CHAPTER 5 | Looic EXTENSIONS s result by 3 and add 27 ‘Maltply the previous 2 5t. Bp Recreational logic. “Are You Smarter Thane Mali Tee Uae of he ‘th Grader?” is popular television program that wrong sum and then ual thet esa ‘quires adult contestants to answer grade school level Prarpy the atest result by 5 and divide ha ‘auestions. The show is hosted by Jeff Foxworthy. produc by 32. Maliply the latest result by 0 Prihon ad 24 to the esl. Take half ofthe revises, What the nal answer? pain how to solve his arithmetic problem in ey than 10 seconds ‘ i The following 52. An Argument by Lewis Corrol ag ‘agament i from Symbolic Logic by Lewis Cerro ten in 1896, Use symbolic logic to determine ‘eter the argument is valid or invalid Hore is am arithmetic problem that many Sih grade Babies are logical Students can solve in less than 10 seconds aftr the Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile problem has been sated logical persons are despised. Start with the number 32. Add 46 to the Hence, abies cannot manage crocodiles. starting number and divide the result by 2 section 5.6 Arguments and Euler Diagrams Arguments and Euler Diagrams Many arguments involve sets whose elements are described using the quantifiers al some, and none. The mathematician Leonhard Euler (ladohirt oor) used diagrams 19 determine whether arguments that involved quantifiers were valid or invalid. The follow ing figures show Euler diagrams that illustrate the four possible relationships tha can exist between two ses ANPsare Qs, NoPsare Qs SomePeaw Qs Some Psare nt Os | © | | O Oj Rae a Tega Baler diagrams Euler used diagrams to illustrate logic concepts. Some 100 years later, John Ven extonded the use of Euler's diagrams to illustrate many types of mathemati. In this se tion, we will construct diagrams to determine the validity of arguments, We will er these diagrams as Euler diagrams. Use ur bi ai he Vas Gea fon gue ea {Use an Euler diagram to determine whether the following argument i valid or invalid All college courses are fun, ‘This course isa college course ‘This course is funLeonhard Euler (1707_ 1783) Euler was | an exceptionaly talented Swiss mathematician, He worked in ferent reas of mathe ard produced more writen bout mathematics than er matheratcan. His, J emputational abilities arkable. The French met and statesran ings FencoisAraao wrote, calculated without Soret. xen Frethe oF 25 eagles sustain theses in the wind 5 Euler became bl he continues to work dsciolnes of mathematics, and astronomy. He even a problem thet Newton had concerning the mation moon, Euler performed all ssary calculations in his t nefiow 2 [dopo um ane Solution %. We illus the set of cl nt of tn of fn e515, The ste this subset relationship with an Euler diagram. a = ; ofthe set of 0 TS coun ne en els shat his couse” is an eet of of ‘We Use c to represent “this course,” then. College. ‘Courses, as shown a peli FIGURE 5.15 FIGURE 5.16 Figure 5.16 itust argument is vag ates that c must also be an element of the set of fun courses. Thus the Ea ‘Use an Buler diagram to determine whether the following argument is valid or invalid All lawyers drive BMWs, ‘Susan isa lawyer. «Susan drives a BMW. fan Buler diagram can be drawn so that the conclusion does not necessarily follow from the premises, then the argument is invalid. This concept is illustrated in the next example. Use an Euler Diagram to Determine the Val lity TEETER of an argument ‘Use an Euler diagram to determine whether the following argument is valid or invalid Some Impressionist paintings are Renoir Dance at Bougival is an Impressionist painting. Dance at Bougivalis a Renoir, Solution ‘The Euler diagram in Figure 5.17 iMustrates the premise that some Impressionist paint- ings are Renoirs. Let d represent the painting Dance at Bougival. Figures 5.18 and 5 19 show that d can be placed in one of two regions. Impressionist paintings Impressionist paintings FIGURE 5.17 FIGURE 5.18 FIGURE 5.19 |CHAPTER 5 | Logic TAKE NOTE Even though the conclusion in ‘Example 2s tru, the argument is invalid 19 shows thatthe conclusion dog, si a argument is invalid, ment, Fi [Although Figure $18 supports the 780 hs the aoe fll fom te premise a0 ye an Boer diagram to etermie Whether ty ae following argument is valid or invalid No prime numbers are negative “The number 7is not negative. _ “The number 7 is a prime number ewes 4 AES roe pric enn can Be am ET Co ‘argument is true when its premises are sane urn cn te epee an Ee arama THES S8. dovnmabes Use an Euler Diagram to Determine the Validity GEEUIER ofan rgiment ver ving gent va orn Use an Buler diagram to determi No psychologist ean jugele. ‘All clowns can juggle. +. No psychologist is a clown. Solution ‘The Euler diagram in Figure 5.20 shows thatthe set of psychologists and the set of jus slers are disjoint sets. Figure 5.21 shows that because the set of clowns isa subset ofthe ‘set of jugalers, no psychologists p are elements of the set of clowns. Thus the argument is valid paychologists ie iuggters, FiGuRE 5.20 FIGURE 5.21 Use an Euler diagram to determine whether the | following arguments valid or invalid. ‘No mathematics profesos ar goo-Joking. | All good-looking people are models. [No mathematics professor is « model. WEQUETITEEN ote vat sgunen, ite conto must Ye whee the premises ae “st beau he coclnion sue for one pee ‘sali argue Stamp, oes ot mean the apurentsecriow 5.6] Agunenson tule Dagens EXEL _ Raymond smullyan Ray oe a maga S@ullsan (igi. 2p17 sa concer pianist, logician a Toit philosopher, Period of goa °t"°4 professor, and an author of many popular books on logic. Over Topic probiens" a! Years he has created many interesting logic problems. One oe and tees is an enhancement ofthe classic logic puzzle that concerns two doo Of the prasad: One of the doors leads to heaven and the other door leads to hell. One which ats always tells the tuth and the other guard always lies. You do not iow allowed gd ™8YS tells the truth and which guard always lies, and you are only that wit pS M€ question of one of the guards. What one question should you ask il allow you to determine which dor leads to heave? the the lobie poze that Raymond Smullyan created bas been refered 10 a8 rents lose puzle exer” Information about this puzzle andthe solution Wt hove pusle concerning the two guards and the two doors can be found _3t: hitpsien wikipedia org/wiki/Raymond_-Smullyan Euler Diagrams and Transitive Reasoning Example 4 uses Euler diagrams to visually illustrat transitive reasoning, ‘Use an Euler Diagram to Determine the Vz ECCT of an Argument (sean Euler diagram to determine whee the following argument is aio invalid Al fied fo0s are peasy {Al ereasy foods are delicious All delicious foods are healthy. All fried foods are healthy. Solution ‘The igure atthe lft illustrates that every fried food isan element ofthe set of healthy foods so the argument is vali. joTe STRELA Use an Euler diagram to determine whether the following argument is valid or invalid. the conclusion in : 4s false, the argument All squares are rhombi Example 4is valid. All shombi are parallelograms. All parallelograms are quadrlaterals. All squares are quadrilateralto Form Conclusions determine a valid conclusion fp. Using Euler Diagrams In Example 5, we make use of an Buler diagram (0 argument Use an Euler Diagram to Determine a Conclusion EEQXTTERBA for an Argument ——— premises in the following argument (0 determine, Use an Buler diagram and all of the valid conclusion for the argument. AIL Ms are NS. NoNsare Ps. Solution ‘The first premise indicates th premise indicates thatthe set of NS and the Enler diagram illustrates these set relationships. An € allows us to conclude that no Ms are Ps. 1 of the set of Ns. The atthe set of Ms is a subset of the set of. ed set of Ps are disjoint sets. The following amination of the Euler diagram, ‘Use an Euler diagram and alo the premises in the following argument to determine a valid conclusion for the argument Some rabbits are white. All white animals like tomatoes. EXCURSION Using Logic to Solve Cryptarithms ‘Many puzzles can be solved by making an assumption and then checking to see ifthe assumption is supported by the conditions (premises) associated withthe puzzle. Fo instance, consider the following addition problem in which each letter represents «cis ena fr O through 9 and different letters represent different digits TAKE NOTE When working with ryptarithms, TA +BT ‘we assume thatthe leading dit 5 of each number isa nonzero digit. aDiagrams SECTION 5.6 | Arguments and Euler Dont of any Not to singe alt in TE Bisa ary fom the middle column. Because the sum of 305 Placing al) the Ts with Is produces: => 4 +B 1E QU B must bean 8 or 9, esas these are he oly igs that could prods amy int the linet colons [cite 1: Assume B is a9 Then A must be an 8 or smaller, and A + 1 dos not Te Cty no themida clumn, The sm ofthe dit in the mile columa fs Bis 00. Ths presenta dilemma because the nis digitof A + 1 must ls be fame gang aUHESAtobe a9. The assumption that Bs a 9s not suported by he cond Yon ofthe problem: thus we eect the assumption that Bis 9. Cs Sume Bis an To prods he eure carr it the etost olny {ete must be a carry rom the column onthe ih. Thus A must be a9, and we have the result shown below. 19 +81 100 ‘A check shows that this solution satisfies all the conditions ofthe problem. EXCURSION EXERCISES Solve the following cryptarithms. Assume that no leading digit is @ 0. (Source: http/f —— 1 SO 2 US +$0 +AS Too ALL COCA 4. AT e8ta An} ASIS o SOUTH sacs | 0 20, se an ule diag determine Sip re oe “Mtr the argument is vali or invalid. Allthings thet have flowers are beautiful. 1 Alt fogs are poetical Basen maret Kemitisa frog 4, No squares are triangles. emits poetical Some tangles are equilateral 2 Atl Oreo cookies havea filing No squats are egal Alig Newons ave fii — ‘All Fig Newtons are Oreo cookies.HERES crsrer 5 | Lovie 5, 10. n 2 1B. 14. 5, 16. 1 No rocker would do the mariachi.” All haseball fans do the mariachi. +. No rocker is a baseball fan, Nuclear energy is not safe :. No electric energy is nuclear energy. Some birds bite Allthings that bite are di Is. +. Some birds are dangerous. All fish can swim, ‘That barracuda can swim, That barracuda is a fish, ) [pA av ~?) Bi~gV~) lip) Aa] Exercises 27 o 34, construct a truth table forthe given (-p>av(~4/\P) ~poave) (pV ~a (GP) (poavcahr) (re~g Vip rv-a\a>) per ~nN~4 a4. ~(p/\q) > (~aV ~) Exercises 35 to 38, make use of De Morgan’ avs to rite the given statement in an equivalent form. This not true that, Bob filed the English proficiency teat and he registered fora speech course Ellen did not go to work this morning and sh take her medication. ‘Wendy will goto the store this afternoon or she will not beable to prepare her fttuccine al pesto recipe. 38, Gina enjoyed the movie, but she dd not enjoy the party. 1 InExeries 391042, use ateth ale show tha te ven pairs of statements are equivalent 39. ~p>~a pV ~9 40. ~p vg. ~(p/\~a) AL. pV (qQ/\~p)s PVT 42. por gi (pA (-P/\~9) 1 Tn Exercises 43 to 46, use a truth table 0 deter mine whether the given statement isa tautology or & selFcontraiction 48. pNig~p) MB (oAgv (p> ~4) 3 did not CHArIER- + 5. [pogo eh 46. pv (p>) # In Exercises 47 105 sequent ofeach condition {97 Ife has alent, he wll seed ‘a8, {had a credential, [could Bet the jo 49 Ll fellow the exercise Program Pv fitness club 50. { will attend only if itis free ae crerles 5 to 34, wre each conditional its equivalent disjunctive form 1 I se wer tall she woukd be om the ¥Ol 52. If he can stay awake, he can fi 53, Rob will start, provided he is no '54, Sharon will be promoted only if In Exercises 55 t0 58, write the nee: tional statement in its equivalent ct 55, 11 get my paycheck, I will purchase a ticket $6, The tomatoes will get big onl if you provide them with plenty of water 57. Ifyou entered Clegsmore Univesity then you had high score on the SAT exam. 58. If Ryan enrolls ata university, Yale # In Exercises 5910 ment is true or false 59, x= yifand only if | = yl- 60. x> y ifand only if x ~ y > 0. 61. Ife > O,then x > 0. 62. Ife =", then x=) In Exereises 63 o 66, write each statement in “If p, then q” form. 663, Every nonrepeating, nonterminating decimal is an irra~ tional number 64. Being well known is a necessary condition for a politician. 65, Told oy te house provided that could sell my 66. Being divisible by 9 is a sufficient it divisible by 3. ‘condition for being = In Exercises 67 to 72, write the 5 a. converse, b. inver and e.contrapostive ofthe given statement. ae 67. Ifx+4>T,then x > 3. 668. All recipes in thi eiaiee this book can be prepared in less than 20 69. Ifaandb vist Iran rebth vile by 3 then (a+ ) ivi 70. Ifyou build it, they will come. n [Every trapezoid has exactly two parallel sides. siden he aveceden and ine statement. .d Loin the il she closes the deal- zation of each condi conjunctive form. then he will enroll at (62, determine whether the given state- ‘Assume that x and y are real numbers.TEES carters | Lovie 72. If they like it, they will return 73. What isthe inverse ofthe contrapositive of p—> g? 7A. Use the contrapositve of the following statement to determine whether the statement is true or false today is not Monday. then yes ‘not Sunday. ce * Inercises 751078, determine the determine the origina sateen i the given statement is related to the ori in i the en en nl statment inthe 75. Comers: 1x> 2, then nan odd prime number 76. Nesation: The senor wilted the meting ae she ‘Will not vote on the motion. dnverse: heir manager wil ot cont me, then villa pura any of the pode 78. Contraposv: 1 Ginny can roll, ten cant rolled 1 In Exerises 79 o£, ue arth ble to determine ‘beter the argument is vaio ina 79. (p/\~q)\(~p—q) 80. 7. po~ L ~P ae 8 (py ~n (gr) & e rh, “pa pet aay '= In Exercises 83 to 88, determine whether the argument is valid or invalid by comparing its symbolic form with the symbolic forms in Tables 5.15 and 5.16, pages 203 and 204, ‘83. We will serve either fish or chicken for lunch, We did not serve fish for lunch. Therefore, we served chicken for lunch us 1. Determine whether each sentence is a statement. ‘8. Look for the cat. », Clark Kent is afraid ofthe dark 2. Write the negation of each statement. Start each nega- ‘ion with "Some," "No," or “All” A. Some tres are not green. ». No apartments are available. 3. Determine whether each statement is true or false. ass4 b.-2=-2 4. Detecmine the truth value ofeach statement given that is truc, qi false, and ris trv. & (pV ~g)A (=r/Aq) - OV Vipv~a oA) 84, If Mike is a CEO, then he will be able 0 afford mg 1 donation, If Mike can afford to make a donation, yr he loves to ski. Therefore, if Mike does not ove ts" be is not a CEO. : 85. If we wish to win the lottery, we must buy @ lottery ticket. We did not win te lottery: Therefore, wedi ny buy a lottery ticket. Robert ean charge it on is MasterCard or his Vis, Robert does not use his MasterCard. Therefore, Rober charged it to his Visa If we are going o have a caesar salad, then we need yp buy some eggs. We did not buy eggs. Therefore, we are ‘ot going to have caesar salad. 88. If we serve lasagna, then Eva will not come to our dinner party. We didnot serve lasagna. Therefore, Ey came to our dinner pat. 1 In Exercises 89 0 92, use an Euler diagram to determine ‘whether the argument is valid or invalid. 89, No wizard can yok! All Tizard can you. [No wizards a iar 90. Some dogs have tails. Some dogs are big. Some big dogs have tals. 91. All alan villa are wonderful. Some wonderful villas are expensive. Therefore, some Italian villas are expensive. 92. All logician like to sing “I's a small world aftr al” ‘Some logicians have been presidential candidates. “Therefore, some presidential candidate like to sing “Ws a small word after all.” ' In Exercises 5 and 6, construct a truth table for the given statement 5. ~(pA~gv(q—p) 6. (re~a) (p> 9) 7. Use one of De Morgan's laws to write the following in an equivalent form. Elle did not eat Breakfast and she did not take ‘lunch break. 8. Yh What isa tautology? 9. Write p — @ in its equivalent disjunctive form, 410. Determine whether the given statement is tue or false ‘Assume that x,y, and 2 are real numbers, a x=yit fly. by Ifa > y, then az > ye11. Write the a. converse, b. inverse, an of the following statement. 6 ¢-cuamnpostiv Wx +7>11,thenx > 4. 42. Write the symbolic form of direct reasoning. 43, Write the symbolic form of transitive reasoning. 44. Write the symbolic form of contrapositive reasoning. 45, Write the symbolic form ofthe fallacy ofthe inverse. 1 In Exercises 16 and 17, use a truth table to determine whether the argument is valid or invalid, 16. (pPA~a)\(~p> 4) cuaprer 5| TEST Ea ine whether the arst- rcises 18 to 22, determi In Exercises 18 area ‘ment is valid or invalid. Explain how you decision. 4B, if we wish to win the talent contest, we must practice. We did not win the contest. Therefore, we did not practice 49. Gina will take a job in Atlanta or she will take a oD in Kansas City, Gina did not take a job in Atlanta. There- fore, Gina took a job in Kansas City. 20. No wizard can glow in the dark. Some lizards can glow in the dark No wizard i a lizard, 21. Some novels are worth reading. War and Peace is a novel. __ -. War and Peace is worth reading. 22, If Leut my night class, then I will go to the party. I went to the party. Therefore, [cut my night class.