Cool

ingSy
stem ofanengi
ne

Anengi nebasi cal

lyrunsonacombust i
onpr ocesspr oducedi nthecy l
inderduet o
sparkplug( petrolengines)orhi ghtemper aturepr oducedduet ocompr ession( di
esel engines).
At ypi
calpetrolengi nepr oducesabout4000cont rolledexpl osionpermi nute[1].Thisgener ates
atremendousamountofener gywhi chhast obedi ssipatedf rom t imet ot i
me.Thus, acool i
ng
system isprovidedi nev eryautomobi l
e.Itwoul dbewi set osayt hatt hewor kofacool ing
system istomai nt
aintheopt imum t emper at
ur erequi r
edbyt heengi ner atherthanjust
protecti
ngitagai nstov erheati
ng.Whent heengi net emper aturei sl owmor efuel i
sbur ntwhi ch
result
sinpoorf uel economyandgr eateremi ssions.Cool ingsy st em helpsi nsav i
ngt hef ueland
considerablyreducest heemi ssi
on.So, howdoest hissystem wor k?Whatar ethei mpor tant
component soft hi
ssy stem?Howdoi thelpengi net opr ovideagoodper f
ormance?Let 'ssee!In
thi
sar t
iclebasiccomponent sofacool ingsy stem andt hei rwor kingi sdiscussed.

Acool
i
ngsy
stem i
sbasi
cal
l
ycl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wot
ypes:
1)Ai
rcool
ed2)wat
ercool
ed/Li
qui
dcool
Aircooledsystem wer eusedi nol
derday smostlyin20'sor30'
s.Oneexampl eofsuchasy st
em
i
sVol kswagen'sor i
ginalbeetl
ecar.Nowaday swecanseeai rcooledsystem i
nsome
mot or
cy cl
es.Butmostoft hevehi
clesli
ket r
ucks,busesandpassengercarsconsistofali
quid
coolantpumpedt hr
oughoutt heengine.Thisart
icl
emai nl
yfocusesonli
quidcoolingsyst
em.
Therear epassagesmadear oundthecy l
indersaswellasinthecyli
nderheadthroughwhichthe
coolantcir
culates.Thesepassagesar eknownas' waterj
acket'
.

Thecy
cleofcool
i
ng:-

Awat erpumpi sprov i

dedwhi chpumpst he
coolantt hroughoutt heengi nebl ock.Wat erjacket sare
providedar oundt hecy li
nder swher et hecool ant
absor bsheatener gyf rom t hecy l
inderaf t
erev ery
combust i
on.Af terfl
owi ngt hrought heengi nebl ockand
thecy li
nderheadi treachest het hermost at.Ther mostat
basicallycheckswhet hert hecool antt emperat ureis
abov e80° C.Ifitisabov e80Ct hent hecool anti spassed
tother adiatorforcool i
ngpur poseandi fnott henitis
sentbackt ot heengi nebl ockort hr
ought heby pass
system tot
heheati
ngcore.I
nradi
atorthehotcool antiscool downandsentbackt ot heengine.
Thisisthebasi
ccycl
ewhichkeepsonr epeatingagai nandagai n.Nowl etusgoi ndept hand
l
earnhowt hesecompononentsworks!

Fol
l
owi
ngar
ethei
mpor
tantcomponent
sofacool
i
ngsy
stem:-
1.Waterpump2.Ther
mostat3.Radi
ator4.Radi
atorfan5.Coolanttemper
atur
esensor6.
Cool
antLet '
sseehoweachoftheseworksandtheirsi
gnif
icanceinthesy
stem.

1.Wat
erPump:
-
Iti
ssaidt obetheheartofthecool
ingsy st
em.I t
sfunct
ionistokeep
cir
culati
ngthecoolantthr
oughouttheengineandt hentotheradi
ator
.
Iti
sdr i
venbythecrankshaftbyvi
rt
ueofaser penti
nebelt
.Remove
thi
sandt hentherewouldbenoci r
culati
onoft hecool
ant.Thehot
coolantwouldnotbesentt other
adiatorforcooli
ngandt hi
swould
overheattheengi
necausinghazardousconsequences.

2.Ther
most
at:
-
Ther most ati
sbasi callyat emper atur esensorvalv
e.Itrestr
ictsthecool
ant
'sfl
owt owar
dsthe
radiatoruntili
treachessomedesi red
temper ature.Whent hecool antaf ter
passingt hroughthewat erjackets
aroundt hecy l
indersandcy li
nderhead
doesnotr eachesahi ght emper atur e
(usually80-90°C)itrest ri
ctsi t
s
passaget owardsther adiatorforcing
thecool anttorecirculatet hrought he
engine.Somet i
mesi tpr ov i
desaby pass
towar dstheheat i
ngsy stem oft hecar
whichwoul dbeexpl ainedl ateron.I f
thermost atfai
lstor est r
ictthecool antt owardsradiat
orthentherearehi
ghchancesof
overcoolingoft heengi ne.I nov er
cool edscenario,morefuelisrequi
redt
odriv
et heengi
ne.Thi
s
resultsinlossoff uel andi ncreasei nemi ssi
on.

Athermost atv
alveconsistsofacoppercupf il
ledwiththewaxandar odpushedi nit
,
surroundedbyaspr ingwhichkeepst heval
veclosed.Whent hetemper atur
eoft hecoolant
reachesbey ondcertai
ndesiredl i
mit(above80°C)thewaxbegi nstoexpand, pushingtherod
againstthespringther
ebyprov idingapassagetocool ant
.Thecool antthengushesoutt owards
theradiatorthr
oughupperradi atorhose.Radi
atorhosearether ubbertubesthroughwhi chthe
coolantpasses.Theyactascanal sbetweenthedest i
nati
on.
3.Radi
ator
:-

Radiat
orisbasical
lyaheatexchangerseenonthefrontpartofavehi
cle.Earl
ierweuset
o
seecopperandbr assmateri
alr
adiatorswhi
chhav ebeenrepl
acedbyaluminium today.
Alumini
um radi
atorsareli
ghti
nwei ghtandarefoundtobemor eeconomicalthancopper.

Radi
ator
sarebasical
lydivi
dedint
otwopart
s,upperonecontai
ninghotcoolantwhil
elower
thecol
done.Radi
atorconsistofanupperhosef
ortheinl
etofhotcoolant
,lowerhoseforthe
outl
etoft
hecoolcoolant,
ar adi
atorpr
essur
ecapandradiat
orfan.

Coolantfrom thet hermostatcomest otheupperpartofther

adiatorandf lows
downwar dsthrought hepassages.Passagesar emadei nfi
nli
keshapet oincreasethesurface
areatherebyincreasingt heheattransf
errate.Radi
atorfanwhichi
sbehindt heradiatorf
orces
theatmospher eai rt
owar dsthefin.Coolantwhil
emov ingdownwardsthrought hefinexchanges
heatwiththef orcedair.Thus,thecoolantreachedatthelowerpar
thaveal owt emper at
ureand
i
sr eadyforanot hercycle.

Hotcool
antsomet imestendstoexpandanddev el
opshighpr essure.Suchahi ghpr essure
cancausefai
lureofthecomponent softhecoolingsystem.Tomai nt
ainthepressur eoft he
syst
em radi
atorpressurecapisprovi
ded.Afteracoolantreachescertainli
mitedpr essurethe
capleakssomeoft heflui
dtotheCoolantreservetankwher ethecoolantisstored.This
rel
easesthepressureofthecoolant
.

4.
Cool
antt
emper
atur
esensor(
CTS)
:-
Coolanttemperat
uresensori
sasmall
butav it
aldev i
cewhi chdet erminest hecool ant
t
emperature.I
thasaprobeatoneendandaconnect i
ongi venatt heotherf ortheECU( Engine
ControlUnit
).ECUi sani mpor tantuniti nan
automobilewhichdoesal lthecal i
brationwor kfor
engine'
sbestper formance.CTSi sref erredt obea
negativ
ecoef fi
cienttypesensorwhi chmeani thas
aninverserelat
ionshipbet weent heel ectrical
resi
stanceandt hecool anttemper atur e.[2](When
thecoolanttemper atureincreasest hent he
resi
stancedecreaseswhi chcausesav ol
tagedr opin
thesensor).
 CTSisav eryuseful
dev i
ce,whichgivesusenginer
unningtemperatur
ewhi
chisshownon
t
het
emperaturegaugeofy ourcar.Itsendsthetemper
aturedatat
otheECUwhichcall
iber
ates
t
hef
ueli
njecti
ontherebyincreasi
ngt heeff
ici
encyandreduci
ngemissions.

5.
Cool
ant
:-
Cool antwhichcircul
atesthr
oughengineblockshoul
dbelessviscous(easi
lyfl
owable),
have
ahighspeci fi
cheatcapacityandeconomical.Hi
ghspeci
fi
cheatcapacitymeanst heamountof
heatrequiredtoraisethetemperat
ureby1°C.Mostcommonl yusedcoolanttodayisthe
mixtureofet hyl
eneglycolandwater
.Recommendedr ati
ois50-50inanautomobilebutin
col
derr egions70-30rati
oisused(70%et hy
lenegly
coland30%wat er)
.

Ethenegl
ycolact
sasanantif
reezehere.Antif
reezeisasol
uti
onwhichi
ncr
easesboi
l
ing
poi
ntanddecr
easesthefr
eezi
ngpoi ntofafl
uid.Incoldcli
mati
cregi
ons70-
30rat
ioi
sseen.
Cool
antshoul
dalsoactasarusti
nhibit
orandal ubri
cant.

Pr
oper
ti
es Pur
eWat
er 50-
50 70-
30

(
Atat
mospheri
c (
Ethy
leneGl
ycol
- (
Ethy
leneGl
ycol
-Wat
er)
pr
essur
e) Water)

Fr
eezi
ngpoi
nt 00C 370C
- 550C
-

Boi
l
ingPoi
nt 100oC 1060C 1130C

TABLE1:-
Proper
ti
esoft
hecool
antonchangeofr
ati
o[3]
Cool
i
ngsy
stem mai
ntenance:-
Mai nt
enanceofthecoolingsy stem i
sveryimport
antasfail
ureinanycomponentcan
haveconsequences.Basical
ly,maintenancerefer
storepl
acingthecoolantf
rom ti
metotime,
addinganti
-corr
osionaddit
ivestopreventcorrosi
onandcheckingforleaksi
fany.Checki
ngfor
coolantl
eakageincy l
i
ndersbecausemi xi
ngofcoolantwit
hburntfuelmaycausewhitesmoke
thr
oughexhaust .

Ov
erheatingmaycausemanypr oblems.Itmayexpandt hepistonswhichmay
j
am theengine,componentf ail
ureandsomet i
mesexpl osion.I
tisadvi
sedt oconstantl
ycheck
thetemperatur
egaugei ny ourvehicle.Thiswasal laboutthebasiccool
ingsy stem.Moder n
carsusemor ecomplicatedandef ficientcooli
ngsy stem duetohighhorsepowerpr oducedand
agreaternumberofcy l
inders.I
nf uturewewoul dliketoovercomeitsproblemsaboutt he
corr
osion,f
reezi
ngofcool antincoldcl imates,etc.
Ref
erences:-
[
1] www.
qui
rky
sci
ence.
com

[
2] www.
howst
uff
wor
ks.
com

[
3] hi
l
lagr
ic.
ac.
in(
paperbyKar
im Ni
ce)

Si
ddhar
thBhopat
rao,

3rdYearMechani
cal
.