INDEX

Acknowledgement

Preface

Internship Schedule

1. Personal Protective Equipments

2. Ground Works to Prepare a Land for Construction

3. Materials of construction

4. Foundation

5. Columns

6. Walls

7. Slabs

8. Beams

9. Bar Bending

10. Lintels

11. Shuttering

12. Staircase

13. Plastering and Finishing

14. Scaffolding

15. Machines used in construction

Conclusion
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very grateful to our HOD Mr. Purushothama C T, Civil Department, Sahyadri
College of engineering and Management Mangalore for permitting us to do the internship
at ‘Roy & Shenoy’, Mangalore.
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Premanand Shenoy who gifted us a
golden opportunity of Internship in his firm ‘Roy & Shenoy’, illuminating Civil and
Structural Engineering and Project Management Consultants.
We are thankful to Mr. Ashwin, Mr. Avinash, Mr. Gowrav and Mr. Keerthan the site
engineers of Alexandria Construction Site. We are grateful to them for guiding and
clarifying our doubts at site.
We are thankful to authority for permitting us to visit the site for our Internship. We are
thankful to Ms. Triveni who helped us in the office from the beginning.
We would also like to thank all the inmates of ‘Roy & Shenoy’.
 PREFACE

Internship is an opportunity to get involved and understand the theoretical concepts in a

better way. We have gained an idea concerning the working environment of a construction site.
It has helped us to enhance our personal skills including leadership skills, observational skills and
team work.

We approached ’Roy & Shenoy’ the leading civil and structural and project management
consultancy at Mangalore which welcomed us with pleasure.

This report includes details concerning the basics of construction with relevant
photographs.
 INTERNSHIP SCHEDULE
SL. NO DATE WORK SCHDULE
1 04-01-2017 Old Report Study
2 05-01-2017 Safety Class
3 06-01-2017 Site Visit
4 07-01-2017 Site Visit
5 09-01-2017 Site Visit
6 10-01-2017 Report Making
7 11-01-2017 Report Making
8 12-01-2017 Report Submission
 1. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

HARD HAT

Worker shall wear hard hats where there is potential for object falling from above, bumps to
their heads from fixed objects or of accidents head contact with electrical hazard. Hard hats are
routinely inspected for dents, cracks or deterioration. Hard hats are replaced after a heavy blow
or electrical shock. Hard hats are maintained in a good condition

GOGGLES
Safety goggles are used for eye protection. Work operations can cause foreign objects getting
into the eye such as during welding, cutting, grinding nailing etc. Safety glasses are also used
when exposed to any electrical hazards including work on electrical systems. Safety goggles form
of protective eye wear that usually enclosed the area surrounding the eye.

STEEL TOE BOOT

Construction worker must wear steel toe shoes or boots with slip resistance and puncture-
resistance soles. Safety-toed footwear is worn to prevent crushed toes when working around
heavy equipment or falling objects. A steel toe boot is a durable boot or shoe that has a
protective reinforcement in the toe.

EAR PLUG
Ear plug is a device that is meant to be used in the ear canal to protect the user’s ears from loud
noises or intrusion of water, foreign bodies, dust or excessive wind. Ear muff are the objects
designed to cover the persons ear for protection. They consist of thermoplastic or metal head
band which fits over the top or back of the head and a pad at each end, to cover the external
ears.

FALL ARREST

Fall arrest is the forn of protection which involve the safe stopping of the person already falling.
It is the one of the several form of all protection. Which also includes gurding(general protection
that prevents the persons from entering a fall hazard area eg:Guard rail)and fall resistant(eg:Fall
resistant lanyard).

SAFETY BELT
A safety belt is a form of protective equipment designed to protect the persons, animals or an
object from injury or damage. The harnesss is an attachment between stationry object and
usually fabricated from rope,cable etc..Some safety belts are used in combination with a shock
absorber.

HIGH VISIBILITY CLOTHING

High visibility clothing is a type of person protective equipment. It is any clothing worn that has
highly reflective properties or a color that is easier to discernible from any background. A
commonly used is yellow waistcoat worn by emergency services.

SAFETY BARRICADES
Barricade tape is brightly colored tape (often incorporating a two-tone pattern of alternating
yellow-black or red-white stripes or the words "Caution" or "Danger" in prominent lettering) that
is used to warn or catch the attention of passersby of an area or situation containing a possible
hazard. It acts as a minor impediment to prevent accidental entrance to that area or situation
and as a result enhances general safety. Barricade tape is also known as construction
tape or barrier tape or in reference to the safety hazard involved as notice tape, caution
tape, warning tape, danger tape or hazard tape.

SAFETY GLOVES

As a form of personal protective equipment (PPE) gloves defend the user's hands from general
risk. These items may protect from occupational hazards as well as recreational risks where the
hands are heavily involved in the completion of a task. Gloves feature individual sheaths for each
digit to allow articulation and sensation, though these capabilities vary. Gloves are either
nominally-sized or dimensioned universally, but good fitting gloves provide the best finger
expression, safety, and comfort. Many gloves extend their coverage beyond the wrist; cuff styles
vary according to the glove's purpose.
2. Ground Works to Prepare a Land for Building Construction

1. Geotechnical investigation: Geotechnical investigation is done to determine the reactivity of

soil as well as physical and chemical properties of soil. This investigation is done even before
preparing the plan of building. Based on the soil investigation, a geotechnical report is prepared
by geotechnical engineers. Geotechnical engineers then design the foundation of building based
on this reports.

2. Surveying: Surveying is done to accurately mark-out the boundaries of a land to avoid future
legal-dispute after construction begins. It also helps to set-out the building-plan on land exactly
where it should be.

3. Earth cutting/filling: To make uneven surface of ground even earth cutting/filling is done. If
the surface is above from desired level then earth cutting is done and if the surface is below the
desired level then earth filling is done.

4. Site Cleaning: This work involves removing tree roots and other organic matters from
construction site. This is very important as tree roots and other organic matters can cause the
future settling of earth which will cause for your structure damage.

6. Leveling site: Leveling is done to make the base of foundation level. Don't be confused with
earth cutting and filling.
 3. Materials of Construction
Various materials are used for constructing buildings, bridges, roads, retaining walls and
dams. The following are materials of construction.

1. Stones

2. Bricks

3. Sand

4. Reinforcing steel

5. Cement

Plain cement concrete (PCC)

Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)

Precast concrete

1. C0ARSE AGGREGATE

Stone is a naturally available building material, which has been used from the early age
of civilization. It is available in the form of rock, which is cut to the required size and shape
and used as building block. Stone has been used to build small residential buildings to
larges palaces, forts, temples and monuments.

2. BRICK
 Bricks are obtained by molding good clay into blocks, which are dried and then burnt. This
is the oldest building block to replace stone. Manufacture of bricks was started with hand
molding, sun drying and burning in clamps. A considerable amount of technological
development has taken place with better knowledge of the properties of raw materials,
use of better machineries and techniques of handling, drying and burning.

3. SAND

Sand is used as a base course to place flooring tiles so as to get level surface. In
construction works sand is mainly used as inert material in mortar and concrete.
Sand is used in mortar and concrete for the following purpose:
1. It subdivides the paste of binding material into thin films and allows it to adhere and spread.
2. It fills up the gap between the two building blocks and spreads the binding material.
3. It adds to the density of mortars and concrete.
4. It prevents shrinkage of cementing material.
5. It allows carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to reach some depth and thereby
improves there by setting power
6. The cost of cementing material per unit volume is reduced as this low cost material increases
the volume of cementing material
4. REINFORCING STEEL

Steel is an alloy of ferrous metal with 0.25 to 1.5 per cent of carbon. Higher the carbon
content, harder is the steel. Steel bars of circular cross sections are mainly used as reinforcement
to strengthen concrete structures. There are three types of reinforcing steel:

1. Mild steel

2. High Yield Strength Deformed bars (HYSD)/TOR steel and

3. High tensile steel.

Mild Steel
It contains carbon up to 0.23 to 0.25%. Higher value is permitted for bars of 20
mm and above diameter. It is available in diameters of 6, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 and 32
mm. Its yield strength is 250 N/mm2 and young’s modulus 2 × 105 N/mm2. It was
very commonly used reinforcement in concrete. But nowadays TOR steel is
replacing it. It is used as window bars, for grills and for making steel gates.
HYSD Bars/TOR Steel
Two types of TOR steel bars are available. They are Fe-415 and Fe-500. The
number associated with the designation indicates the tensile strength of bar in
N/mm2. These bars are provided with ribs deformation on surface so that bond
between concrete and steel improves. These bars are available in diameters 8, 10,
12, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28 and 32 mm. Nowadays these bars are replacing mild steel
bars as reinforcement since their strength in tension and bond is higher. These are
also used as wind bars.

High Tensile Bars

High tensile steel bars are made with 0.8 % carbon and 0.6 % manganese
apart from small percentages of silicon, sulphur and phosphorous. The process of
making these wires involve cold drawing and tempering. They are usually available
in 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 mm diameters. They may be bundled with number of them to
form a strand.
These bars are having tensile strength as high as 1400 N/mm2 to 1900 N/mm2.
The young’s modulus of steels is also same as that of mild steel.
High tensile bars are used as reinforcement in pre stressed concrete.

5. CEMENT

Cement is manufactured by calcifying calcareous material (lime) and argillaceous material

(shale and clay) and then clinker so formed is ground to fine powder. Use of cement alone is
limited to filling small cracks with its paste. It is mainly used as binding material in mortar and
concrete.
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE:
The intimate mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregate (jelly) and water are known as plain
cement concrete. Small quantities of admixtures like air entraining agents, water proofing
agents, and workability agents may also be added to impart special properties to the plain
cement concrete. Uses of plain cement concrete are listed below:
1. As bed concrete below the wall footings, column footings and on walls below beams.
2. As sill concrete to get a hard and even surface at window and ventilator sills.
3. As coping concrete over the parapet and compound walls.
4. For flagging the area around the buildings.
5. For making pavements.
6. For making tennis courts, basketball courts etc.

REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete is good in resisting compressive stress but is very weak in resisting tensile
stresses. Hence reinforcement is provided in the concrete wherever tensile stress is expected.
The best reinforcing material is steel, since its tensile strength is high and bond between steel
 and concrete is good. Since elastic modulus of steel is quite high compared to concrete, the
force developed in steel is high. A cage of reinforcements is prepared as per the design
requirements, kept in the form work and then green concrete is poured. After the concrete
hardens, the form work is removed. The composite material of steel and concrete, now called
R.C.C. acts as a structural member and can resist tensile as well as compressive forces
efficiently.
PRECAST CONCRETE
Usually concrete structures are built by casting them in their final position in the site by
providing form work, pouring concrete and then removing the form work. It is called as cast-in-
situ construction. If concrete elements are cast in factories or elsewhere and transported to their
final destination, they are called precast elements.

4. FOUNDATION
Foundation is the lower part of the building which supports the super structure and transfer the
load directly to the soil.

TYPES OF FOUNDATION WHICH ARE COMMONLY USED

RAFT FOUNDATION:

It covers the entire area under the structure. This foundation may have only R.C.C slab covering
the entire area or it may be a system of slab and beams with slab at the bottom and beam above
it. This foundation is found most suitable when heavy structures are to be constructed on soft
made-up ground or site having low bearing capacity and also heavy concentrated structural load
are generally are supported by providing Raft foundation. It supports the columns of the
structure.

ISOLATED FOUNDATION: This type of footing is provided for single column subjected to loads.
This footing is used when load on column is small and bearing capacity of soil is adequate at
shallow depth. It is provided with reinforced concrete material and laid on plane cement
concrete.

COMBINED FOUNDATION: A common footing provided for two or more columns is known as a
combined footing. This footing is provided when columns are every nearer to each other and
individual footings overlap. This footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan. The
rectangular footing is provided when the columns carry equal loads and the trapezoidal footing
is provided when the columns carry unequal load.

PILE FOUNDATION: A pile is an element of construction composed of timber, concrete or steel

or a combination of them. Pile foundation may be defined as a column support type of
foundation. This type of foundation is adopted when the loose soil extends to a greater
extend and for water logged soils, made-up soils, compressible soils this type of foundation
can be adopted. Pile foundation transfers the load of the structure to the hard stratum below
or it is resisted by the friction developed on the sides of piles.

5. COLUMNS
The vertical support which is free from all sides taking the load of beam slab etc. and transfers
the load to the earth independently is called column.
Column is constructed with the help of steel bars and cement concrete. In case of multi storey
and frame structure building constructions, the entire load is born by columns and the internal
space of building is freely adjusted according to the requirement.

The construction process of foundation is as follows:

• Excavating the earth from foundation

• Laying cement concrete in foundation
• Placing steel bar net in footing as per design and also placing vertical bars of column in footing
on the steel bar net as per design.
• Laying form work in footing.
• Laying cement concrete 1: 2:4 or 1:1-1/2:3 in footing up to required height as per design.
• Curing work and refilling of earth around footing

After the construction of footing and pedestal the construction of column is started. The process
of construction is following.

• Tie up all rings around and into vertical steel bars according to design.
• Fix form work of required size with vertical steel bars.

• Lay cement concrete in form work according to design.

• Take proper curing of RCC column

6. WALLS
Walls are constructed in different forms and of various materials to serve several functions.
Exterior walls protect the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and
cold, sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, rain and snow, and sound, while containing desirable interior
environmental conditions. Walls are designed to be strong enough to safely resist the horizontal
and vertical forces imposed upon them, as defined by building codes.
In terms of their function, all walls are either load bearing or non load bearing walls. A load
bearing wall is part of the structure of the building - it holds the building up. A non-load bearing
wall is only a partition that divides the various rooms of a building.

Retaining wall:

A retaining wall is a structure that holds or retains soil behind it. There are many types of
materials that can be used to create retaining walls like concrete blocks, poured concrete,
treated timbers, rocks or boulders. Reinforced retaining walls are walls that use some type of
reinforcement to give more strength to the retaining wall structure, thus improving its ability to
retain the soils behind it.

Shear wall:

Shear wall is a structural member used to resist lateral forces i.e parallel to the plane of the wall.
For slender walls where the bending deformation is more Shear wall resists the loads due to
Cantilever Action and for short walls where the shear deformation is more it resists the loads
due to Truss action.

7. SLABS
A flat piece of concrete put on the walls or columns of a structure. It serves as a walking surface
but may also serve as a load bearing member, as in slab homes.

Functions of Slab

1. Provide a flat surface

2. To support load
3. Sound, heat and fire insulator
4. Act as a divider (privacy) for the occupants
5. Upper slab became the ceiling for the storey below
6. Space between slab and ceiling can be used to place building facilities.

Construction of slabs includes the following points:

1. Staging

2. Beam bottom shuttering

3. Beam sideboard shuttering

4. Slab shuttering

5. Bar bending
 8. BEAMS
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting against
bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external
loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.
Beams are characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section), their length, and their material.

There are several types of beams

 Simply supported Beam

 Fixed Beam
 Cantilever Beam
 Continuous Beam
 Overhanging Beam

9. BAR BENDING
The bar bending schedule should be prepared and it should be submitted to the steel bar
steel yard to cut and to bend the bars for purposes, because
bar bending schedule is the simplest of details what is in the
drawings which can easy to understand for bar benders. It
contains all the details needed for fabrication of steel.
Those details are bar mark, bar type and size, number of
units, length of a bar, shape code, distance between stirrups
(column, plinth, beam) etc
 10. LINTELS
A lintel is a structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two vertical
supports. It takes the load coming from the structure above it and gives support. It is also a type
beam, the width of which is equal to the width of wall, and the ends of which are built into the
wall.

Types of Lintels used in Building Construction

Lintels are classified based on the material of construction as:

1. Timber lintel
2. Stone lintel
3. Brick lintel
4. Steel lintel
5. Reinforced concrete lintel
6. Reinforced brick lintel

11. SHUTTERING
Formwork (shuttering) is a temporary mould to provide support to fresh concrete when placed
in structural member until the concrete has set. This helps the structural member to gain
sufficient strength to carry its self-load and load from other members.
 TYPES OF SHUTTERING

 Timber formwork in staircase construction.

 Plywood forms in combination with timber.
 Steel formwork for RC Wall.
 Aluminum Shuttering in Roof slab Casting.
 Plastic Formwork Concrete Wall.
 Slab Formwork.

Plywood used in shuttering can be reused 8-10 times while plastic shuttering can be
reused more than 80-90 times.

12. STAIRCASE
A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs is a construction designed to
bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps.
Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at
angles.
 Generally stairs are of following types

1. Straight stairs
2. Quarter turn stairs
3. Half turn stairs
4. Three quarter turn stairs
5. Circular stairs
6. Spiral stairs
7. Curved stairs
8. Geometric stairs
9. Bifurcated stairs and
10.Doglegged stairs

13. PLASTERING AND FINISHING

After the completion and making the building infrastructure strong in
order to save it and its fittings from the effect of weather and to give it
an attractive look, the plaster, and painting is to be done.

CEMENT PLASTER

Cement plaster is generally used with 13 mm thickness and

sometimes it can be of 19 mm thickness also. 19 mm plaster is done
in two parts. First layer is of13 mm and 2nd of 6 mm thickness. After
nd
the 1st layer is set, the slurry of cement of the 2 layer is applied

Besides the walls, plaster has to be done on the ceiling (lower part of the roof) also sometimes
when the shuttering is opened, many holes are found at various places in the ceiling and at
some places it is not found to be smooth, then a 6 mm plaster is done in the ratio of 1:3 of
cement and sand, respectively. Its curing is done in the same manner as normal cement
plaster.

TOOLS

Plastering Trowel: It is the main tool for a plaster. It is used by the

plasterer to apply plaster to a wall or ceiling area.
Gauging Trowel: It is used for mixing small quantities of plaster and

making good.

The dry wall Hammer: Used for fixing nails in wall boards. Properly
rounded and cheered the head dimples wall board perfectly for proper
nailing and easier spotting.

The Feather Edge: This tool comes in various sizes from 2 meters on
words .used for leveling a wall and checking angles.

The Wire Scratcher:It is used to form a mechanical key in a scratch

coat.
Float: Used in Finishing of render

Tape Measure: Used for taking measurements on plasterboards, angle

beads ets

Tool Belt: Used to keep the tools which are close to hand when fixing
plasterboards

Leveling staff: Used to check for level and plumb.

Jig saw: Used for cutting the molding members on the stoke.

Expanding Metal lath form: Used for strong mechanical key.

FINISING
Plaster of Paris surface is rubbed with sand paper and then a primer coat made
of cement is applied. Then putti made of mixing local enamel and chalk powder is
applied and made smooth by a thin iron plate, and then the surface is cleared

By rubbing and after this distemper or plastic paint is applied on the surface which is made ready.

FINISHING CHECK

 Bubble leveling
 Plumb-bob
 Right angle
 Tape measurement
 Line thread

14. SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding is a temporary structure to support the original structure as well as workmen used it
as a platform to carry on the construction works. Types of scaffolding vary with the type of
construction work. Scaffolding is made up of timber or steel. It should be stable and strong to
support workmen and other construction material placed on it.
 TYPES

1. Cup locks

2. Jacks

3. H-Frames-It is used for exterior plastering and painting.

 15. MACHINES USED IN CONSTRUCTION

 BATCHING MACHINE: A batching machine is an equipment that combines various

ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs includes,
1. Water
2. Admixture
3. Sand (Fine and Coarse)
4. Fly ash
5. Cement

TYPES
1. DRY MIX
2. WET MIX
HOIST: The hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering the load by means of a drum or lift-
wheel around which the rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated or electrically driven
and may use chain, fiber or wire ropes as its lifting medium. The load is attached to the hoist by
means of a lifting hook. It will carry load up to 500 kg.

 CRANE: A crane is a type of a machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes
or chains and sheaves, which can be used both to lift and lower the materials and to
move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to
other places.

 ALIKRAFT: It is a multipurpose machine which can be used to carry both, the passengers
as well as the materials.
 16. SAFETY AND PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
FIRE ALARM: It is the basic necessity for all buildings and proper evacuation signage is just the
first step of minimizing the fire damage which will prevent loss of life and property damage.

WATER SPRINKLER: A sprinkler system is an active protection method, consisting of a water

supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution in a piping
system. In buildings completely protected by water sprinkler system, over 96% of fires were
controlled by sprinklers alone.
WATER PRESSURE TESTING MACHINE: This procedure outlines the necessary actions and safety
practices for hydrostatic pressure testing or air pressure testing all buildings services piping with
in the heated structure of all the stations.

SMOKE DETECTOR: It is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.

Commercially security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as a part of a fire alarm
system, while household smoke detectors are also known as smoke alarms.
 CONCLUSION

We completed our 8 days internship programme under the co-ordination of ‘Roy &
Shenoy’ Mangalore. The internship was interesting and informative. The site visit contributes the
memorable experiences in the institutional life.

The awareness class on construction safety was informative. We felt deep pleasure in
viewing the application of theories in work site and responsibility of civil engineer in various
stages. Site visit lead us to think concerning the necessity of students in undergoing internship n
their academic period.

This programme helped us to improve our basic construction skills.

We are grateful to Dr. Premanand Shenoy and the firm for permitting us to undergo
internship programme with complete co-operation.

Finally we thank each and every person involved in helping us in completion of our
internship