy of US (41%) in all types of renal injuries. IVP should be performed as an emergency
procedure when macroscopic hematuria is present, or when an isolated renal injury is clinically
suspected. Microscopic hematuria alone is no longer an indication to perform IVP.
Asymptomatic patients with microscopic hematuria should have US examination and should be
observed with performance of serial urine analyses. Multiply injured and hemodynamically
stable children should be evaluated by contrast-enhanced CT. Hemodynamically unstable
children should undergo immediate exploratory laparotomy, if it is indicated after assessment
by imaging. Renal parenchymal injuries, which are not as common as injury to other abdominal
organs such as the spleen or liver, occur in 1.2-15 % of all cases of pediatric trauma [1, 2].
Patients with renal trauma often have multiple injuries and require transfusion, resuscitation, or
surgical treatment. Urologic evaluation for renal injuries is usually delayed in such multiply
injured patients, since the management of life-threatening associated injuries takes precedence.
The primary aim in the management of renal injuries is to prevent complications such as
hemorrhage, urinoma, infection, or hypertension and to preserve functioning renal
parenchyma. This requires prompt diagnosis of renal damage, accurate staging of its extent,
and, consequently, optimal imaging evaluation.

Patients and methods

From 1976 to 1990, 46 children were admitted to the University Hospital of Lausanne with renal
injuries from blunt abdominal trauma. There were 26 males and 20 females with a mean age of
10 years, ranging from 21 months to 17 years. There was 1 child under 2 years, 12 children aged
from 3 to 5 years, 11 from 6 to 10 years, and 22 from 11 to 17 years. The extent of injury was
assessed by calculating each patient's abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and injury severity score
(ISS). The 1985 revision of the AIS was used [5]. Immediate urine analysis was performed using
a 0 (absent) to 3+ (large) grading system for the degree of hematuria. These results were
averaged and taken as a mean, which is correlated with the severity of renal injury in Fig. 1. The
degree of hematuria was not recorded in four cases. Intravenous pyelography (IVP) was
performed as an emergency procedure (within 24 h after trauma) in 26 patients,
ultrasonographic examination (US) in 39 patients, and computed tomography (CT) in 4 patients.
Six patients were evaluated by renal angiography, without any complication. Because Doppler
ultrasound is
not used in emergency rooms
in our hospital, no Doppler
examination of the kidney was
performed as an emergency
procedure. Diagnosis was
confirmed by surgical
exploration in 10 patients, by
clinical and radiological follow-
up in 34 children, and by
autopsy in two cases.
According to the Hessel and Smith system, the renal injuries were categorized on a
four-point scale [6, 7] - grade I (contusions): bruises or minor parenchymal tears with an
intact renal capsule, IVP is normal; grade II (renal lacerations): renal parenchymal tears
limited to the cortex, IVP shows intra- or extra-renal extravasation; grade III (renal
rupture): renal parenchymal tears extending into the collecting system, IVP shows
extensive fragmentation of the kidney, extravasation is the rule; grade IV: renal vascular
pedicle injuries.

Results
All renal injuries resulted from blunt trauma. The mode of injury included traffic
accidents in 20 cases, sports in 15 cases, and falls in 11 children. All renal injuries were
unilateral. As described in the literature [8], injuries of the left kidney were more
frequent, and occurred in 26 children. Of the 46 renal injuries, 25 were classified
ascontusions, 4 as lacerations, 11 as ruptures, and 6 as pedicle injuries. The six cases
of pedicle injuries included three of thrombosis and one complete avulsion of the main
renal artery, two avulsions of the renal vein, and one injury to a branch of the renal
artery. One patient suffered from a thrombosis of the main renal artery and from an
avulsion of the renal vein. Forty-three patients presented with hematuria. Among them,
32 had macroscopic hematuria, and 11had microscopic hematuria. In two cases, the
presence
or absence of hematuria was not recorded. Hematuria was absent in only one child who
suffered from renal rupture. The correlation between the degree of hematuria and
classification of renal injury is shown in Fig. 1. There was no statistically significant
relationship between the extent of renal trauma and the amount of hematuria (Fig. l),
although pedicle injuries presented with a lesser degree of hematuria. The severity of
renal injuries in which macroscopic hematuria and microscopic hematuria were noted is
reported in Table 1.IVP was diagnostic in 21 of 26 children. US allowed early and
correct diagnosis in 16 of 39 patients. There were 16 false negative results on initial US,
including two patients with thrombosis of the main renal artery. Both would have been
identified if Doppler US had been performed. In addition, renal damage was
"underdiagnosed" in five patients initially evaluated by US. Most of the injuries missed
by US were renal contusions. Five renal injuries were diagnosed sonographically only
24-48 h after trauma. Kidneys could not be correctly analyzed with US in two children
because of interference by gaseous distension. The diagnostic accuracy of IVP and US
was 80.8 % and 41% respectively
(Table 2). Five renal contusions were initially missed on IVR and were later diagnosed
with US. Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen was performed as an emergency
procedure in four children and allowed correct diagnosis in all cases. There were no
false negative results
on CT. Six patients, suspected of having renal fracture or vascular injury, were
evaluated by renal angiography, without any complication.
Associated injuries were present in 33 of the 46 children (Table 3). The mean ISS was
26. Approximately half of the children (24/46) had an ISS of 20 or more points, and were
considered as multiple-trauma patients. A completely isolated injury of the kidney was
diagnosed in 13 of the patients. Immediate laparotomy was required for associated
intra-abdominal injuries in eight patients. Two deaths occurred in multiply injured
Terjemahan:

Evaluasi pencitraan trauma ginjal tumpul pada anak-anak: akurasi


diagnostik pielografi intravena dan ultrasonografi

Empat puluh enam anak berturut-turut dengan cedera tumpul dievaluasi secara
retrospektif untuk menilai akurasi diagnostik dari metode pencitraan yang berbeda,
termasuk ultrasonografi (AS), pielogra phy intravena (IVP), dan computed tomography
(CT), dan untuk menentukan manajemen radiologis yang optimal. Ultrasonografi
Doppler tidak pernah dilakukan dalam keadaan darurat. Klasifikasi 46 cedera ginjal
adalah sebagai berikut: 25 memar, 4 laserasi, 11 pecah, dan 6 cedera pedikel.
Keakuratan diagnostik IVP (80,8%) lebih unggul dari akurasi diagnostik AS (41%) pada
semua jenis cedera ginjal. IVP seharusnya dilakukan sebagai prosedur darurat ketika
hematuria makro-skopik hadir, atau ketika ginjal terisolasi cedera diduga secara klinis.
Hematuria mikroskopis sendiri tidak lagi menjadi indikasi untuk melakukan IVP. Pasien
tanpa gejala dengan hematuria mikroskopis harus menjalani pemeriksaan US dan
harus diperhatikan dengan kinerja analisis urin serial. Seharusnya anak-anak yang
berganda dan hemodinamik stabil dievaluasi dengan kontras yang ditingkatkan. Secara
hemodinamik anak yang tidak stabil harus menjalani laparotomi eksplorasi segera, jika
diindikasikan setelah penilaian oleh pencitraan. Cidera parenkim ginjal, yang tidak biasa
seperti cedera pada organ perut lainnya seperti limpa atau hati, terjadi pada 1,2-15%
dari semua kasus trauma pediatrik [1, 2]. Pasien dengan trauma ginjal sering memiliki
beberapa luka dan memerlukan transfusi, resusitasi, atau perawatan bedah. Evaluasi
Urologi untuk cedera ginjal biasanya ditunda pada pasien yang mengalami multiplikasi
cedera, karena manajemen cedera terkait yang mengancam jiwa lebih diutamakan.
Tujuan utama dalam pengelolaan cedera ginjal adalah untuk mencegah komplikasi
seperti perdarahan, urinoma, infeksi, atau hipertensi dan untuk mempertahankan fungsi
parenkim ginjal yang berfungsi. Ini membutuhkan diagnosis kerusakan ginjal yang
cepat, penentuan stadium
yang akurat, dan, akibatnya,
evaluasi pencitraan yang
optimal.

Pasien dan metode

D 1976 hingga 1990, 46 anak dirawat di Rumah Sakit Universitas Lausanne dengan cedera ginjal
akibat trauma perut tumpul. Ada 26 pria dan 20 wanita dengan usia rata-rata 10 tahun, berkisar
antara 21 bulan hingga 17 tahun. Ada 1 anak di bawah 2 tahun, 12 anak berusia 3 hingga 5
tahun, 11 dari 6 hingga 10 tahun, dan 22 dari 11 hingga 17 tahun. Tingkat cedera dinilai dengan
menghitung skala cedera disingkat setiap pasien (AIS) dan skor keparahan cedera (ISS). Revisi
AIS tahun 1985 digunakan [5]. Analisis urin langsung dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem
penilaian 0 (tidak ada) sampai 3+ (besar) untuk derajat hematuria. Hasil ini rata-rata dan diambil
sebagai rata-rata, yang berkorelasi
dengan keparahan cedera ginjal pada
Gambar. 1. Tingkat hematuria tidak
dicatat dalam empat kasus.
Intravenous pyelography (IVP)
dilakukan sebagai prosedur darurat
(dalam 24 jam setelah trauma) pada
26 pasien, pemeriksaan
ultrasonografi (AS) pada 39 pasien,
dan computed tomography (CT) pada
4 pasien.
Enam pasien dievaluasi dengan angiografi ginjal, tanpa komplikasi. Karena USG Doppler adalah
tidak digunakan di ruang gawat darurat di rumah sakit kami, tidak ada pemeriksaan Doppler
ginjal yang dilakukan sebagai prosedur darurat. Diagnosis ditegakkan dengan eksplorasi bedah
pada 10 pasien, dengan tindak lanjut klinis dan radiologis pada 34 anak, dan dengan otopsi
dalam dua kasus. Menurut sistem Hessel dan Smith, cedera ginjal dikategorikan dalam skala
empat poin [6, 7] - kelas I (memar): memar atau air mata parenkim minor dengan kapsul realnal
yang utuh, IVP normal; grade II (laserasi ginjal): robekan parenkenkim ginjal terbatas pada
korteks, IVP menunjukkan ekstravasasi intra atau ekstra real; grade III (ruptur ginjal): robekan
parenkim ginjal meluas ke sistem pengumpulan, IVP menunjukkan fragmentasi luas ginjal,
aturan ekstravasasi; kelas IV: cedera pedikel vaskular akhir.

Hasil

Hasil Semua cedera ginjal akibat trauma tumpul. Mode cedera termasuk kecelakaan lalu lintas
dalam 20 kasus, olahraga dalam 15 kasus, dan jatuh pada 11 anak-anak. Semua cedera ginjal
adalah unilateral. Seperti yang dijelaskan dalam literatur [8], cedera ginjal kiri lebih sering
terjadi, dan terjadi pada 26 anak. Dari 46 cedera ginjal, 25 diklasifikasikan sebagai ascontusions,
4 laserasi, 11 pecah, dan 6 cedera pedikel. Enam kasus cedera pedikel termasuk tiga trombosis
dan satu avulsi lengkap dari arteri ginjal utama, dua avulsi vena ginjal, dan satu cedera pada
cabang arteri ginjal. Satu pasien menderita trombo sis dari arteri renalis utama dan dari avulsi
vena renalis. Empat puluh tiga pasien mengalami hematuria. Di antara mereka, 32 memiliki
hematuria makroskopik, dan 11 memiliki hematuria mikroskopis. Dalam dua kasus, kehadiran
atau tidak adanya hematuria tidak dicatat. Hematuria tidak ada pada satu anak yang menderita
ruptur ginjal. Korelasi antara derajat hema turia dan klasifikasi cedera ginjal ditunjukkan pada
Gambar. 1. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara tingkat trauma ginjal dan
jumlah he maturia (Gambar 1), meskipun pedikel cedera dengan tingkat hematuria yang lebih
rendah. Tingkat keparahan cedera ginjal di mana hematuria makroskopik dan hematuria
mikroskopi dicatat dilaporkan pada Tabel 1.IVP adalah diagnostik pada 21 dari 26 anak-anak. US
mengizinkan diagnosis dini dan benar pada 16 dari 39 pasien. Ada 16 hasil negatif palsu pada US
awal, termasuk dua pasien dengan trombosis arteri renalis utama. Keduanya akan diidentifikasi
jika Doppler US telah dilakukan. Selain itu, kerusakan ginjal "tidak didiagnosis" pada lima pasien
yang awalnya dievaluasi oleh AS. Sebagian besar cedera yang terlewatkan oleh AS adalah infeksi
ginjal. Lima cedera ginjal didiagnosis secara sonografi hanya 24-48 jam setelah trauma. Ginjal
tidak dapat dianalisis secara benar dengan US pada dua anak karena gangguan oleh distensi gas.
Akurasi diagnostik IVP dan AS masing-masing adalah 80,8% dan 41%
(table 2). Lima kontusio ginjal awalnya terlewatkan pada IVR dan kemudian didiagnosis dengan
US. Kontras-peningkatan CT abdomen dilakukan sebagai prosedur darurat pada empat anak dan
memungkinkan diagnosis yang benar dalam semua kasus. Tidak ada hasil negatif palsu pada CT.
Enam pasien, diduga memiliki fraktur ginjal atau cedera vaskular, dievaluasi oleh ginjal ginjal,
tanpa komplikasi. Cedera terkait hadir di 33 dari 46 anak-anak (Tabel 3). ISS rata-rata adalah 26.
Kira-kira setengah dari anak-anak (24/46) memiliki ISS 20 poin atau lebih, dan dianggap sebagai
pasien multi-trauma. Cedera ginjal yang sepenuhnya terisolasi didiagnosis pada 13 pasien.
Laparotomi segera diperlukan untuk cedera intra-abdominal terkait pada delapan pasien. Dua
kematian terjadi pada banyak orang yang terluka

Source:
-European Society of Paediatric Radiology (ESPR)
-Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature/pediatric radiology

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