Risk Management as Applied to Safety, Security & A - Ask for HELP

Sanitation I - Intervene. Give appropriate interventions

D - Do not further harm.
LESSON: FIRST AID SAFETY FIRST!

What is First Aid?

3. SURVEY THE SCENE – Is the scene safe? Safe for you
FIRST - preceding all others in time or order
and the injured person? – What happened? – How
AID- to provide with what useful or necessary
many people are injured? – Are there someone who can
help? – Get consent before giving first aid care.
FIRST AID is is an immediate care given to a person who
has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self- 4. CARDIO – PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) Cardio
help and home care if medical assistance is not available
– Pulmonary Resuscitation • Cardiopulmonary
or delayed.
resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in
Goals of First Aid many emergencies, including heart attack or near
drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat
- ALLEVIATE SUFFERING PREVENT FURTHER
has stopped. • This is a combination of chest
INJURY or DANGER PROLONG LIFE
compressions and rescue breaths.
- One of the main objectives is to be able to help
to reduce or totally alleviate suffering also STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE ON ADMINISTERING CPR
sometimes called prevent the condition from
worsening, or danger of further injury first aid Survey The Scene
measures aim to preserve and sustain life. • Is the scene safe for you and the victim?
- Also to save the victim from imminent danger. • Is there someone who can help? If the scene is secure
Characteristics of a Good First Aider for you to perform first aid, kindly proceed by
1. GENTLE - First aider should not cause, inflict introducing your self and asking if you can help. - this
pain as much as possible enables you to gain the trust of the victim as well as the
2. RESOURCEFUL - Makes the best use of things at people around the scene.
hand
3. OBSERVANT - Should notice all signs. Aware of Primary Survey: CONSCIOUSNESS - AIRWAYS –
what is happening and what may happen BREATHING - CIRCULATION
4. TACTFUL - Handling the victim with utmost care
CONSCIOUSNESS
and in a calm manner.
TAP BOTH SHOULDERS AND ASK THE VICTIM FOR WHAT
5. EMPHATIC - Should be comforting.
HAPPENED. TAKE NOTE OF THE APPROPRIATENESS OF
6. RESPECTABLE - Maintains a professional and
VERBAL RESPONSE.
caring attitude
AIRWAYS
GENERAL GUIDELINES IN ADMINISTERING FIRST AID CHECK FOR THE PATENCY OF NOSTRILS AND MOUTH.
BREATHING
1. Planning of Action – Established based on anticipated USING HEAD TILT CHIN LIFT, CHECK FOR BREATH
needs and available resources. • Example: Getting to SOUNDS AS WELL AS THE RISE AND FALL OF THE CHEST.
know where the First Aid Kits are located as well as NOTE FOR DIFFICULTY OF BREATHING.
other emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers, CIRCULATION
fire alarm switches and fire exits. Also by being aware of CHECK FOR PULSE. CAROTID OR RADIAL
the emergency numbers such as Ambulance providers,
Hospital emergency room, Fire department and police Conditions When CPR is Needed
stations. Getting Started • The victim is UNCONSCIOUS.
2. Gathering of needed materials – Preparation of • PULSE is WEAK or NO PULSE.
• NO BREATHING / DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING
equipment and personnel.
Cardiac Arrest caused by Coronary Heart Disease,
Getting Started Dysrhythmias, Respiratory arrest, Electrocution,
Drowning, Choking, and Trauma.
70% Isoprophyl Alcohol Povidone Iodine Cotton Balls • Using the heel of the palm, interlaced with the other
Sterile Gauze Pads Tongue Depressors Penlight Band hand, perform 30 compressions. Approximately 2
Aid Gloves Set of Scissors and Forceps Triangular
inches deep on the middle of the chest just in line with
Bandage Elastic Bandage Adhesive Plasters
the sternum. Area of Chest Compressions
• Initial Response (Sequence of actions) Chest Compressions
• A cycle of chest compression is composed of 30 - Splinting. For immobilizing the affected area. This
compressions at a rate of 80 – 100 per minute. helps in avoiding unnecessary movements.
• After a cycle, 2 Rescue breaths are administered.
Rescue Breaths • Perform further assessment and put the injured
• Giving oxygen via mouth – to – mouth. – HEAD TILT person under observation.
CHIN LIFT, pinch the nose and give a full blow of air SEEK FOR MEDICAL ADVISE IF: – The pain is unbearable
directly to the mouth twice. Note for the rise and fall of – Hematoma is spreading – The affected area is the
the chest. head (including face and neck) – Involves the spine area.
• If the chest did not move, check for airway patency or – Bleeding is noted in mouth, ears and nose. – Coughing
re tilt the head. and vomiting of blood. Closed Wound
CPR Cycles
• 5 cycles composed of: Cycle 1 - 30 compressions - 2 OPEN WOUND
rescue breaths Cycle 2 - 30 compressions - 2 rescue • is an injury involving an external or internal break in
breaths And so on and so forth until the 5th cycle. body tissue, usually involving the skin.
• Re assess the victim after 5 cycles using the primary
survey. CPR Cycles • Classifications:
* Puncture – wound caused by sharp & pointed object
When to STOP the CPR STOP Penetrating the skin.
Spontaneous signs of circulation restored *Abrasion – caused by rubbing/scrapping of the skin
Turned over to medical services or authorized against rough surfaces.
personnel *Laceration – the skin is torn by sharp objects with
Operator is already exhausted and cannot continue CPR irregular edges.
Physician assumes the responsibility *Avulsion – tissues are forcefully separated from the
body. Incision – skin and tissues are cut by a sharp
Care of the Victim After Successful CPR bladed instrument.
• Transfer in a secured place.
• Place in a side lying position - Recovery position. Dangers of an Open Wound
• Wait for the emergency response unit and • Hemorrhage – severe bleeding.
continuously monitor the victim. • Infection – introduction of bacteria/parasites.
• Shock – decreased in circulatory (blood) volume. (a
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES fatal condition)

Wounds First Aid Management for Open Wounds

• Is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body • For wounds with severe bleeding.
either internal or external INSPECT - Inspect for foreign object lodged in the
Classifications: • Closed Wound • Open Wound wound area. It can be removed manually by hand or
CLOSE WOUND using a pick up forceps. Flushing with normal saline
• Break in the continuity of a body tissue without the solution or just clean water is also applicable.
skin being broken down. CONTROL BLEEDING - Done by applying a sterile
• Causes: – Blunt object result in contusion or bruises – absorbent gauze pad over the bleeding site while
Application of external forces. applying a firm pressure. Dressing can be secured with a
• Signs and Symptoms – Pain and tenderness – Swelling bandage and splints.
– Discoloration – Hematoma Closed Wound REFER TO A PHYSICIAN - It is essential in severe
bleeding wounds. Further medical/surgical
• First Aid Management Closed Wound
management may be needed like suturing or
- Rest the affected area. Movement may
administration of medications that control bleeding.
aggravate the closed wound condition.
CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT AND OBSERVATION FOR
- Ice Compress. Apply ice compress to the
SHOCK - Signs and Symptoms: Pale/Cyanotic. Cold and
affected areas. It promotes vasoconstriction
Clammy Skin. Irregular Breathing. Weak/Rapid Pulse.
and it has an anesthetic effect.
Weakness. Thirsty sensation.
- Compression. Application of firm pressure. To
• For wounds with mild to moderate bleeding.
avoid further hematoma. CLEAN - Clean with mild soap and water.
- Elevate the affected area. (For extremities) To DISINFECT - Apply topical antiseptics. Povidone Iodine
promote venous return of blood and avoid or Topical Antibacterials (Mupirocin, Fusidic Acid)
pooling in the area. DRESS - Apply sterile gauze pad with dressing. Secure
with adhesive tapes.
 First Aid Care for Chemical Burns
BURNS - is an injury involving the skin, including • Immediately remove the chemical by flushing with
muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This results water. Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing. Use
from exposure to direct heat (fire), chemicals, mild soap for the final rinse.
electricity, solar or other forms of radiation. • Pat dry the area using clean cloth and apply dressing
• Classifications: – Thermal Burns – Chemical Burns – into affected area.
Electrical Burns • If the chemical is in the eye, flush for at least
20minutes using low pressure.
THERMAL BURNS caused by direct or indirect contact to • Seek medical attention immediately for chemical
flames and other hot objects, steams or liquids. burns.
• Classified in to 3 according to depth & severity
Thermal Burns Affects only the first (epidermis) layer of
the skin. Very painful and skin is red.

• Classified in to 3 according to depth & severity

Thermal Burns Affects the first and second layer
(epidermis + dermis) of the skin. Blisters are expected to
form.

• Classified in to 3 according to depth & severity

Thermal Burns Affects the first and second layer of the
skin and may extend up to the proximal subcutaneous
tissues. Usually less painful.

• For First and Second Degree Burn

RELIEVE PAIN by immersing burned area into clean tap

water/iced water for maximum of 5mins for iced water
and 10mins for tap water. Prolonged exposure to
extremely cold temperature may cause total numbness
due to extreme vasoconstriction.

COVER the burned area with clean cloth or dressing (if

available) and make sure that it is non sticking. If
blisters are forming, do not attempt to pop it out to
prevent infection. Always maintain cleanliness on the
burned area. Apply Burn Ointment if available.

• For Third Degree Burns

COVER the burned area with a dry and non sticking

dressing. Do not apply anything unto the skin.
Immersing into water is not advisable.

PREPARE FOR EMERGENCY TRANSFER Continuously

monitor for signs of dehydration and shock. Keep the
victim warm by covering with blankets during the
transfer. Extend the flexed burned extremities to avoid
contractures.

CHEMICAL BURNS • Burns caused by direct contact of

chemical into skin. – Car battery Solutions –
Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic) – Bleach – Ammonia