Purpose Result Contrast Unit 13 Expressing purpose, result, and contrast Explanations 1 So (that) So that is usually followed by can, could, will or would. The police locked the door so (that) no-one could get in. 2. Infinitive of purpose The person in the main clause, and the person referred to by the infinitive, must be the same. Jack went to England to study engineering. 3. Inorderto, so.asto These are more formal ways of expressing purpose. Scientists used only local materials, in order to save money. There are also negative forms: in order not to, so as not to. The soldiers moved at night, so as not to alarm the villagers. 4 For This describes how something is used. This button is for starting the engine. This is for the lights. 1. So/such + (adjective) + (that) Jim was sotall (that) he hit his head on the ceiling. Helen is such a busy person (that) she never feels bored. Such is used with adjective and noun. Note also this formal use: Helen is so busy a person (that) she never feels bored. 2. Somuch/many/few/little + (noun) + (that) There were so many passengers (that) we couldn’t find a seat. 3 Too+ (adjective) +to The table was far too heavy to lift. This can be explained as: The table was far too heavy (for me) to lift. 4. Not(+ adjective) enough The table was not light enough to lift Although, though, even though, while, whereas “Although often becomes though in speech. Thongh can come atthe end of sentence, although cannot. Although I asked her, she didn’t come. 68Unit 13. Expressing purpose, result, and contrast In speech this might be: Lasked her, (but) she didn’t come, though. Or Though I asked her, she didn’t come. Even though is amore emphatic form of although. Even though asked her, she didn’: come. (which was surprising). While and whereas are more common in writing and formal speech. They contrast opposite ideas. While United were fast and accurate, City were slow and careless. 2 However Howeveris more common in formal speech or writing. Ir can go at the beginning or end of the sentence. It’s cheap. However, I don’t like it./I. don’t like it, however. 3 Nevertheless Thisis a very formal way of expressing however. Smith says he is poor. Nevertheless, he has bought a new car. 4 Despite and in spite of ‘These are followed by nouns (or gerunds), and not by clauses. Despite losing, we celebrated. In spite of the rain, we went out. Activities a) Janet went out so that she bought(fo buy) Harry a present. b) This food is much too hot to eat/to be eaten. ©) However/Though it was late, I decided to phone Brian. d) Although/Despite the car was cheap, it was in good condition. e) Let’s check once more, for being/so as to be sure. f) We could go to the club. Is it worth it, even though/though? g) Itwas so windy/such a windy that half the trees were blown down. h) The batteries were not enough small/too small to fit the radio. i) Despite of the weather/the weather, we went sailing. }) Bill had so much/so that fun that he stayed another week. 1) Sue went shopping so she could buy herself a new television. to Sue .ecat shopping fe, uy. ease b) You use this to open wine bottles. for This ©) Iput the food in the fridge because I wanted itto get cold, would Iput the food in the fridge . anew television. wine bottles. cold, 69First Certificate Langnage Practice 3 Rewrite cach sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. d) Harry left early because he didn’t want to miss the bus. as Harry ... €) Isaved up some money to buy a motorbike. could Isaved up some money f) Jane gave up smoking because she wanted to save money. order Jane gave up smoking g) Icame here so that I could see you. h) Use this money to buy the tickets. buying Thi i) [picked up the vase carefully, so as not to break it. that Ipicked up the vase carefully... j) We put up a fence to prevent the rabbit escaping. couldn’t We put up afence a) Sam lost his job because he was lazy. Sam was .60.Jaz4. tat. a. last. hig jah b) Icouldn’t buy the house because it was expensive. The house was too c) The book was so interesting that I couldn’t putit down. twas .. d) There was too much noise, so we couldn’t hear the speech. There wasso .. ¢) The house was too small to live in comfortably. ‘The house wasn’t . £) William never makes mistakes because he is a careful reader. William is so .. g) Wecan’t eat now because there isn’t enough time. There is too ... h) Ican’t come to your party because I’m too busy. T'm too i) The class was cancelled because there weren’t enough students. ‘There were so j)_It'ssucha lovely day today that I feel like taking a walk. It’s so... 70sn, so that meaning ys the same. Unit 13. Expressing purpose, result, and contrast ne el ee ee 2) Tcouldn’t run fast tog... to catch the shoplifter. b) There were Good roads that we could drive at high speed. _ dark that I couldn’t see a thing. c) Tewas 4) The trousers were . . long enough to fit Jean. e) Wehad.. 4 good time that we decided to go there again. f) Iewas.. “Tate that we couldn’t geta bus home. far to walk. many dishes that I couldn’t make up my mind. 1 reach the window. Jovely fish that you don’t feel like eating meat. g) [took a taxi asit was .. h) There were i) The ladder wasn’t tall j) Thereare.. a) Despite the cold weather, we all went for a walk. Although ..it.mas. cald,.we.allncent.far.a.walkn. b) John has done well in French, but not so well in Maths. While .. c) Itried to persuade her. I didn’t succeed, however. Although 4) Tewas raining, but I went swimming anyway. Inspiteo ©) Ilike fish, but I don’t like catching them myself, Although f) Ann feltill, but insisted on going to work. Despite « 2) Irang the doorbell. Nobody answered, though. Although .. hh) In spite of his early lead, Hudson lost the race. Although P’m not going to pay, although I know that I should. While j) We expected Larry to accept the job, buthe didn’ Even though Larry stick clean keep open put wash ¢) fridgeFirst Certificate Language Practice Look carefully at each line. Some lines are correct, but some havea word which should not be there, Tick each correct line, Ifa line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the space. f) sink g) dustbin bh) toothbrush i) vorkscrew j) key Goodwriters...A Course for You! Jane was one of those students who has problems ‘with writing, First, her handwriting it was so bad that most teachers couldn’t to read it. The letters were so small, that the words were extremely difficult to read. Even although she tried to change her handwriting, she felt discouraged. Secondly, she made so the many mistakes in spelling and punctuation, so that her work always gave a bad impression. As well as this, she had problems with organising her writing, in despite making plans and writing notes. One day, though, she took a Goodwriter writing course, so to learn how to be an effective writer. At Goodwriters we taught her how to organise her ideas. Although however she found it difficult at first, so she soon made progress. She learned to revise her writing, so as to improve it. She started reading so too much that her spelling improved, so while her handwriting became clearer too. Goodwriters...send for details today! 72