UPSC Preliminary Syllabus 2019

The Civil Services Preliminary exam comprises of two compulsory papers of 200 marks each
(General Studies Paper I and General Studies Paper II). The questions will be of multiple choice,
objective type. The marks in prelims will not be counted for final ranking, but just for qualification
for the main exam.

Paper-I - General Studies:

This includes areas like; Indian National Movement, Indian Polity, Basic Economic Understanding,
Geography. While these are static part of the syllabus, the dynamic part includes current affairs,
General Knowledge and that does not proper definition, thus making the syllabus quite vast.

Paper-II - Aptitude Test:

Paper II is dynamic in nature and includes mathematics, reasoning, analytical ability, and
interpersonal skills. All these areas require spot mental ability.

The Paper II is now of only qualifying nature and its mark is not counted while making the merit
list. However, it is mandatory for the candidate to score minimum 33 per cent in this paper to
qualify the Prelims exam.

The question papers are set both in Hindi and English. Blind candidates are allowed extra time of
twenty minutes for each paper.

Paper - I General Studies - This 200 Marks Two Hours

paper marks will be
Syllabus counted for getting to
write the Civil Services
Mains exam.
Paper- II (CSAT) Aptitude test (CSAT) 200 Marks Two Hours
Syllabus - This paper is of
qualifying nature, but
candidate must score at
least 33% marks in this
paper. However, marks
of this paper are not
counted for writing the
Mains examination.

The UPSC Prelims exam is meant to serve as a screening test only. The marks of Paper 1 are alone
considered for making the merit list for this exam. Only those candidates who have qualified the
Prelims can write the Mains exam. The marks scored in the Prelim exam is not counted in the final
tally of the Mains exam or the Interview.

The number of candidates who qualify the Prelims Exam is about twelve to thirteen times of the
total of the approximate number of vacancies that has to be filled in that year in the various Services
and Posts.
It is mandatory for the candidate to appear in both the papers of Prelim exam to be qualified for the
evaluation purposes. The candidate will be disqualified in case he or she appears in only one paper
of the Prelims exam.

Negative Marking:
There is "Negative Marking" in the Prelims exam. For every wrong answer, 1/3rd of marks allotted
for every question will be reduced from the correct tally of score. So candidates need to be extra
careful while making wild guesses in the prelim exams

The syllabus for the Preliminary Exams for Paper-I:

 Current events of national and international importance.
 History of India and Indian National Movement.
 Indian and World Geography - Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.
 Indian Polity and Governance - Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy,
Rights Issues, etc.
 Economic and Social Development - Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion,
Demographics, Social Sector initiatives, etc.
 General issues on Environmental Ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change
 General Science

The syllabus for the Preliminary Exams for Paper-II:

 Comprehension
 Interpersonal skills including communication skills;
 Logical reasoning and analytical ability
 Decision-making and problemsolving
 General mental ability
 Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data
interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. - Class X level)

Note 1: The questions in both Paper-I (current affairs) and Paper-II (aptitude test) will be of
multiple choice, objective type for 200 marks each and the time allotted for each paper is two hours.

Note 2: The CSAT aptitude test or Paper-II will be a qualifying paper only with a minimum of 33%
to be secured to qualify for the Mains exam.

Note 3: It is mandatory for the candidate to appear in both the papers of Civil Services (Prelim)
examination. The candidate will be disqualified in case he or she appears in only one paper of the
(Prelims) exam. So appearing in both the papers is mandatory for the evaluation of the (Prelims)
exam.
MAIN EXAMINATION: The written examination will consist of the following papers :—
Qualifying Papers :
Paper-A (One of the Indian Language to be selected by the candidate from the Languages
included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution) 300 Marks
Paper-B English 300 Marks
Papers to be counted for merit
Paper-I Essay 250 Marks
Paper-II General Studies-I (Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World
and Society) 250 Marks
Paper-III General Studies -II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and
International relations) 250 Marks
Paper-IV General Studies -III (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity,
Environment, Security and Disaster Management) 250 Marks
Paper-V General Studies -IV 250 Marks (Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude)
Paper-VI Optional Subject - Paper 1 250 Marks
Paper-VII Optional Subject - Paper 2 250
Marks Sub Total (Written test) 1750 Marks
Personality Test 275 Marks
Grand Total 2025 Marks
Candidates may choose any one of the optional subjects from amongst the list of subjects
The written Mains exam as per upsc cse syllabus consists of the following papers:

Paper A - Modern Indian language 300 Marks - Qualifying nature - Marks not counted - Passing
mandatory-
(i) Comprehension of given passages.
(ii) Precise Writing
(iii) Usage and Vocabulary.
(iv) Short Essay
(v) Translation from English to the Indian language and vice-versa.
Note 1: The Papers on Indian Languages and English will be of High School level and will be of
qualifying nature only. The marks obtained in these papers will not be counted for final ranking.
Note 2 : The candidates will have to answer the English and Indian Languages papers in English and
the respective Indian language (except where translation is involved).
Paper B - English - 300 marks - Qualifying nature - Marks not counted- Passing mandatory
The aim of the paper is to test the candidates' ability to read and understand serious discursive
prose, and to express his ideas clearly and correctly, in English and Indian Language concerned.
The pattern of questions would be broadly as follows:-
(i) Comprehension of given passages
(ii) Precis Writing
(iii) Usage and Vocabulary
(iv) Short Essay.
Paper-I
Essay - 250 Marks - To be written in the medium or language of the candidate's choice. Candidate
is required to write an essay on a specific topic. The choice of subjects will be given. They are
expected to keep their thoughts closely to the subject and arrange their ideas in orderly fashion
and be concise. Credit will be given to effective and coherent expression.
Paper-II
General Studies-I 250 Marks (Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World
and Society)
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient
to modern times.
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present-
significant events, personalities, issues
The Freedom Struggle - its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different
parts of the country.
Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world
wars, redrawing of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like
communism, capitalism, socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.
Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
Role of women and women's organization, population and associated issues, poverty and
developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
Effects of globalization on Indian society
Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
Salient features of world's physical geography.
Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-
continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries
in various parts of the world (including India)
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.,
geographical features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including water-
bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
Paper-III
General Studies -II: 250 Marks (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International
relations)
Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant
provisions and basic structure.
Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the
federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries
Parliament and State Legislatures - structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges
and issues arising out of these.
Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and
Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role
in the Polity.
Salient features of the Representation of People's Act.
Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various
Constitutional Bodies.
Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies
Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of
their design and implementation.
Development processes and the development industry the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and
associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders
Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the
performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the
protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections
Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,
Education, Human Resources.
Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,
Education, Human Resources, issues relating to poverty and hunger.
Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications,
models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and
institutional and other measures.
Role of civil services in a democracy.
India and its neighbourhood- relations.
Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's
interests
Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests, Indian
diaspora.
Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate.
Paper-IV
General Studies -III 250 Marks (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment,
Security and Disaster Management)
Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management.
Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development
and employment.
Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
Government Budgeting.
Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and
irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related
constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers
Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public
Distribution System objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food
security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing.
Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and
downstream requirements, supply chain management.
Land reforms in India.
Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial
growth.
Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
Investment models.
Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life
Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new
technology.
indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and
issues relating to intellectual property rights.
Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
Disaster and disaster management.
Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social
networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its
prevention
Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with
terrorism
Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate
Paper-V
General Studies -IV 250 Marks (Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude)
This paper will include questions to test the candidates' attitude and approach to issues relating to
integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts
faced by him in dealing with society. Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine
these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered.
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions;
dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships.
Human Values - lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and
administrators; role of family, society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral
and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship,
objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-
sections.
Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and
governance.
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical
concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and
conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of
ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding;
corporate governance.
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity;
Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes
of Conduct, Citizen's
Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of
corruption.
Case Studies on above issues.
Paper-VI
Optional Subject - Paper I -250 Marks
Paper-VII
Optional Subject - Paper II -250 Marks
Candidates may choose any ONE optional subject from amongst the list of subjects given below.
What after the Mains exam?
Interview/Personality Test - 275 Marks
IAS Candidate can give preference of the language in which they may like to be interviewed. UPSC
will make arrangement for the translators.
NOTE:
Marks obtained by the candidates for all papers EXCEPT PAPER A & B will be counted for merit
ranking by the UPSC. However, the Commission will have the discretion to fix qualifying marks in
any or all papers of the examination. Aspirants can log on to UPSC's official website
(www.upsc.gov.in) to see the detailed notification for the 2019 upsc mains syllabus.

Part B - Main Examination - Optional Subjects

Mathematics Syllabus for Main Examination

Paper-I
(1) Linear Algebra:
Vector spaces over R and C, linear dependence and independence, subspaces, bases, dimension;
Linear transformations, rank and nullity, matrix of a linear transformation.

Algebra of Matrices; Row and column reduction, Echelon form, congruence's and similarity; Rank
of a matrix; Inverse of a matrix; Solution of system of linear equations; Eigenvalues and
eigenvectors, characteristic polynomial, Cayley-Hamilton theorem, Symmetric, skew-symmetric,
Hermitian, skew-Hermitian, orthogonal and unitary matrices and their eigenvalues.

(2) Calculus:

Real numbers, functions of a real variable, limits, continuity, differentiability, mean-value theorem,
Taylor's theorem with remainders, indeterminate forms, maxima and minima, asymptotes; Curve
tracing; Functions of two or three variables: limits, continuity, partial derivatives, maxima and
minima, Lagrange's method of multipliers, Jacobian.

Riemann's definition of definite integrals; Indefinite integrals; Infinite and improper integrals;
Double and triple integrals (evaluation techniques only); Areas, surface and volumes.

(3) Analytic Geometry:

Cartesian and polar coordinates in three dimensions, second degree equations in three variables,
reduction to canonical forms, straight lines, shortest distance between two skew lines; Plane,
sphere, cone, cylinder, paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid of one and two sheets and their
properties.

(4) Ordinary Differential Equations:

Formulation of differential equations; Equations of first order and first degree, integrating factor;
Orthogonal trajectory; Equations of first order but not of first degree, Clairaut's equation, singular
solution.
Second and higher order linear equations with constant coefficients, complementary function,
particular integral and general solution.

Second order linear equations with variable coefficients, Euler-Cauchy equation; Determination of
complete solution when one solution is known using method of variation of parameters.

Laplace and Inverse Laplace transforms and their properties; Laplace transforms of elementary
functions. Application to initial value problems for 2nd order linear equations with constant
coefficients.

(5) Dynamics & Statics:

Rectilinear motion, simple harmonic motion, motion in a plane, projectiles; constrained motion;
Work and energy, conservation of energy; Kepler's laws, orbits under central forces.

Equilibrium of a system of particles; Work and potential energy, friction; common catenary;
Principle of virtual work; Stability of equilibrium, equilibrium of forces in three dimensions.

(6) Vector Analysis:

Scalar and vector fields, differentiation of vector field of a scalar variable; Gradient, divergence and
curl in cartesian and cylindrical coordinates; Higher order derivatives; Vector identities and vector
equations.

Application to geometry: Curves in space, Curvature and torsion; Serret-Frenet's formulae.

Gauss and Stokes' theorems, Green's identities.

Paper-II
(1) Algebra:

Groups, subgroups, cyclic groups, cosets, Lagrange's Theorem, normal subgroups, quotient groups,
homomorphism of groups, basic isomorphism theorems, permutation groups, Cayley's theorem.

Rings, subrings and ideals, homomorphisms of rings; Integral domains, principal ideal domains,
Euclidean domains and unique factorization domains; Fields, quotient fields.

(2) Real Analysis:

Real number system as an ordered field with least upper bound property; Sequences, limit of a
sequence, Cauchy sequence, completeness of real line; Series and its convergence, absolute and
conditional convergence of series of real and complex terms, rearrangement of series.

Continuity and uniform continuity of functions, properties of continuous functions on compact

sets.

Riemann integral, improper integrals; Fundamental theorems of integral calculus.

Uniform convergence, continuity, differentiability and integrability for sequences and series of
functions; Partial derivatives of functions of several (two or three) variables, maxima and minima.

(3) Complex Analysis:

Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Cauchy's theorem, Cauchy's integral formula,
power series representation of an analytic function, Taylor's series; Singularities; Laurent's series;
Cauchy's residue theorem; Contour integration.

(4) Linear Programming:

Linear programming problems, basic solution, basic feasible solution and optimal solution;
Graphical method and simplex method of solutions; Duality.

Transportation and assignment problems.

(5) Partial differential equations:

Family of surfaces in three dimensions and formulation of partial differential equations; Solution of
quasilinear partial differential equations of the first order, Cauchy's method of characteristics;
Linear partial differential equations of the second order with constant coefficients, canonical form;
Equation of a vibrating string, heat equation, Laplace equation and their solutions.

(6) Numerical Analysis and Computer programming:

Numerical methods: Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations of one variable by
bisection, Regula-Falsi and Newton-Raphson methods; solution of system of linear equations by
Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordan (direct), Gauss-Seidel(iterative) methods. Newton's
(forward and backward) interpolation, Lagrange's interpolation.

Numerical integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rule, Gaussian quadrature formula.

Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations : Eular and Runga Kutta methods.

Computer Programming : Binary system; Arithmetic and logical operations on numbers; Octal and
Hexadecimal Systems; Conversion to and from decimal Systems; Algebra of binary numbers.

Elements of computer systems and concept of memory; Basic logic gates and truth tables, Boolean
algebra, normal forms.

Representation of unsigned integers, signed integers and reals, double precision reals and long
integers. Algorithms and flow charts for solving numerical analysis problems.

(7) Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics :

Generalised coordinates; D'Alembert's principle and Lagrange's equations; Hamilton equations;
Moment of inertia; Motion of rigid bodies in two dimensions.
Equation of continuity; Euler's equation of motion for inviscid flow; Stream-lines, path of a particle;
Potential flow; Two-dimensional and axisymmetric motion; Sources and sinks, vortex motion;
Navier-Stokes equation for a viscous fluid.

Civil Service Mains Examination Anthropology Syllabus 2018

Is anthropology a good option ?

Anthropology is one of the very few subjects in the UPSC Syllabus of which has been cut down
considerably over the past several times. Due to the elimination of topics like Ethnicity,
Anthropology (Development), Reproductive Biology and many others, the subject has become
lighter and popular.

Some of the important key features is that many aspirants feel that anthropology subject has less
content in the anthropological theory, research methodology etc.

Why anthropology is better than others subjects ?

The Anthropology subject is often choice for science graduates, since it contains elements of
science. This enduring quality will attract the science graduates and help to grasp the concepts,
theories, and principles of anthropology very easily. The study material for anthropology is also
widely available throughout libraries and internet.

How to prepare of anthropology mains ?

The best time for preparation is when Preliminary examinations are over. Try attempting physical
anthropology based and theory based questions as much as possible. For case studies, note it
down as use it at appropriate topics where there is need to explain a concept. Practice diagrams
for physical part, because, visual will ultimately fetch more marks. Also make good notes for
theories. Since the subject is a science-oriented one, while answering the questions, you should be
stick to the clear and crispy. Candidates should also add diagrams, flow chart wherever needed.
Finally, keep updating the latest trends and developments in anthropology from newspaper,
magazines and internet.

Anthropology Syllabus

PAPER - I
1.1 Meaning, scope and development of Anthropology.
1.2 Relationship with other disciplines: History, Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Political Science,
Life Science, Medical Science.
1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance:
(a) Social- cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology.
(c) Archaeological Anthropology.
1.2 Human Evolution and emergence of Man:
(Organic Evolution-Theories of evolution in historical perspective, pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and
Post-Darwinian period. Modern synthetic theory of evolution; brief outline of terms and concepts
of evolutionary biology (Doll's rule, Cope's rule, Gause's rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive
radiation, mosaic evolution); Principles of systematics and taxonomy, major primate taxa, tertiary
and quaternary fossil primates, Systematics of Hominoidea and Hominidae, Origin and evolution of
man-'Homo erectus and Homo sapiens'.
1.3 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following:
a) Prepleistocence fossil primates-Oreopithecus.
b) South and East African hominids-Plesianthropus/Australopithecus Africaus, Paranthropus,
Australopithecus.
c) Paranthropus-Homo erectus-Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis.
d) Homo Heidelbergensis.
e) Neanderthal man-La-chapelle-aus-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmelites types (Progressive
type).
f) Rhodesian man
g) Homo sapiens-Cromognon, Grimaldi, Chancelede.
Recent advances in understanding the evolution, distribution and multidisciplinary approach to
understand a fossil type in relation to others
1.4 Evolutionary trend and classification of the order Primates, Relationship with other mammals,
molecular evolution of Primates, Comparative anatomy of man and apes, primate locomotion;-
terrestrial and arboreal adaptation, skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications
1.5) Cultural Evolution- broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures:
a) Paleolithic
b) Mesolithic
c) Neolithic
d) Chalcolithic
e) Copper-Bronze Age
f) Iron Age
2.1 Family: Definition and typology of family, household and domestic groups. Basic structure and
functions; stability and changes in family. Typological and processual approaches to the study of
family. Impact of urbanization, industrialization, education and feminist movements. Universality
of family-a critique.
2.2 Concept of kinship : Definition of kin, incest prohibition exogamy and endogamy. Principles of
descent-types and functions. Political and jural aspects of kinship. Unilineal, bilateral and double
descent. Descent, filiation and complementary filiation. Kinship terminology, typology and
approaches to the study of terminology Alliance and descent.
2.3 Marriage: Definition, types and variation of marriage systems. Debates on the universal
definition of marriage. Regulation of marriage-preferential, prescriptive, proscriptive and open
systems. Types and form of marriage Dowry, bride-price, pestation and marriage stability.
3.1 Study of culture, patterns and processes. Concept of culture, patterns of culture, relationships
between culture and civilization and society.
3.2 Concept of Social Change and Cultural Change:
3.3 Social structure and social organization, Role-analysis and social network. Institutions, groups
community. Social stratification: principles and form, status, class and power, gender. Nature and
types of mobility.
3.4 Concept of Society.
3.5 Approaches to the study of culture and society-classical evolutionism, neo-evolutionism,
culture ecology, historical particularism and diffusionism, structural-functionalism, culture and
personality, transaction-alism, symbolism, congnitive approach and new ethnography, post
structuralism and post-modernism
4.1 Definitions and functions of religion. Anthropological approaches to the study of religion-
evolutionary, psychological and functional. Magic, witchcraft and sorcery; definitions and functions
and functionaries: priest, saman, medicine man and sorcerers. Symbolism in religion and rituals.
Ethnomedicine. Myths and rituals: definitions and approaches to their study-structural, functional
and processual Relation with economic and political structures.
5.1 Meaning, scope and relevance, principles governing production, distribution and consumption
in communities subsisting on hunting-gathering, fishing, pastoralism, horticulture and other
economic pursuits. Fomalist and substantivist debate-Dalton, Karl-polyanny and Marx approach
and New Economic Anthropology. Exchange: gifts, barter, trade, ceremonial exchange and market
economy.
5.2 Theoretical foundations. Types of political organisations-band, tribe, chiefdom, state, concept
of power, authority and legitimacy. Social control, law and justice in tribal and peasant societies.
6.1 Concepts of developmental Anthropological perspective. Models of development. Critiques of
classical developmental theories. Concepts of planning and planned development. Concept of
participatory development. Culture ecology and sustainable development. Displacement and
rehabilitation.
7.1 Concept of research in anthroplogy, subjectivity and reflexivity in terms of gender class,
ideology and ethics. Distinction between methodology, methods and techniques. Nature and
explanation in anthropological research. Positivistics and non-positivistic approaches. Comparative
methods; nature, purpose and methods of comparison in social and cultural anthroplogy. Basic
techniques of data collection. Interview, participant and other forms of observation, schedules,
questionnaire, case-study methods, extended casestudy methods, life histories and seconday
sources, oral history, genealogical method, participatory, learning and assessment (PLA).
Participatory rapid assessment (PRA). Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
8.1 Concept, scope and major branches of human genetics. Its relationship with other branches of
science and medicine.
8.2 Method for study of genetic principles in man-family study (pedegree analysis, twin study,
foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis),
biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
8.3 Twin study method-zygosity, heritability estimates, present status of the twin study method
and its applications.
8.4 Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal, and
polygenic inheritance in man.
8.5 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law;
causes and changes which bring down frequency-mutation, isolation, migration, selection,
inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load,
genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages (statistical and probability methods for
study of human genetics).
8.6 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
a) Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders)
b) Sex chromosomal aberrations-Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex, and
other syndromic disorders.
c) Autosomal aberrations-Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes.
d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counselling, human DNA profiling,
gene mapping and genome study.
8.7 Concept of race in histrogical and biological perspective. Race and racism, biological basis of
morphological variation of non-metric and metric characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation
to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race-
crossing in man.
8.8 Ethnic groups of mankind-characteristics and distribution in world, racial classification of
human groups. Principal living peoples of world. Their distribution and characterisicts.
8.9 Age, sex and population variation in gentic marker-ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA, Hp, transferrin,
Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory
functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups. Impact of
smoking air pollutions, alcoholism, drugs and occupational hazards on health.
9.1 Concepts and Methods of Ecological Anthropology. Adaptation-social and cultural Deterministic
theories-a critique. Resources-biological, non-biological and sustainable development. Biological
adaptation-climatic, environmental, nutritional and genetic.
10.1 Relevance in understanding of contemporary society. Dynamics of ethnicity at rural, tribal,
urban and international levels. Ethric conflicts and political developments. Concept of ethnic
boundaries. Ethnicity and concept of nation state.
11.1 Concept of human growth and development-stages of growth-prenatal, natal, infant,
childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.
Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and
socio-economic.
- Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations-biological and chronological longevity. Human
physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.

12.1 Reproductive biology, demography and population study. Reproductive physiology of male
and female. Biological aspects of human fertility. Relevance of menarche, menopause and other
bioevents to fertility. Fertily patterns and differentials.
12.2 Demographic theories-biological, social and cultural.
12.3 Demographic methods-census, registration system, sample methods, duel reporting system.
12.4 Population structures and population dynamics.
12.5 Demographic rates and ratios, life table-structure and utility.
12.6 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility natality and mortality.
12.7 Methods of studying population growth.
12.8 Biological consequences of population control and family welfare.
13.1 Anthropology of sports
13.2 Nutritional Anthropology.
13.3 Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments.
13.4 Forensic Anthropology.
13.5 Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction.
13.6 Applied human genetics-Paternity diagnosis genetic counselling and eugenics.
13.7 DNA technology-prevention and cure of diseases.
13.8 Anthropo-gentics in medicine
13.9 Serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.
13.10 Application of statistical principles in human genetics and Physical Anthropology.

Paper - 2

1. Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization-Pre historic (Paleolithic, Mesolithic and
Neolithic), Protohistoric (Indus Civilization). Vedic and post-Vedic beginnings. Contributions of the
tribal cultures.
2. Demographic profile of India - Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their
distribution. Indian population - factors influencing its structure and growth.
3. The basic structure and nature of traditional Indian social system-a critique. Varnasharam,
Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth. Theories on the origin of caste system, Jajmani system.
Structural basis of inequality in traditional Indian society. Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and
Christianity on Indian society. .
4. Emergence, growth and development of anthropology in India-contributions of the 19th Century
and early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal
and caste studies. Contemporary nature of anthropological studies in India.
5. Approaches to the study of Indian society and culture-traditional and contemporary.
5.1 Aspects of Indian village-Social organisations of agriculture, impact of market economy on
Indian villages.
5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities-social, political and economic status.
6. Tribal situation in India-biogenetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of the
tribal populations and their distribution. Problems of the tribal Communities-land alienation,
poverty indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment,
health and nutrition. Developmental projects-tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation:
Development of forest policy and tribals, Impact of urbanisation and industrialization on tribal and
rural populations
7. Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes and Other
Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes. Social
change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions, development
programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections. Emergence of ethnicity, tribal
movements and quest for identity. Pseudo-tribalism.
8. Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.
8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and other religions on tribal societies.
8.2 Tribe and nation state - a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries.
9 History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development
and their implementation. The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal Groups), their distribution, special
programmes for their development. Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development.
9.1 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development.
9.2 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism, and ethnic
and political movements.