PROJECT TITLE :

Secure Encrypted Communication via RF Module

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAURAIZ SUBHAN 16K-2404

AZAAN MAHMOOD 16K-2481
JUNAID FAYYAZ 16K-2440
MUHAMMAD USMAN 16K-2352
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TABLE OF CONTENT

SERIAL# CONTENTS PAGE#

1 Introduction 01
2 Objectives 02
3
4
5
6
7

INTRODUCTION: // OVERVIEW
In this project, we learned How to interface 433MHz RF with AVR ATmega32
Microcontroller. Here, we will transfer data from RF Transmitter circuit to RF
Receiver circuit wirelessly. The data is of 4 Bit as the RF circuit we are using is a 4
channel RF. Also, we have displayed the received data at RF Receiver circuit in a
1X8 LED array.

The microcontroller at the transmitter circuit will transmit data from 0 to 15 to the
HT12E encoder of RF transmitter circuit. The HT12E will encode the 8 bit address
and 4 bit data given to it and then it will transmit the encoded signal serially to the
RF module. The RF module will transmit the encoded data and address wirelessly.

At the receiver end, the RF receiver module will receive the encoded 4 bit data and
8 bit address. Then, it will transmit the encoded signal serially to the HT12D
decoder which will decode the received signal to 8 bit address and 4 bit data. After
decoding, the HT12D will compare the received 8 bit address with its local 8 bit
address. If the received address and the local address are same, then the received 4
bit data is sent to its output pins else the received data is discarded. The 4 bit output
of HT12D is sent to the microcontroller at the RF receiver circuit. The ATmega32
microcontroller will read the received RF data and it will display it in the 1X8 LED
array. The above process continues forever.
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OBJECTIVES:
 To make the communications safe and secure.

 To Enhance the privacy in modern communication systems

 To make a cost effective communication module

 To learn and get some hands on experience of working with

microcontrollers, RF modules and other components.

 To get confidence in backtracking and troubleshooting of the

electronic circuits.

 To Practically test the circuits and make it according to desired

parameters.

 To make our brains think hardware as well as software aspect

simultaneously with perfect coordination.

 To acquire some experience of team work and also work

independently when required.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT:

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Transmission 433:
LPD433 (low power device 433 MHz) is a UHF band in which license free
communication devices. The frequencies correspond with the ITU region 1 ISM
band of 433.050 MHz to 434.790 MHz, and operation is limited to CEPT
countries. The frequencies used are within the 70-centimeter band.

LPD hand-held radios are authorized for license-free voice communications use in
most of Europe using analog frequency modulation (FM) as part of short range
device regulations, with 25 kHz channel spacing, for a total of 69 channels. In
some countries, LPD devices may only be used with an integral and non-
removable antenna with a maximum legal power output of 10 mW.

Voice communication in the LPD band was introduced to reduce the burden on the
eight (now sixteen)[2] PMR446 channels over shorter ranges (less than 1 km) .

LPD is also used by wireless instruments and digital devices such as car keylocks.

HT12D:

Diagram:

Datasheet:
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HT12D is a decoder integrated circuit that belongs to 212 series of decoders. This
series of decoders are mainly used for remote control system applications, like
burglar alarm, car door controller, security system etc. It is mainly provided to
interface RF and infrared circuits. They are paired with 212 series of encoders. The
chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data
format.

In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs. It decodes
the serial addresses and data received by, say, an RF receiver, into parallel data and
sends them to output data pins. The serial input data is compared with the local
addresses three times continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error
or unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a high signal at
VT pin.

HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8 are address bits and 4 are data
bits. The data on 4 bit latch type output pins remain unchanged until new is
received.

Pin Configuration
Diagram:

Pin Description:
Pin
Function Name
No
01 8 bit Address pins for input A0
02 A1
03 A2
04 A3
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05 A4
06 A5
07 A6
08 A7
09 Ground (0V) Ground
10 D0
11 D1
4 bit Data/Address pins for output
12 D2
13 D3
14 Serial data input Input
15 Oscillator output Osc2
16 Oscillator input Osc1
17 Valid transmission; active high VT
18 Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V) Vcc

AVR:

KEYPAD:

RF Transmitter/Receiver:

Diagram:

The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The

corresponding frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF
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system, the digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier

wave. This kind of modulation is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).

Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons.

Firstly, signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable
for long range applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode,
RF signals can travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter &
receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR transmission.
RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are affected
by other IR emitting sources.

This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The

transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF
transmitter receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its
antenna connected at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps -
10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same
frequency as that of the transmitter.

The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is
used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by
a decoder. HT12E-HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used
encoder/decoder pair ICs.

Pin Diagram:

Pin Description:
 RF Transmitter
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Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Serial data input pin Data
3 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
4 Antenna output pin ANT

 RF Receiver

Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Serial data output pin Data
3 Linear output pin; not connected NC
4 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
5 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
6 Ground (0V) Ground
7 Ground (0V) Ground
8 Antenna input pin ANT

PIC:
Working Of ASK Modulation:
Transmission of ASK:
The transmission of digital signals is increasing at a rapid rate. Low-
frequency analogue signals are often converted to digital format (PAM) before
transmission. The source signals are generally referred to as baseband signals. Of
course, we can send analogue and digital signals directly over a medium. From
electro-magnetic theory, for efficient radiation of electrical energy from an antenna
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it must be at least in the order of magnitude of a wavelength in size; c = fλ, where c

is the velocity of light, f is the signal frequency and λ is the wavelength. For a
1kHz audio signal, the wavelength is 300 km. An antenna of this size is not
practical for efficient transmission. The low-frequency signal is often frequency-
translated to a higher frequency range for efficient transmission. The process is
called modulation. The use of a higher frequency range reduces antenna size. In the
modulation process, the baseband signals constitute the modulating signal and the
high-frequency carrier signal is a sinusoidal waveform. There are three basic ways
of modulating a sine wave carrier. If we operate at higher carrier frequencies, more
bandwidth is available for frequency-multiplexing more signals.

Demodulation of ASK:
As ASK is really just AM with a digital message instead of speech or music,
it can be recovered using any of the AM demodulation schemes. The next part of
the experiment lets you do so using an envelope detector. We needs a modulator to
modulate the data to a high carrier frequency, so that the signal can be transmitted
effectively. Therefore, for receiver, we must convert the digital signal back to the
modulating signal. There are two methods to design the ASK demodulator, which
are asynchronous detector and synchronous detector. We will discuss
Asynchronous Detection of ASK demodulator in this experiment.

The ASK generation and demodulation parts of the set-up can be represented by
the block diagram. The rectifier on the Utilities module and the Tuneable Low-pass
filter module are used to implement an envelope detector to recover the digital data
from the ASK signal.
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LCD (16x2) Working:

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and
find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is
very commonly used in various devices and circuits, a 16x2 LCD means it can
display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character
is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.
This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register
stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction
given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting
the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed
on the LCD.

Pin Diagram:
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Pin Description:
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
Selects command register when low; and data register Register
4
when high Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Softwares Used:
 AVR Studio 7

 Proteus 8 professional

 Matlab

 Simulink

Components Used:
1. Atmega8 AVR Microcontroller (2)
2. USBASP programmer
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3. 10-pin FRC cable

4. Bread board (2)
5. LEDs (2)
6. Pushbutton (1)
7. HT12D and HT12E pair
8. RX-TX RF Module
9. Resistors (10k,47k,1M)
10. Jumper Wires
11. 5V power supply

MISSING THINGS == COMPONENTS, PRICE, FULL DIAGRAM OF

CIRCUIT, TITLE PAGE, TITLE OF PROJECT, CONCULION.