ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Richard Reeves is a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington

DC. He also teaches at Georgetown University. Before moving to the United
States in 2012, he worked as Director of Strategy to the UK’s Deputy Prime
Minister, Nick Clegg. Richard’s previous roles include Director of Demos,
the London-based political think tank; Editor-at-large and columnist for
Management Today; Society Editor of the Observer; Economics
Correspondent of the Guardian; and Research Fellow at the Institute for
Public Policy Research.

John Knell is one of the UK’s leading thinkers on the changing face of work
and organizations, and as a strategy consultant works widely across the
private, public and third sectors. Over the last ten years he has built an
international reputation as a cultural policy analyst, working with
governments, funders, cities and major cultural institutions around the world.
He has also been developing the Culture Counts platform
(www.culturecounts.cc) to support the use of the quality metrics he has
helped co-produce with the cultural sector in Australia and the United
Kingdom. He was previously Director of Research and Advocacy at The
Work Foundation, where he played a key role in transforming the
organization into an authority on work issues. He has authored numerous
reports on work, organizational change and public policy.
 The 80 Minute MBA
Everything You’ll Never Learn at
Business School

The fully revised new edition of the international bestseller

Richard Reeves
And
John Knell

www.nicholasbrealey.com
www.the80MinuteMBA.com
 This new edition first published in 2017 by Nicholas Brealey Publishing
An imprint of John Murray Press
An Hachette UK Company

First published in 2009 by Headline Publishing Group

Copyright © Richard Reeves and John Knell 2009, 2017

The right of Richard Reeves and John Knell to be identified as the Authors of
the Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved.

Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the
publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other
than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being
imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

Every effort has been made to fulfil requirements with regard to reproducing
copyright material. The authors and publisher will be glad to rectify and
omissions at the earliest opportunity.

A CIP catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-473-67353-3
Ebook ISBN UK 978-0-755-36491-6
Ebook ISBN US 978-1-473-67870-5

Nicholas Brealey Publishing Nicholas Brealey Publishing

John Murray Press Hachette Book Group
Carmelite House Market Place Center, 53 State Street
50 Victoria Embankment Boston, MA 02109, USA
London, EC4Y 0DZ, UK Tel: (617) 263 1834
Tel: 020 3122 6000
 DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to all those who refuse to see business education as an
oxymoron.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We’d like to thank the man who helped us put The 80 Minute MBA into the
market, Brendan Barnes from the London Business Forum. The numerous
clients with whom we have worked, and from whom we have learned so
much. Our agent, Toby Mundy. And last but not least, Holly Bennion from
John Murray Press, who has provided the perfect balance of what policy
wonks call ‘help and hassle’ in order to produce this new edition.
 CONTENTS

About the Authors

Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Acknowledgements

Introduction
Sustainability
Leadership
Culture
Cash
Conversation
General resources

Bibliography
Notes
The 80 Minute MBA Live!
(Quicker is better)
 INTRODUCTION

You’re busy, we know. Too busy to read many of the thousands of business
books published each year. Perhaps too busy to attend very many
‘professional development’ courses. And certainly too pressed to take a year
or two out to do an MBA course. You may in any case be sceptical of how
much you can really learn from the gurus, professors and corporate titans
who line up to proffer their advice.
We’re with you. Business courses and books can, of course, be
enlightening and inspiring. But more often they are a mixture of the
blindingly obvious and wildly utopian. In the years we’ve been researching
and advising on organizational issues, we’ve realized the value of simply
cutting to the chase. No throat-clearing, winding anecdotes or lengthy case
studies: just the key insights and killer facts.
This book contains the distillate of an MBA course. Just as the creators of
the Reduced Shakespeare Company brought the works of the Bard to the
stage in shortened format, so we have attempted to bring the best of business
thinking into a single, slim volume, drawing on a presentation of the same
name which we have been delivering over the last ten years. The 80 Minute
MBA should do what it says on the tin. So if you read slightly quicker than
the average person (and we know you do) this book should only take an hour
and twenty minutes to read. Like all self-respecting MBA courses, ours has a
motto: citius est melius – quicker is better.
We’ve had a good time synthesizing the material – remembering Noël
Coward reckoned that work was ‘more fun than fun’ – and hope that comes
across in what follows. But we are deadly serious about the potential of
organizations and their leaders to create better work, more economic value
and stronger human relationships. We can be sceptical, but, we hope, never
cynical. An irreducible core of optimism runs through our work. Business life
can be – should be – good.
But it is also clear that we are writing against dark skies. The 2008 global
financial crisis continues to cast a long shadow. Businesses and governments
alike have seen their reputations battered. Public trust in the major institutions
of government, business, media and NGOs has hit rock bottom around the
globe. The credibility of CEOs dropped to an all-time low of 37% in a recent
study, and is plummeting in every country studied. Business leaders are now
only 8% above political leaders (29%) in terms of public trust. For those in or
seeking leadership positions in business life, the scale of the challenge is
clear.1
You don’t have to be an Eeyore to see the size of the deficits confronting
us. Our compressed MBA is constructed in clear sight of a broken planet and
a broken financial system. But we are optimists nonetheless. Positive change
comes not from blind faith, but through analysis and action. Our aim is to
inspire you to be both steely-eyed about the challenges we all face, and
excited about how your personal and organizational contribution can matter
more than ever. There is much you can do. And there is no end to the fun and
fulfilment that can be had in creating great organizations that can enrich
people’s lives through the quality of the work they offer and the goods and
services they craft.
The 80 Minute MBA, then, is not only about the skills and expertise you
need to lead and run an organization effectively, but also about the ethics,
values and motivations that should be a North Star for anyone seeking to
deliver positive change.
We have road-tested our ideas with nearly 100 organizations who have
booked us to bring The 80 Minute MBA to life for their employees over the
last nine years. At those events we are often asked whether we are dismissive
of traditional (i.e. much slower) MBAs. We are not. Renowned management
theorist Henry Mintzberg has suggested they be scrapped,2 but we don’t
agree: the best provide inspiring teachers, opportunities for intellectual
interrogation, a challenging peer group and space for reflection.
There is no doubt, however, that the ethos of some MBA programmes has
been part of the problem rather than the solution in recent years. The high-
octane, risk-taking, money-chasing approach favoured by some MBA
graduates may have contributed to the overreach of many firms in the run up
to 2008. And the charge sheet against established MBA courses is becoming
well known – too narrowly focused on analytical and cognitive skills; an
overly stylized and backward-looking treatment of real business problems
(the so-called ‘case study’ method); and at worst, the encouragement of an
arrogant, self-centred careerism.3
In his book The Golden Passport, Duff McDonald does not pull his
punches about the role of Harvard Business School: ‘Harvard Business
School imbues its graduates with the arrogant notion that management is a
transferable skill, like driving, and that having pretended to manage for two
years, they are now ready to go somewhere and take charge. Worse still, it
imbues them with the sense that leadership is something that can be
purchased, instead of it being an emergent quality that reveals itself (or
doesn’t) in the moment in which it is needed.’4
Fair criticism? In some cases, yes.
Overblown? Certainly.
A bigger influence on the behaviour of all of us, including MBA graduates
and business leaders, is the state of the economy and society. It is no surprise
to us that the criticism of MBAs reached its peak at the end of the long boom
that ended in 2008. As the trough of rewards got deeper, some leaders
resembled greedy animals more than trustworthy stewards of their
companies. As recent research confirms, CEOs who begin their careers
during booms tend to be less ethical; they adopt riskier financial strategies
than CEOs who first entered the workforce in recessions, are more
excessively confident in their own abilities, and because they believe they are
entitled to better outcomes, pay themselves substantially more than other top
executives.5
But that was then, and this is now. The fires of recession could help to
forge a generation of more ethical, less egotistical leaders. If that sounds like
you, keep reading. You are the kind of leader we want to read our book.
Today’s challenges require a new spirit of stewardship in business leaders,
a new focus on building businesses that are both environmentally and
financially sustainable. We focus a good deal of our limited time on
sustainability: for this we make no apology. Our planet is broken, and
organizations have a responsibility to help fix it. But it is equally important
that businesses are economically sustainable too – resting on secure financial
foundations, emphasizing organic growth rather than debt-fuelled mergers
and acquisitions activity, and rewarding executives for their performance
over a period of years rather than months. The broken financial system needs
a new approach, a new moral philosophy of business.6
There are some things, though, that do not change. One is that no self-
respecting business book is complete without a model or diagram. And we’re
not quite brave enough to do without one. So here’s ours, At the very top, as
you now probably expect, is Sustainability. This book is about success: as a
leader, a manager and in organizational terms. But ensuring the future of our
fragile, threatened planet must now run through everything we do. The next
tornado ring is Leadership – a core component of any MBA programme.
Then it’s the three Cs: culture, cash and conversation. Culture – what brings
organizations together, why do people matter, how do we engage them? Cash
– covering finance, balance sheets, accounting, supply chain management
and economics. Conversation – how do you talk to your markets and your
customers? Along the way there are also mini-modules on strategy, ethics,
time management, economics, statistics and neuromarketing.

The 80 Minute MBA ‘tornado’:

We realize that for some of you even 80 minutes may sound like a big
chunk of time to carve out of your hectic schedules. Again, we sympathize:
we’ve had some requests for the ‘60 Minute MBA’, and for the ‘half-hour
version’. All we can promise is that we’ll keep working on it. So, for those of
you with no intention of reading any further, our thanks for your time.
You’ve clearly gleaned what you need. If you haven’t yet bought the book
and the spine is undamaged, you can probably put it carefully back on the
shelf (and try to forget that between us we’ve got five children). If you can
spare another seventy-seven minutes, however, we promise not to waste a
single one.
 We cannot measure national spirit by the Dow Jones
Average, nor national achievement by the Gross National
Product. For the Gross National Product includes air
pollution, and ambulances to clear our highways from
carnage … The Gross National Product includes the
destruction of the redwoods and the death of Lake Superior.
It grows with the production of napalm and missiles and
nuclear warheads … It includes the broadcasting of
television programs which glorify violence to sell goods to
our children.
Robert F. Kennedy, 18 March 1968

We could keep on as we are: ignoring or playing down the

risk and putting responsibility for action elsewhere. But
that would mean taking a monumental gamble with our
children’s future, and a species as intelligent as ours surely
wouldn’t do that. Would it?
Mike Berners-Lee and Duncan Clark, The Burning Question1
When we created The 80 Minute MBA a decade ago, not many business
schools were focused on sustainability. This was wrong, and we thought
MBA curricula should – and would – begin to include environmental
considerations. This is one time we are pleased to be proved right: there are
now a host of specialist MBAs in Sustainability on the market. The issue is
now treated more seriously on almost all MBA courses. Politically,
environmental issues have taken a political hit with the election of Donald
Trump to the US presidency. But in business, leaders are becoming more
environmentally conscious and more aware of the connection between a
healthy planet and healthy profits.
We broke the financial system in 2008. but we have been breaking the
planet for decades. Some business schools now get it. David Schmittlein,
Dean of MIT Sloan, says: ‘It’s not a story of 28-year-olds trying to save the
world. It’s a story of managing cataclysmic change. It’s about what our
students do and need to say when they get into these organizations.’
So who are the change-makers? Environmentally conscious businesspeople
are no longer outsiders. Sustainability has been ‘mainstreamed’ into the
corporate agenda over the last ten years.

Eco-activist circa 2007: Lord Stuart Rose, former Chairman and CEO of Marks and Spencer
 Eco-activist circa 2016: Tamsin Omond, Head of Global Campaigns at Lush (pictured with Caroline
Lucas, Green MP for Brighton Pavilion)

The pioneer on the left is Stuart Rose, former chairman and CEO of Marks
and Spencer. Rose does not look like a radical. But his early leadership
helped to change the conversation around boardroom tables. His ‘Plan A’ put
the retailer in the forefront of the fight against climate change. The five-year,
100-step plan, launched in 2007, committed the firm to becoming carbon
neutral by 2012 (a target it successfully met), by reducing the proportion of
its waste going into landfill to zero, switching over time to organic cotton,
and moving towards fairly traded products.
‘We’re doing this because it’s what you want us to do,’ he said at the
launch. ‘It’s also the right thing to do. We’re calling it Plan A because we
believe it’s now the only way to do business. There is no Plan B.’
We don’t know what you think of Marks and Spencer. Our own views on
the men’s fashion lines are, to put it as nicely as possible, mixed. But you
didn’t buy this book for our views on Blue Harbour. Let us be clear,
however: the firm deserves huge credit for its commitment to sustainability.
Even as the economic climate puts pressure on the retailer, its commitment to
sustainability remains steadfast, with 2017 bringing an updated Plan 2025
and a commitment to become a zero-waste business.2
Sustainability in business has come a long way since Rose’s decisive but
mainstream intervention. The modern face of corporate sustainability
activism is more edgy and confrontational – meet Tamsin Omond (shown
here campaigning alongside Green MP Caroline Lucas). Omond is Head of
Global Campaigns at Lush, the well-known retailer of handmade cosmetics.
(You know, the ones that produce those waves of lavender you walk through
in your local shopping centre.) Before joining Lush she was a well-known
eco-activist and hard-line campaigner who describes herself as a ‘political
agitator’ on her LinkedIn page.3
Lush has taken a strong stance on ethical buying from the outset. As well
as a range of targets to reduce their carbon emissions, they also pledge to
campaign for environmental issues, empower staff to make a difference, and
keep environmental issues at the heart of the business and their decision
making. Lush is clearly unusual, but not perhaps as unusual as you think:
brand after brand is signalling how seriously it takes this issue.
As part of an ‘Every Drop Counts’ campaign, Adidas has applied new
technology to their fabric dying processes, which now use 100% less water,
50% fewer chemicals and 50% less energy. Unilever has committed to
halving the environmental impact of the company’s operations and product
use by 2030, not only in terms of greenhouse gas emissions but also water
consumption, waste and agricultural sourcing. And Google has announced
that from 2017 onwards all offices and data centres will use energy provided
by purchased solar or wind power (this has required the tech giant to fund
enough green energy projects to offset its massive power demands, which in
2015 reached 5.7 terawatt hours).4

Successful businesspeople tend to be fact-based sorts of people. And the

sheer weight of evidence showing the dangers of climate change in particular
is enough to turn any thinking person green.

THE FACTS
‘Multiple studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals show that
97% or more of actively publishing climate scientists agree: Climate-
warming trends over the past century are extremely likely due to human
activities.’
Who said this? Some bunch of tree huggers?
Here’s who: NASA.
Hear that, President Trump? NASA thinks climate change is man-made.
You know, the people that send rockets up into … Oh, never mind.
Where were we?
Climate change is, of course, the central sustainability issue right now. But
the related issues of population growth and resource scarcity fall under the
sustainability imperative too. The world’s population is forecast to rise from
6.7 billion to 9.2 billion between now and 2050: the increase of 2.5 billion is
greater than the total global population in 1950. Most of the usable land in
Asia is already under cultivation. That’s why the Chinese government is
buying land in the Philippines, Uganda, Australia and Mexico. As oil
supplies run low, the price of petrochemical fertilizers will rise, making food
more expensive: the 2007 price spikes reduced cultivation of Kenya’s Rift
Valley by a third, according to the BBC.
The ‘big one’, however, is global warming. The world’s climate is being
heated by our activities in a way that threatens our own prospects as well as
those of other species. We are already losing coral reefs and mountain
glaciers, as we have moved closer to a 2° Celsius rise in global temperatures.
A rise of 3° Celsius would spell the collapse of the Amazon rain forest, the
disappearance of Greenland’s ice sheet and the creation of desert across the
American Midwest and southern Africa.5
Thomas L. Friedman, in his book Hot, Flat and Crowded, puts it like this:
‘Human society has been like the proverbial frog in the pail on the stove,
where the heat gets turned up very slightly every hour, so the frog never
thinks to jump out. It just keeps adjusting until it boils to death.’ The irony, of
course, is that we are turning up the heat on ourselves.
 The dwindling, eccentric band of climate change deniers will sometimes
point out that levels of carbon dioxide and other gases heating the globe have
fluctuated over time. True enough. But you don’t have to be a climatologist
to look at the following graph – which takes a 400,000-year time frame – and
reckon there is something different about recent years. Global average
temperature, sea level and Northern Hemisphere snow cover all tell the same
story.

Admittedly, there is huge uncertainty about how quickly the rise in global
temperatures will hit weather systems, water levels and crop yields. We just
don’t know. But the risk is that it will be much worse than we think. The
atmosphere is heating up towards a potentially catastrophic ‘tipping point’. If
you ask experts in the field about their biggest worry, frequently the single
word answer is: ice. The reduction of the polar ice is a big worry, because the
white caps act as a coolant system, reflecting back the sun’s rays.
Melting ice also poses a more immediate threat. First, there is a growing
danger that ever larger chunks of ice will slide into the sea, as meltwater
loosens the underbelly of the huge ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica. As
we write, Larson C, an ice shelf the size of Bali, has now broken off into the
Antarctic Ocean. It is the biggest iceberg ever recorded. Big icebergs mean
higher sea levels.
Second, the melting of permafrost in Siberia is releasing dangerous
greenhouse gases. The East Siberian Sea is ‘bubbling with methane’. There
are known to be large stores of the gas underneath the permafrost, which has
so far acted as a ‘lid’ to prevent the gas from escaping. Global warming has
put the frozen ground into ‘defrost’ mode. The tundra is now heating up
twice as fast as the rest of the planet. ‘Permafrost is a silent ticking time
bomb,’ says Robert Spencer, an environmental scientist at Florida State
University.6
Fewer and fewer people now challenge the scientific evidence for man-
made climate change. Even in the US, home of climate change scepticism,
public opinion is on the move, with 62% of Americans now saying that the
effects of global warming are being seen now, 68% that global warming is
caused by human activities, and 42% believing that global warming poses a
serious threat in their lifetime.7
While the charts help, it seems that minds change when the weather
changes, in violent and unpredictable ways. In the UK, serious floods are
becoming an annual summer event. The impact of Hurricane Sandy on the
east coast of the US in 2012 was a tipping point for sections of public opinion
in America, with the business bible, Bloomberg Businessweek, announcing:
‘It’s Global Warming, Stupid’.

‘You don’t claim that an event such as Hurricane Sandy was caused by
climate change,’ says the Nobel laureate and atmosphere scientist Mario
Molina, ‘[but] the intensity is likely to have increased because of climate
change, because of human activities.’8

THE BUSINESS IMPACT

Seven in ten UK companies identify a climate change risk with the
potential to significantly affect their business or revenue. Half of those (36%)
say the identified climate risk or risks will impose a ‘high cost’ on their
operations, according to a survey from The Environment Agency. But
businesses see market opportunities too, from climate change adaptation,
with respondents identifying one opportunity for every three risks.9

These firms are right on both counts. But they need to respond more
emphatically to three kinds of business risk caused by climate change:

PHYSICAL RISKS, INCLUDING RISING SEA LEVELS, EXTREME WEATHER

AND CROP FAILURES
REGULATORY RISKS, E.G. EMISSIONS CURBS AND TOUGHER
ENVIRONMENTAL TAX SCHEMES
REPUTATIONAL RISKS, AS CUSTOMERS, EMPLOYEES AND INVESTORS
GO GREEN

PHYSICAL RISKS – DROWNING, NOT WAVING

Who cares about rising sea levels or changing crop patterns? Well, you care
if you live on a low-lying island. At the end of 2008, the government of the
Maldives embarked on a search for a new home, in readiness to move the
entire population when the islands are covered in water: a twenty-first-
century Exodus. The Maldives government has now set up a sovereign
savings account funded by tourist revenue that will be used to buy land on
higher ground.10
You should, then, care out of simple human decency. But even in strict
business terms, you should also be concerned about the possible impact on
your properties, people and supply lines. One obvious example: coastal
tourism. Sea level rise will erode and submerge some tourism infrastructure
and attractions. Almost a third of Caribbean resorts are less than a metre
above the high-water mark. A sea level rise of 1 metre would damage 49–
60% of the region’s tourist resort properties, lead to the loss or damage of 21
airports and inundate land around 35 ports. The cost of rebuilding tourist
resorts in the region by 2050 is estimated at $10 billion to $23.3 billion.11
Firms which rely on products that grow in certain threatened areas need to
prepare quickly for the likely consequences of global heating. Coffee and
chocolate companies whose beans are grown in parts of the world forecast to
run out of water; beverage and beer producers who use water in their African
and Indian bottling operations. Scarcity is likely to put brands on the
defensive. In the past few years, Coca Cola has had to shut down a number of
its Indian bottling plants after local farmers blamed the company for using
too much water during a time of water scarcity.12

REGULATORY RISKS – COUNTING THE

(CARBON) COST
Governments have not acted as swiftly as necessary to reduce humanity’s
climate-wrecking activities. In fact, let’s be clear. The early paralysis of some
of our national leaders represents the greatest political failure in human
history. But recent years have finally given some cause for hope.
In 2016, the Paris Agreement marked a turning point in the battle against
climate change. World leaders from across the globe united for the first time
in history to legally ratify action against pollution through the United Nations
Framework Convention. The landmark international deal saw 194 countries,
including the EU and China, sign up to sweeping pledges on the environment
at a UN meeting in the French capital in late 2015.
The agreement aims to limit the increase in global average temperatures to
‘well below 2° Celsius above pre-industrial levels’ – the level beyond which
scientists say we will see the worst extremes of global warming. Importantly,
it also makes provisions for rich countries to help poorer nations by providing
‘climate finance’ to adapt to climate change and switch to renewable energy.
The pact promises to make an assessment of progress in 2018, with further
reviews every five years.
Perhaps you’re thinking: Well, I’m glad someone else is looking after this.
I plan to work in the software industry (say), and I don’t see how I’ve got any
heavy lifting to do here. But the cold reality is that climate change poses a
risk to every sector of the economy. Every sector requires energy and has
some carbon exposure, including knowledge-based industries such as
financial services, pharma or health care. Each company’s exposure will
depend on business models, strategies, locations, assets and liabilities.13
As the collar tightens on carbon emission controls and the cost of carbon
rises, clearly some businesses will be more affected than others (coal, oil,
gas, natural resource extraction, power generation and utilities, and sectors
that are heavy users of energy). But these changes will impact upon all
sectors and asset classes. As carbon gets more expensive, business leaders
need to adapt, reduce costs, mitigate risks and look for investment upsides
and opportunities.
As a consequence, smart investors are looking harder at climate change
effects too. A chief executive of a major bank said to one of the authors, ‘We
need to know how much carbon is in our portfolio.’ Not just risk and debt,
but how much carbon.
Successful action to reduce carbon emissions will mean that companies are
left with ‘stranded assets’. The assets on the balance sheets of major coal and
gas companies are ‘unburnable’ if governments stick to declared carbon
budgets, according to Carbon Tracker,14 [see the graph above], and therefore
represent toxic or stranded assets significantly overvalued from a financial
point of view. Barclays predicts that Germany’s coal generation assets could
be effectively worthless by 2030.15
Globally, the value of financial assets at risk has been estimated at $4.2
trillion by the Economist.16 For comparison, the annual gross domestic
product (GDP) of Japan, the world’s third largest economy, is worth about
$4.8 trillion.

CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS FOR BUSINESSES17

Liability: Financial liabilities, including insurance claims and legal
damages, arising under the law of contract, tort or negligence because
 of other climate-related risks

Transition: Financial losses arising from disorderly or volatile

adjustments to the value of listed and unlisted securities, assets and
liabilities in response to other climate-related risks

Reputational: Risks affecting businesses engaging in, or connected

with, activities that some stakeholders consider to be adding to climate
change

GREEN GOODNESS
If the commercial argument for greener business is good, the moral case is
unanswerable. Humankind has broken the planet, but it is not – not quite –
too late to fix it. So far our arguments ought to have found favour with the
most hard-bitten CFO. If climate change directly threatens the bottom line,
either by shattering supply chains or increasing tax bills, the case for business
preparedness is clear. But even organizations led by people who understand
the seriousness of the challenge find it difficult to make the necessary shift in
culture and operations. They are victims of what psychologists call ‘path
dependency’ – in other words, doing what they have always done. But this is
now the path to mutual destruction.

IN THE LONG RUN WE REALLY MIGHT ALL

BE DEAD
Another psychological barrier to dealing with climate change is our
tendency for short-termism, which some evolutionary biologists, such
as Richard Dawkins, argue is hard-wired:
‘The only solution to the problem of sustainability is long-term
foresight, and long-term foresight is something that Darwinian natural
selection does not have.’18
As Berners-Lee and colleagues note, we need ‘correctors’ to help
combat our short-termism, and they point to ‘one ingenious idea
 mooted recently by the World Future Council to appoint
“ombudspersons for future generations” – officials at the national or
international level whose role is to represent and fight the corner of
people who don’t yet exist or are too young to get taken seriously.’19

Any business that can survive only by threatening the survival of future
generations through its polluting activities should not, in fact, survive. The
intersection of business and the environment therefore raises profound ethical
questions about the purpose and responsibility of business.

COMPLETE KANT – ETHICS IN BUSINESS

The reinvention of leadership taking place in the wake of the breaking
of the world’s financial system will be an ethical enterprise. And a
focus on sustainability is part of a new, properly ethical approach to
business.
Business ethics covers matters large and small. According to a
survey conducted by MORI for Management Today and the Institute for
Business Ethics, 49% of employees said it was ‘acceptable’ to take pens
home from work, while 49% thought it was not. (For the remaining 2%
this was presumably too demanding an ethical dilemma.) Of course,
given the rise of paperless work, perhaps it’s less acceptable to pilfer
pens from work – and, oh let’s face it, we really don’t give a monkey’s
anyway.
Half the firms surveyed in the UK are providing training in ethics
and an increasing number are appointing ‘ethics officers’. This is all
very well, but the test comes when being ‘ethical’ conflicts with
immediate business goals. Norman Bowie from the University of
Minnesota – and author of A Kantian Theory of Leadership – applies
the philosophical frameworks of the eighteenth-century philosopher
Immanuel Kant to modern debates on ethical leadership. He quotes
Kant’s kingdom of ends formulation: ‘One should act as if one were a
member of an ideal kingdom of ends in which one was subject and
sovereign at the same time.’ Acting as if simultaneously sovereign and
subject means that leaders should prepare decisions but not impose
 them. Here then is Bowie’s Kantian leadership test: ‘The leader
enhances the autonomy of his or her followers.’
The power wielded by a CEO, their capacity to ruin or make lives,
means that they have a disproportionate ethical responsibility. Cooking
the books or ‘borrowing’ from the pension fund to finance high-rolling
overseas acquisitions cannot be compared to borrowing a biro.
For business leaders to win back the trust they have lost, ethics is
more than a quick bolt-on or a new-fangled job title. It has to go to the
heart of the way they create wealth – and why. ‘I have had a few
business leaders come to me and ask how they can restore trust,’ says
Bowie. ‘We have had four years of apparently unending scandals,
which do seem to have had an impact … The days when the MBA was a
master of the universe and the CEO was king are over – clearly they
have now been knocked firmly off the pedestal.’
Leaders like Ray Anderson, who turned his firm Interface Carpets
into an environmental beacon, are contemptuous of those who are
unconvinced by the ‘business case’ for more ethical behaviour. ‘I
prefer to turn the question round,’ he says. ‘Where’s the business case
for double-glazing the planet? Or for destroying the coral reefs?’
In the end, ethics comes down to ethos – which is set by those with
the most power in the organization. A reliance on rules and regulations
takes us only so far, as the 2008 crisis has demonstrated. ‘What I would
say is that it should go way beyond compliance,’ says Bowie. ‘What you
need is a leader, a Warren Buffett type, a CEO who embodies an ethics
culture.’
There are also dangers in ‘professionalizing’ ethics. If ethics
becomes a matter of following rules, the importance of doing the right
thing – acting on ‘gut instinct’ – could be lost.

Heightened awareness of the climate crisis is rapidly altering the desirability

of certain products. It may be that demand for red meat will drop once
awareness of its environmental impact grows, for example. Emissions
associated with livestock added up to 7.1 gigatonnes (GT) of carbon dioxide
equivalent (CO2e) per year – or 14.5% of all human-caused greenhouse
releases, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.20 It is
estimated that a kilo of beef requires between 50,000 and 100,000 litres of
water. The average burping, farting cow produces more greenhouse gas than
the average four-by-four car.
As well as looking out for ethical customers, smart companies are also
becoming alert to the rise of ‘ethical employees’, who want their employers
to be greener. A recent UK study revealed that almost half the workforce
(42%) now want to work for an organization that has a positive impact on the
world, according research carried out by consultancy Global Tolerance.21
Employees want to work for companies that match their own values and are
doing the right thing. A survey by Adecco found that 52% of employees feel
the company they work for should be doing more about the environment.22
Climate-wrecking firms might soon become toxic employer brands, in the
same way that tobacco companies are today. Campaigners, customers,
investors and employees are pressing on the conscience of companies. But in
many cases the action is being driven from the boardroom, by a new breed of
‘ethical CEOs’. They realize that the search for a cast-iron ‘business case’ for
taking the right action on the environment is often futile, but that the action
must be taken in any case. It’s not yet clear how far ordinary consumers are
voting with their wallets for greener products. Some chief executives now
recognize that it is their responsibility to lead consumers, rather than the other
way around.

WHAT IS TO BE DONE?
Businesses have a vital leadership role, especially in the face of a
politicized environment on climate change. President Trump’s now
(in)famous tweet about global warming being a hoax dreamed up by the
Chinese, and his continued confusion of weather and climate, proved to be
the precursor for his decision for the US to exit the Paris Climate Change
Agreement.
What matters here are the facts and the risks. The facts on warming, and
the risks of failing to reach demanding targets on decarbonization to hold the
global temperature increase to less than 2° Celsius by 2050. You can tell how
far the corporate debate has come when Citigroup publicly denounced the
president’s decision on the Paris accord and committed to finance $100
billion in clean energy, infrastructure and technology projects.
Business leaders need to:

ASSESS THEIR EXPOSURE TO RISKS – PHYSICAL, REGULATORY AND

REPUTATIONAL – FROM CLIMATE CHANGE
HSBC has calculated that fossil fuel equities could fall by 40–60% in a low
emission scenario23
MOVE TO FULL DISCLOSURE OF ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS, INCLUDING
CARBON EMISSIONS
In 2015 France became the first country to introduce mandatory carbon
reporting by investors, by introducing Article 173 of the Energy Transition
for Green Growth Bill, which requires institutional investors to disclose
how they manage climate risks.24
SUPPORT AND COMMIT TO DEMANDING INTERNAL TARGETS FOR
CARBON REDUCTIONS
Businesses and cities need to step up if national governments step back,
and align their environmental goals with climate science. So, for example,
business should join the We Mean Business coalition
(https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org), alongside existing members
such as Mars, Renault, Ikeda, Sony and Astra Zeneca, and adopt the
science-based targets it supports. It calls for companies to commit to a set
of targets to control climate change, including:

a. EP100 – Companies commit, over 25 years, to doubling their economic

output from each unit of energy (energy productivity)
b. RE100 – Companies commit to using 100% renewable electricity
c. Zero deforestation – Companies commit, by 2020, to using no
commodities that cause deforestation.

As We Mean Business puts it: ‘You’ll get return on your investment. You’ll
cut costs. You’ll become more competitive. You’ll see your reputation
flourish.’25 So … what are you waiting for?
LOBBY GOVERNMENTS FOR TOUGHER REGULATION TO ENSURE A
LEVEL, GREEN PLAYING FIELD
Business leaders should not fight regulation, but the opposite. They ought
to proactively argue for regulatory frameworks that help them scale clean
 energy and energy efficiency, conserve national resources and send the
right price signals to drive investment in low carbon technologies.26
LOSE THE PREOCCUPATION WITH ENERGY SOLUTIONS – AND ADOPT
AND SUPPORT A WIDER RESPONSE
Renewable energy sources are an obvious – and vital – element in a
decarbonization movement. But there are less obvious solutions too, as
recent research ranking interventions by their potential carbon impact has
shown.27
The number one solution, in terms of potential impact? A combination of
educating girls and family planning. Together these could reduce 120 GT
of CO2e by 2050 – more than on – and off-shore wind power combined (99
GT). Both reduced food waste and plant-rich diets (on their own) beat solar
farms and rooftop solar combined. Sitting at the very top of the list, with
an impact that dwarfs any single energy source: refrigerant management.
So we don’t have to wait for a Hail Mary technological innovation to make
much faster progress.

(If you were wondering what you can do personally, here are three simple
steps: throw away less food, eat less meat, and get a new fridge with the best
possible energy efficiency rating.)
From GreenTech to new sharing economy business models and platforms,
companies have the potential to unleash a wave of innovation in low carbon
technologies and practices. The result will be new products, services and
employment – oh, and saving the planet. It should not be a surprise that tech
companies like Apple, Amazon, Google and Microsoft are leading the green
charge.28
New forms of collaboration are emerging, too. Retailers compete in terms
of price and service, and we want them to. But there is no reason they
shouldn’t work together in some areas, such as logistics. What’s the point of
one retailer having a half-empty lorry coming over from France, while a
competitor does exactly the same? Why not share the lorry? Why not share
the warehouse? Why not share the distribution networks? Similarly, firms can
act in concert to improve supplier standards across the board, for example on
greener packaging. Companies can bring down their carbon emissions by
smart collaboration in the non-competitive elements of their business. This
environmentally driven collaboration with competitors is called co-opetition,
an essential skill for the executive of the future.
 Every MBA course is about success of one sort or another. Most people
undertaking an MBA – or reading this book – want to become more
successful in terms of their own career: to earn more, acquire more power,
have more impact. Great. We have absolutely no problem with these
ambitions. We share them. The 80 Minute MBA contains advice on achieving
success as a leader, a manager and a boss; success in creating workplaces full
of energy and productivity; success in enriching your conversations with your
customers and, of course, success in building piles of cash. But the challenges
of climate change require us to reconfigure our notions of success; to not only
think about more robust, fairer forms of business and markets, but also to
begin the patient, painful task of healing the planet.
If success in any of those other domains comes at the cost of our children
and grandchildren, then it is no kind of success worth having.
Even the hardest-hearted are realizing that green is the new black.
 [Leaders are] individuals who help us overcome our own
selfishness, weakness, and fears, and get us to do harder,
better, more important work than we could do on our own.
David Foster Wallace, Consider the Lobster1

Here’s the bad news: five books on leadership are published on a typical
day.2 This torrent of advice on leadership is enough to provoke an anxiety
attack in the staunchest executive. Now for some good news: the majority are
so bad that they can be safely ignored. Bad books on leadership fall into one
of two main categories. First, a famous business leader puts their photo on the
front and writes a book with a single, dispiriting message: ‘If Only You Were
Me You’d Be As Famous And Successful As Me’. Second, a connection is
made between leadership and a religion, organization or fictional character.
What can we learn about leadership from ‘Moses CEO’, the toys you loved
as a child or US Navy SEALs? Answer: nothing.
Now for some properly bad news. In what will be seen as the halcyon
years before 2008, the lamentable quality of most leadership advice didn’t
matter quite so much. But now, as we collectively struggle to reboot the
economy and move towards a cycle of improving productivity and growth,
the need for real reflection on what business leadership means is urgent. The
necessary remoralization of the market will place new ethical and personal
demands on leaders. The cult of the CEO, overpaid and overconfident, has
come to a shattering end. Business leaders now look like Shelley’s
Ozymandias, ‘king of kings’. Their glittering city of a debt-fuelled, finance-
driven capitalism has been razed – and leadership will never look quite the
same again. Neither the ancient Greeks nor early Christians would have been
surprised by the events of 2008. The Athenians believed that insufficient
humility before the gods – what they called hubris – would result in
destructive forces being unleashed: the nemesis. This was a message
reinforced in the Old Testament: ‘Pride goes before destruction, and a
haughty spirit before a fall’ (Proverbs 16:18). Another verse of Proverbs
explains why this is so: ‘Every one who is arrogant is an abomination to the
Lord; be assured, he will not go unpunished.’
Against this backdrop, the question ‘Why should anyone be led by you?’
acquires new force. It is the question asked by Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones,
professors at the London Business School, in an influential article and book
of that title. It is absolutely the right one. Anybody who aspires to lead must
understand that the power of leaders stems, ultimately, from their followers.
The motivation of the follower – the ‘why’ in the question – is critical. Power
can be imposed upon people, but successful organizations need leaders who
draw power out of others whilst equipping everyone that follows them to
succeed.

BOOKS TO IGNORE
Given the deluge of leadership advice, we want to help to guide your
further reading by giving some areas to avoid. As a general rule, ignore books
that put an adjective in front of the word ‘leadership’. This will put plenty of
books on your non-reading list – there is something of an adjectival arms race
in this section of the market. Always keep in mind that a statement only has
some value if a person can reasonably maintain the opposite. Leadership, it is
variously argued, needs to be of the following kind:

LIVING – RATHER THAN DEAD LEADERSHIP OR CORPSING

LEADERSHIP, WHICH WE’VE ALL EXPERIENCED AT SOME POINT IN OUR
CAREER
COURAGEOUS – DEFINITELY BETTER THAN COWARDLY!
SPIRITUAL – RATHER THAN, SAY, RADICAL ATHEIST LEADERSHIP
RESONANT – AS OPPOSED TO DISSONANT. FACED WITH THE CHOICE
BETWEEN THE TWO, WHO DOESN’T WANT TO RESONATE?
PRIMAL – RATHER THAN, SAY, SECONDARY. (ACTUALLY THIS ONE IS
PERHAPS THE EXCEPTION TO THE AVOID ADJECTIVES RULE, SINCE
IT’S ACTUALLY RATHER GOOD, IN SPITE OF THE TITLE)
SERVANT – BRITISH PM TONY BLAIR DECLARED IN 1997, ‘WE ARE THE
SERVANTS NOW.’ YEAH, RIGHT
 LIQUID – OF COURSE HUMANS ARE MOSTLY WATER, WHICH HELPS.
BUT YOU MUST AVOID BEING TOO SOLID. AND GASEOUS LEADERSHIP
IS WORST OF ALL

THREE THINGS TO FORGET

Leadership books and theories can be daunting. Readers are often left with
the impression that they need to be good at everything, to be a superperson
who is intellectually strong, emotionally literate, decisive yet understanding,
charismatic and down-to-earth, visionary and realistic. So we want to give
you a whole bunch of things to stop worrying about and spend less time on:
charisma, your weaknesses and strategy.
Some brief explanation is probably in order.

CHARISMA
You can forget about charisma for two reasons. First, there’s no evidence
that charismatic leaders are more successful – if anything, the opposite may
be true. Second, charisma cannot be taught or learned. If you’re not
charismatic, you are never going to be. So forget about it.

YOUR WEAKNESSES
You’re a natural self-improver; you’re reading this book after all. But self-
improvement brings pitfalls, the most dangerous of which is the idea that you
should work hard on your weaknesses. As far as the authors are concerned,
that would be a paralyzing full-time job. And when it comes to your
leadership performance, over-focusing on your weaknesses is a very bad
idea, as long as, of course, your weaknesses are not having toxic impacts on
others.3
One of the more welcome insights of the past 15 years is that strengths-
based leadership works. Exceptional leaders often have skewed profiles,
displaying extraordinary prowess in one or two areas of expertise or ways of
thinking, while being absolutely terrible at everything else. They focus on
their strengths and delegate tasks they’re less good at to others who are more
skilled or experienced.
One of the things you can be sure of is that you are rubbish at certain
things (we’re sorry to break that to you if it’s news), and you will always be
rubbish at certain things. You are unbalanced. If you spend all your time
trying to get better at the things at which you’re intrinsically rubbish, you
won’t get on with the job of being a leader. Great leaders are necessarily
unbalanced; they just know they are.

STRATEGY
Last but not least, don’t worry about strategy. We are aware that this is a
slightly controversial statement: most MBA courses spend months teaching
strategy skills. So we’ll spend a tiny bit longer on this one (see the display
box below). But if you’re already half-convinced, here’s the short version:
it’s not making strategy that counts, it’s putting it into practice. As Elvis
wisely put it, ‘A little less conversation, a little more action’.

STRATEGY
There’s a dirty truth about strategy. It’s nearly always over-resourced
inside organizations. Why? Because too many businesses have a silver
bullet delusion about strategy – gripped by the notion that if we just get
our strategy perfect we’ll differentiate ourselves and beat the
competition. Unfortunately, strategy is nowhere near as important as
some organizations and leaders think it is.
Of course it matters.
In their excellent book Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths and Total
Nonsense: Profiting from Evidence-based Management, Jeffrey Pfeffer
and Robert Sutton encourage you to imagine a business as a collection
of iron filings on a piece of paper. A good strategy lines them up,
establishing common purpose and directing resources behind a clear
set of goals. It tells organizations what to focus on and, almost as
importantly, what not to do. But organizations should stop chasing the
perfect strategy. The key differentiator for business, what makes the
difference between successful and less successful, is the ability to
execute. Richard Kovacevich, reflecting on his successful tenure as
CEO at Norwest, had this to say about the relative importance of
strategy and execution: ‘I could leave our strategic plan on a plane and
it wouldn’t make any difference. No one could execute it. Our success
has nothing to do with planning. It has to do with execution.’4
Clearly good leaders think hard about getting the interaction
between strategy, implementation and execution right. It is hard to
implement a poor strategy well and doubly difficult to produce excellent
results with a poor strategy that’s being poorly implemented. Equally, a
great business strategy does not guarantee success; you’ve still got to
implement and execute well.5
As Larry Bossidy and Ram Charan argue in their book Execution:
The Discipline of Getting Things Done, leaders are spending too much
time strategizing, philosophizing and pontificating. ‘People think of
execution as the tactical side of the business,’ they write, ‘something
leaders delegate while they focus on the perceived “bigger issues”.
This idea is completely wrong.’ Bear in mind that execution is the
major task of a business leader and this becomes a pretty damning
statement.
The ability to do both things well – strategy development and
strategy execution – is a rare skill in senior leaders. Only 8% of leaders
are good at both strategy and execution, and 35% of leaders are
neutral or worse at both.6
So why is strategy such a resistant creature inside businesses?
Let’s reveal the terrible secret about strategy. For leaders and MBA
students, strategy is the activity where they can still feel powerful in a
world where they increasingly don’t feel powerful. Strategy-making has
therefore become the required caffeine hit for an active executive team.
It suits business leaders to talk endlessly about ‘disruption’ and
‘revolution’, about game-changing new technologies which demand a
new response. Yet the evidence of the past ten years, as the impact of
digital has played out across business, is that successful businesses
don’t choose between using digital technologies as a way to improve
existing operations or using digital as a platform for new growth.
 Rather they do both, optimizing the current business model and
building resilience while creating next generation business models.
They strategize and execute in dynamic equal measure.7
Overall, the message for leaders is clear: make things happen. As
Adam Crozier, who has just completed a stellar term as CEO of ITV,
said to his staff: ‘Top CEOs will all say what makes a great leader are
those people who make things happen – it’s what people do that’s
important. Keep close to what we do operationally. Leadership is 10%
strategy, 90% operational delivery. It’s the focus on the details that
makes the difference.’

HEROES
One of our greatest business heroes is an unassuming man called Darwin E.
Smith. Darwin was the Chief Executive of Kimberly-Clark from 1971 to
1991. When he took over, KC was a struggling paper company. Here is the
firm’s performance BD (Before Darwin):

In the years BD, Kimberly-Clark was, if anything, actually slightly

underperforming in the general market. Now look at the years AD:
During Darwin’s tenure, KC outperformed the general market by a ratio of
something like four to one and became one of the most successful companies
in the world. Darwin was asked in a rare press interview to describe his
leadership style. He paused, blinked behind his thick glasses and finally said,
‘Eccentric’. Those of you who know your management literature will
recognize elements of this story, which is told brilliantly by Jim Collins in his
book Good to Great – Why Some Companies Make the Leap and Others
Don’t. Our views on leadership have been strongly influenced by Collins
(and his sometime collaborator Jerry Porras). Actually, ‘influenced’ is a bit
mealy-mouthed; we have slavishly followed their lead. But here’s the thing:
we think Collins’s research is sound and his conclusions robust. His findings
are also borne out by our own experience of working with leaders and
leadership teams. We love Collins.
One of the reasons for our admiration is that Collins derives his
conclusions from carefully assembled data – even when he doesn’t find what
they were looking for. In Good to Great, Collins was looking to see what
made some companies exhibit a step-change in performance. The graph
opposite shows the trajectory of the 11 he identified.
 Collins was not looking for leadership attributes to explain the change in
direction. In fact, because lazy researchers often retreat to a mantra of ‘it
must be the leadership’ to explain differences in performance, Collins told his
team not to focus on the boss. But the data was unequivocal. The quality of
the CEO turned out to be a critical factor in explaining why a company
became great: the 11 companies identified outperformed the market, on
average, by a factor of seven in the 15 years after an obvious ‘transition
point’ in performance.
Smith thought himself eccentric, but in fact his approach bore a strong
resemblance to that of the other ten leaders: George Cain, Alan Wurtzel,
David Maxwell, Colman Mockler, Jim Herring, Lyle Everingham, Joe
Cullman, Fred Allen, Cork Walgreen and Carl Reichardt. Don’t worry if you
haven’t heard of them either; it reveals not your ignorance, but their wisdom.
In retirement, Smith explained, ‘I never stopped trying to become qualified
for the job.’

THE LEADERSHIP WIKI: FOUR THINGS GREAT

LEADERS KNOW
Being a successful leader is less about who you are or what you do than
about what you know. The term ‘wiki’ stands for ‘what I know is’ and a
successful leader’s internal wiki includes four key pieces of knowledge:
where the organization is heading; what is going on; who they are; and how
to build a strong team.

WHERE WE’RE GOING

The first thing successful leaders know is where the organization is going.
This sounds obvious, but that’s not always the case. Plenty of nominal
leaders subscribe to the approach satirized by the nineteenth-century French
radical Alexandre Ledru-Rollin as: ‘There go my people. I must find out
where they’re going, so that I can lead them.’
Take our hero Darwin E. Smith. When he took over Kimberly-Clark, he
realized that the future of the firm lay not in paper, but in paper products like
tissues, diapers and paper towels. That’s where the margin was. This meant
that the firm no longer needed to own its own paper mill, so he said that they
would sell it. Not an easy call, given the location of the mill: Kimberly.
That’s a big, bold decision. But Smith made it very clear from the outset:
that’s where we’re going; we’re getting out of this market and into that
market – and he never deviated from that view. Everyone knew where the
organization was going. A key ingredient in the culture of a successful
organization is that everyone knows its destination – its animating purpose –
and, crucially, the contribution of their own efforts. (This is a theme we pick
up in the section on Culture.)
 Charles R. ‘Cork’ Walgreen, who ran the family firm Walgreen’s from
1971 to 1998, made a similar decision to take the firm out of food-service
operations and focus on pharmacies. His successor, Dan Jorndt, recalled how,
after months of discussion, Cork announced at a board meeting: ‘OK, now I
am going to draw a line in the sand. We are going to be out of the restaurant
business completely in five years.’ According to Jorndt, ‘You could have
heard a pin drop.’ Not surprising, given that at the time the firm had over 500
restaurants. But the direction was crystal clear, and Jorndt reported that Cork
‘never doubted; never second-guessed’. At a planning meeting six months
later, a manager repeated the aim of shedding the restaurants within five
years. Cork said: ‘Listen, you have four a half years. I said you had five years
six months ago. Now you’ve got four and half years.’ This incident had a
galvanizing effect: the whole organization quickly understood that he actually
meant five years. One of the most commonly reported failings of leaders is,
paradoxically, an unwillingness to use their authority. This is not a problem
with the leaders whose organizations are most successful. They are not
bullying or hectoring, but they are authoritative. Authority without arrogance:
that’s the secret.

WHAT’S GOING ON?

Successful leaders build, in Collins’s phrase, a ‘culture of discipline’.
They are about getting things done, managing information effectively in
order to inform decisions, control costs and marshal resources. If this sounds
a little unglamorous for the titans of the corporate world, this is because of
the unfortunate division made in recent years between leadership and its
slightly grubby cousin, management. The business analyst Warren Bennis
wrote: ‘Management is about doing things right; leadership is about doing the
right things.’ It was a much repeated sentence, and an unhelpful one.
The trouble with the leadership–management dichotomy is that it lets
bosses off the hook when it comes to constructing good management
information systems and scrutinizing the results – tracking the development
of projects, peering into departmental accounts and generally keeping their
arms around the organization. Once leaders start talking about ‘keeping their
eyes on the horizon’ or taking a ‘helicopter view’, sell your shares and/or
start looking for a new job. As the business writers Bruce Pasternak and
James O’Toole correctly lament: ‘We now know many companies have been
overled and undermanaged.’ Leaders were so busy being ‘strategic’ that half
the time they didn’t know what the heck was going on in their own
organizations.
There is no better example of the danger of this leadership–management
separation than the financial crash of 2008. Tom McKillop, chairman of the
Royal Bank of Scotland in the years prior to the crisis, admitted before the
Treasury Select Committee in February 2009 that he did not understand the
details of the financial instruments he had to approve. A profound failure of
leadership.8
In contrast, the 11 successful leaders from Good to Great were the sort
who were happier spending their evening with the monthly management
accounts than at a swanky New York dinner. You do have to sweat the small
stuff. Great leaders also keep in touch with how people are feeling.
Successful leaders do not spend their whole time worrying if everyone is
happy. But they do know what the emotional temperature of the organization
is.
The excellent work by Daniel Goleman and his colleagues on emotional
intelligence, or EQ (which includes Primal Leadership), shows that good
leaders are emotionally in tune with the people in their organization.
Knowledgeable leaders understand that people are not machines to be
reprogrammed according to the latest strategy document. In particular, they
understand that change provokes an emotional response, and that successful
change involves allowing people some space to feel angry, resentful and
afraid as well as excited, hopeful and energized.
In her insightful book The Change Monster, Jeanie Daniel Duck describes
the emotional rollercoaster that characterizes profound organizational change,
and how a failure to allow for the emotional aspects of change scuppers the
entire enterprise. As Duck writes, ‘Emotions are data. In any transformation,
there are common patterns that can be identified and accurately analyzed with
real rigor and rationality. With understanding, there are a variety of ways to
address potential problems successfully.’ But it is important not to confuse
EQ with a need for constant soul-searching. Leaders need to be open and
emotionally sentient. But nobody is going to follow a self-scrutinizing wimp.
What great leaders achieve is the right balance of inward-looking and
outward-looking behaviour.

FOCUSED AND ATTENTIVE?

‘A primary task of leadership is to direct attention. To do so leaders
must learn to focus their own attention.’9
Daniel Goleman suggests that leaders need to cultivate awareness
and focus in three distinct ways: focusing on yourself, focusing on
others and focusing on the wider world.
They need to be attentive to how they are balancing their time and
efforts across this ‘triad of awareness’. Focusing inward and focusing
constructively on others helps a leader cultivate the primary elements
of emotional intelligence. A fuller understanding of how they focus on
the wider world can improve their ability to devise strategy, innovate
and manage organizations.
Ask yourself – do you have that awareness in abundance and in
proper balance? If you’ve never asked yourself, do so quickly, for as
Goleman notes: ‘A failure to focus inward leaves you rudderless, a
failure to focus on others renders you clueless, and a failure to focus
outward may leave you blindsided.’
WHO AM I?
Successful leaders know who they are. They know where they’re strong.
But they know their weaknesses too. There’s a fierce humility to successful
leaders. They know they can’t do x, y and z. They do not presume that they
are all-conquering. They are willing to hire people as talented or more
talented than themselves to fill senior positions around them.

A realistic assessment of personal performance provides a vital clue to

leadership potential. In an important article, ‘What We Know About
Leadership’, psychologists Robert Hogan, Gordon Curphy and Joyce Hogan
summarized a substantial body of research comparing the assessments by
leaders of their own performance with the views of their colleagues.10 The
leaders whose self-appraisal matched the judgement of those working for
them were the ones who were most likely to succeed, while those who
overrated themselves were far and away the worst leaders.
The successful leaders of the Good to Great companies were, says Collins,
‘a study in duality: modest and wilful, humble and fearless’. The individuals
were fairly humble about themselves but not about their organizations: they
combined ‘personal humility with intense professional will’. Most
importantly, they cared about the success of their organizations rather than
their own personal success. It’s not about getting on the front cover of
Fortune magazine or being active on the speaker circuit. For them, it is not
about being a great business leader, but about leading a great business. More
than 1,000 years ago, the author of Beowulf, the epic Anglo-Saxon tale,
wrote: ‘Behaviour that’s admired is the path to power among people
everywhere.’ It is important, then, for us all to admire the right kinds of
behaviour in our leaders. Particularly when humility hits it out of the park.

HUMILITY AND LEADERSHIP

‘The research is clear: when we choose humble, unassuming people as
our leaders, the world around us becomes a better place’ —Margarita
Mayo.11
At first glance, this seems quite a claim for humble leaders. But the
research evidence is strong and growing. A recent study of 105 small-
to-medium-sized companies in the computer industry in the US found
that when a humble CEO is at the helm of a firm, its top management
team is more likely to collaborate and share information, making the
most of the firm’s talent.
The most effective leaders tend to underrate themselves in 360-
degree feedback processes. Indeed, the more they underrate themselves,
the better their leadership.12
Humility is one of four critical leadership factors for creating an
environment where employees from different demographic backgrounds
feel included, where mistakes are admitted to and learned from, and
where ideas are shared, according to a study of 161 teams.13
So why are we drawn to leaders who are charismatic? One reason:
anxiety. As Mayo notes: ‘Economic and social crises thus become a
unique testing ground for charismatic leaders. They create conditions
of distress and uncertainty that appear to be ideal for the ascent of
charismatic figures. Yet at the same time, they also make us more
vulnerable to choosing the wrong leader … The paradox is that we may
then choose to support the very leaders who are less likely to bring us
success.’
Chiming with any of you right now?

Those who become successful leaders tend to be socially skilled too, able to
pick up on social cues in their interactions and ‘judge the mood’ accurately.
Leaders who fail – and at least half suffer from what US researchers
graphically dub ‘executive derailment’ – are generally not lacking technical
skill, ambition or intelligence. It’s their character that lets them down. As
Hogan and colleagues write: ‘Many managers who are bright, hard-working,
ambitious, and technically competent fail (or are in danger of failing) because
they are perceived as arrogant, vindictive, untrustworthy, selfish, emotional,
compulsive, overcontrolling, insensitive, abrasive, aloof, too ambitious, or
unable to delegate or make decisions.’ And that’s on a good day.
You might be thinking that surely not many managers could display those
characteristics at work. But a recent Interact/Harris Poll of US workers
uncovered a series of symptoms of poor emotional intelligence, ranging from
micromanaging to bullying, narcissism and indecisiveness. Half said their
company executives refuse to talk to subordinates.14
This represents a quiet daily crisis in our workplaces.

HOW TO BUILD A STRONG TEAM

Successful leaders are motivated by what they build rather than what they
get. Most importantly, great leaders build great teams. They surround
themselves with talented people – people with talents that they do not possess
themselves and know they do not. As President Harry S. Truman reminded
us, ‘You can accomplish anything in life, provided you do not mind who gets
the credit.’
This is one of the reasons why their companies continue to succeed long
after they’ve gone. Very often, strong leaders build the team first, then decide
where to go. With the right people, you can go to different, better places. We
have said that great leaders have a clear sense of direction, of where the
organization is going. But very often this is the result of collective decision-
making in a talented team.
Because the future holds so much uncertainty, a team with the agility to
retask, seize new opportunities and question received wisdom is more
important than a single dominant vision. ‘The old adage “People are your
most important asset” is wrong,’ says Collins. ‘People are not your most
important asset. The right people are.’
So how do you build great teams? Focus on three things:

1. MAKE HIRING YOUR HIGHEST PRIORITY

‘What is the single most important thing you do at work? Hiring … The most
important skill any business person can develop is interviewing … and the
simple truth is most people are not good at it.’ So say Eric Schmidt and
Jonathan Rosenberg.15
If it isn’t already, make hiring the most important activity that your leaders
and managers take part in, and build a shared vision of your organization’s
hiring Do’s and Don’ts (see Google’s helpful prompts in the display box
below). If you can only have one hiring rule, make it this one:

DON’T COMPROMISE IN HIRING PEOPLE. HOLD OUT FOR THE BEST

RATHER THAN SIMPLY PLUGGING THE GAP

GOOGLE’S HIRING DO’S AND DON’TS

Google hiring panels live by the following rules:

Hire people who are smarter and more knowledgeable than you
are
 Don’t hire people you can’t learn from or be challenged by

Hire people who will add value to the product and the culture

Hire people who inspire and work well with others

Don’t hire people who prefer to work alone

Don’t hire people with narrow skill sets or interests

Hire people who get things done

Hire people who are ethical and who communicate openly

The urgency of filling a role isn’t sufficiently important to

compromise quality in hiring

Hire only when you’ve found a great candidate

Don’t settle for anything less

2. KEEP TEAMS SMALL AND GIVE THEM A CLEAR,

COMPELLING PURPOSE
We’ve worked with many ‘teams’ in organizations which were too big and
loosely bound together to be anything of the kind. You may have heard of
Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos’s famous ‘two-pizza team rule’, that teams
shouldn’t be larger than what two pizzas can feed (i.e. four or five people).
For Bezos, small teams stay focused, communicate better, move faster and
secure high levels of autonomy and innovation.16
Teams also need a clear common purpose: a compelling reason to shape
their efforts, and related challenging goals to keep them focused.17

3. DIAL UP COGNITIVE DIVERSITY

Teams made up of members who have different perspectives and different
styles of processing knowledge achieve better results. These key features of
cognitive diversity are not predicted simply by gender, ethnicity or age, but
also social and professional background and modes of thinking. The key
message is try to avoid setting up like-minded teams, and recruit team
members for their cognitive diversity. As Alison Reynolds and David Lewis,
researchers on team diversity and effectiveness, put it: ‘There is much talk of
authentic leadership, i.e. being yourself. Perhaps it is even more important
that leaders focus on enabling others to be themselves.’18

HURRY SICKNESS
Successful leadership takes time. Time to know yourself and colleagues.
Time to make good hiring and firing decisions. But time may feel like
the scarcest resource of all. You may be suffering from what James
Gleick, in his book Faster: The Acceleration of Just About Everything,
calls hurry sickness. Here’s a Hurry Sickness Test, adapted from Gleick
– a quick one, of course, which you can administer to yourself.

When you brush your teeth in the morning, are you always doing
something else at the same time – finding underwear, choosing a
shirt, yelling at the kids?

When you just catch a train or a plane – jumping on a moment

before the doors close – do you secretly get a kick out of it? Is it
worth missing the odd one to get that rush, to enjoy the feeling of
having wasted a nanosecond with all the losers in the departure
lounge?

When you get into a lift, do you immediately look for the ‘door-
close’ button? You’re not alone. ‘It gets more used than any other
button in the elevator,’ says John Kendall, Director of Advanced
Technology at Otis Elevator Company. ‘When they’re in the
elevator they want to go.’ This is despite the fact that the delay –
technically known as ‘door dwell’ (see, it’s just dwelling) – is
between two and four seconds. Four seconds? It’s unimaginable
you’d wait that long, isn’t it?
 When you call a lift and it all looks good – the button makes a
‘bing’ noise, the light comes on and stays on – do you, if it does
not arrive within a certain period of time, go back and press the
button again? Thought so. One of our clients said, ‘No, I don’t go
back and press it again: I HOLD IT DOWN.’ Now, if you think
this action will in fact speed the arrival of the lift, we can’t help
you. Although at least you are behaving rationally. The rest of you
are doing something you know to be irrational. Why? Because it’s
killing you. Those 10, 15, 20 seconds are killing you.

Count how many questions you answered yes to.

Scores:
0 = So laid-back, you are virtually horizontal. Time to get a job?
1 = Buddhist levels of hurry health.
2 = Not too bad at all; you control time well.
3 = Early symptoms of hurry sickness.
4 = Chasing your own tail most of the day, advanced stages of the
disease.
5 = Whoa! Slow down, tiger! (Or buy a portable defibrillator.)

We are acutely aware that discussing the dangers of hurry sickness in

the context of The 80 Minute MBA is ironic or paradoxical or – yes, all
right – downright hypocritical. Guilty as charged. We should indeed
heal ourselves. But we can all surely agree about the danger of
confusing business with busyness; of packing our diaries with meetings
in order to avoid any real work; of lacking the time to reflect on
organizational direction; of feeling unable to have proper
conversations with colleagues. Ideally, you should schedule a day out
of the office each week, or keep half the day free of meetings (or do a
digital detox as you stay offline for a few hours to think and reflect).
Few of us live in such an ideal world, but you can at least make a start
in the important goal of changing your relationship with time. Just
leave the lift button alone.
One way to test the ‘teaminess’ of a leader is their attitude towards
succession. Great leaders want great successors and usually find them within
their own ranks rather than in the ‘global marketplace’ for CEOs. But a
selfless attitude to succession does not come easily to all. Management expert
Manfred Kets de Vries writes: ‘I’ve often said, tongue in cheek, that the
major task of a CEO is to find his most likely successor and kill the bastard.’
Less successful leaders are those who take a certain delight in the way the
company crashes after they leave. They can then say, ‘Well, it was all about
me then, wasn’t it? Look what happened as soon as I left.’ Après moi le
déluge. What better evidence for your own brilliance than the crashing and
burning of the next in line? ‘It is not enough to succeed’, Gore Vidal reminds
us. ‘Others must also fail.’
In this sense, Jack Welch – who we bet you have heard of – is an antihero
of business leadership. It is undeniable that General Electric performed
strongly when he was at the helm, not least because of his intense focus on
cost-cutting and throwing out the weakest-performing staff (although it is
worth pointing out that the Good to Great companies did much better). In an
interview with the Financial Times in July 2008, Welch said, ‘You can look
at it any way you want and I don’t care what you say. We had 425,000
employees and $25bn of business. When I left we had 310,000 and $125bn,
five times the revenue, 25 per cent fewer people.’ The comment reveals
Welch’s considerable belief in his own abilities. His talk is not about the
skills of the team around him, or of needing to continue to learn anything
himself. When GE missed some important targets following his departure,
Welch went on TV to warn that he would ‘shoot’ Jeff Immelt, his successor,
if he did not rectify the ‘screw-up’. (Welch retracted the following day, but it
was an insight into his mindset.)
The finest leaders are those with bigger ambitions for their organization
than for themselves. They know that the greatest strength of an organization
lies with its people, and in its culture – the focus of our next chapter.
 While the world’s workplace is going through
extraordinary change, the practice of management has been
frozen in time for more than 30 years. According to
Gallup’s World Poll, many people in the world hate their
job and especially their boss.1

Far and away the best prize that life offers is the chance to
work hard at work worth doing.
Theodore Roosevelt, 1903 Labor Day Address

Only 15% of employees around the world say they feel engaged at work,
according to the latest 2017 Gallup world poll. And we wonder why
productivity has been sliding for decades. That miserable engagement figure
is only up 2% since 2013. This leads us to conclude, perhaps a little selfishly,
that nowhere near enough people have read this chapter of The 80 Minute
MBA, on the central importance of culture.
We are in the midst of an employee engagement emergency. The necessary
treatment is to change our workplace cultures and how people are managed
and encouraged to give of their best. If you’re in HR, here’s the good news:
your moment has arrived.
Unfortunately, we’ve never been very fond of the phrase human resources.
It conjures up dusty images of administration-obsessed personnel functions.
The ‘human remains’ jibes have definitely damaged the brand. Culture is a
better way of framing the challenge of people and organizations –
encouraging a necessary focus on how to make our workplace cultures fit for
purpose and fulfilling for employees and enterprises alike.
It is a self-evident truth that organizations need to care about their culture.
People are simultaneously the most valuable factor of production and the
most difficult to engage effectively. Not many organizations operate as if
they have accepted either of these inconvenient truths.
PEOPLE = VALUEx
Let’s start with the most familiar workplace cliché: ‘People are our greatest
asset.’ The two questions that should be posed in response are:
Do leaders mean it?
Is it true?
To which the answers are:
No – or at least not enough.
Yes. It is true.
In our experience, most senior executives – despite their public
protestations to the contrary – are not fully convinced that the ultimate
success of their firm depends on how well they manage, engage and invest in
their people. To be fair, this is partly because it has proved difficult to
establish clear, irrefutable evidence that investments in the workforce boost
business performance.
Nearly all CFOs recognize the critical impact of human capital in key
business areas such as driving customer satisfaction, product/service
innovation, growth and overall profitability, according to a CFO Research
Services report. But only 16% said they truly understood the return on their
human capital investments.2
As a result, the process of engaging employees is often too time-
consuming and the performance payback too slow for an impatient CEO. But
it is quite clear that labour, or what economists call human capital, has a
unique ability to create value in the modern economy. As we’ve moved from
an industrial to a knowledge economy, ‘hard’ physical assets, such as
buildings and machinery, have become less important (though of course still
vital in many sectors). Intangible assets – non-monetary assets that cannot be
seen, touched or physically measured, such as intellectual property,
innovation and knowledge – are the motors of value inside modern
enterprises. They now account for up to 80% of the value of large
companies.3
In 1984, the ‘book value’ of the top 150 US public companies – in other
words, what their physical assets could be sold for on the open market –
made up about 75% of their stock market value, according to a paper by US
private sector economists Robert J. Shapiro and Nam D. Pham. By 2005, the
book value of the top 150 companies had dropped to just 36% of their market
value. The remaining two-thirds of value lay in their intangible assets, in
particular intellectual property (IP).4 In straight economic terms, people
contribute more value to businesses than any other factor of production.
Knowledge workers now make up 60% of the UK workforce and are the
single fastest growing segment.5
Investment patterns have followed suit. Recent UK evidence suggests that
business investment in intangible assets continues to outstrip investment in
tangibles. In 2011 the UK market sector invested £137.5 billion in knowledge
assets, compared to £89.8 billion in tangible assets.6

ALGORITHMICALLY YOURS?: NEW ERA

EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT
The much heralded ‘rise of the robots’ (see display box below) isn’t going
to diminish the value-adding power of human capital. It will in fact enhance
it, as your staff and freelancers learn to work alongside and with smart
machines. Most artificial intelligence experts agree that in the future,
organizations will be staffed by some combination of smart robots, smart
thinking machines and humans, with humans doing those tasks that
complement technology or that technology can’t do well.7
You might think you’re going to be devoting a lot less of your leadership
time to creating the right workplace culture. Who needs to nurture a machine,
after all? If you don’t think of yourself as a ‘people’ person you might
already be getting excited about the predictions that, in a host of areas from
productivity to wellness, algorithms are going to be vital tools in creating
new era employee engagement. In human resources, algorithms are already
transforming talent acquisition as they are able to rapidly evaluate the
suitability of candidates for specific roles. And the same technology could
easily be applied within an organization to allocate workloads to the right
people.8
Employees, as consumers, are already familiar with behaviour influencing
through contextualization algorithms introduced by e-commerce companies
such as Amazon to profitably influence billions of shopping decisions (of
which more in the Conversation section). But don’t relax just yet. It’s more
complicated than that, as you might expect.
RISE OF THE ROBOTS
The prediction that automation and artificial intelligence will
profoundly reshape the labour market and workplace is old; like, mid-
life old, cited by President Kennedy in 1963.9 But in recent years a
strong consensus has emerged that the impact is going to be big and is
going to happen more quickly than we previously predicted. A widely
cited paper by Frey and Osborne of Oxford University, exploring the
‘automatability’ of work, predicted that 47% of jobs in the US are at
risk of computerization in the next two decades.10
More recent work by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) focused instead on the potential for
automation of tasks within jobs, rather than of occupational categories
as a whole. The conclusion was that while many workers will see their
jobs change as certain tasks are automated away, only about 9% of
jobs are fully automatable.11
Let’s split the difference. Big change is coming, and fast. In the near
term (the next 15 years) automation is clearly going to replace a
significant proportion of tasks and jobs but will not replace people or
employment. Human capital will be freed up to focus on important and
value-creating tasks.12 As Kevin Kelly notes: ‘The AI on the horizon
looks like Amazon Web Services – cheap, reliable, industrial-grade
digital smartness running behind everything, and almost invisible
except when it blinks off. This new utilitarian AI will also augment us
individually as people (deepening our memory, speeding our
recognition) and collectively as a species.’13
The real challenge for all of us, leader and led, is whether we are
ready to make the most of the opportunities this presents for our
economy and society: as Andrew McAfee says, ‘The Industrial
Revolution was about overcoming the limitations of our individual
muscles. What is going on right now in the second machine age is
overcoming the limitations of our individual minds.’14
Time to hardwire for humanity, given that the ‘business plans of the
next 10,000 startups are easy to forecast. Take X and add AI’.15
Most employees will become familiar with technologies and algorithms that
seek to positively influence our behaviour at work. Companies are already
experimenting with persuasive tools and algorithms which build in ‘nudge’
and ‘reward triggers’ into employee’s everyday task and activities –
sometimes called the ‘gamification’ of work. For example:

JPMorgan Chase has introduced an algorithm to forecast and positively

influence the behaviour of thousands of employees to minimize
mistaken or ethically wrong decisions.
Richard Branson’s Virgin Atlantic teamed up with economists in an
experiment that used influence algorithms to guide its pilots in using less
fuel, resulting in savings of 6,828 metric tons of fuel worth £3.3 million.
Cisco UK uses an algorithm-based people management app that obtains
insight into how its employees view the world, leveraging that
knowledge to energize its 72,000 employees and to persuade managers
to adapt their approach to reorganization.16
 Gartner are already recommending to their clients that they should be
looking to ‘exploit persuasive algorithms that address the perpetual business
need of talent retention and attraction. Build trust and transparency to avoid
“algorithm aversion” and allay fears of infringing on workers’ rights.
Algorithms must benefit both the organization and the worker – not one or
the other.’The understatement around ‘algorithm aversion’ is a pearl.
If this all sounds a bit like Corporate Big Brother, a potentially dystopian
world of real-time data monitoring and manipulation, we hear you. We
confidently predict that it won’t be long before we see the first batch of legal
cases with claimants filing discrimination claims against algorithms that go
wrong in the workplace. If it’s not yet on your HR ‘to do’ list, checking AI
tools and algorithms for racial, gender, age and other common biases soon
will be.17
Cathy O’Neil, in her brilliant book Weapons of Math Destruction, warns
how easy it is for algorithms made with the best of intentions to ‘encode
human prejudice, misunderstanding and bias into their software systems’.18
Happily for all of us (unless, horrible thought, you’re a machine reader of this
book), non-human intelligence is ‘not a bug’ in the workplace, ‘it’s a
feature’.19 And a feature that will get more valuable by the hour.
Which means that however AI and automation play out, the challenge of
new era employee engagement looks a lot like old-era employee engagement,
namely creating workplace cultures that are high on values and principle, low
on control, and full of purpose-driven emotional engagement.
As Ed Hess, Business Professor at the University of Virginia Darden
School, writes: ‘Machines will take over many aspects of the operational
excellence inside organisations. So, we have to ask ourselves: In order to
innovate, what’s going to be the differentiator? The answer, I say, is the
quality of the human component of the business – how good your people are
at thinking and emotionally engaging with their teammates … Technology
will require businesses to become much more humanistic people-centric
places built on psychological principles, not just economic or strategic
principles.’20
So how do we create people-centric cultures that will thrive in the future?

COMMITMENT SEEKERS
The stakes have been raised on the people front. The mini-industries that
have grown up around the so-called ‘war for talent’ and offering employee
engagement solutions reflect companies’ desire to get more from their
people. What makes human capital special – its humanity – also makes it
harder to coordinate and inspire. You don’t hear managers complaining about
lazy steel rods. The holy grail for organizations – and the factor which often
separates successful organizations from the rest – is getting people
voluntarily to give more of their best. It’s what we call the commitment
dividend.
The commitment dividend comes from employees who care about the
organization’s aims, who willingly make improvements, contribute ideas and
take decisions – all symptoms of high levels of discretionary commitment.
Managers talk about employees who are prepared to work ‘beyond contract’
– in other words, their commitment to the job extends beyond the narrow
confines of their job description. But this is not just about motivating
individuals. Successful teams and organizations are greater than the sum of
their parts. The strength of the relationships and networks – the social capital
– in the firm is a key determinant of productivity.
It is, by now, hopefully even more blindingly clear that people matter. The
economics of human capital in the coming AI era make this truth stark. And
the point is not simply that the work of people is intrinsically more valuable,
but also that the harder they work and the better they work together –
commitment dividend plus social capital – the more successful the
organization will be.
So what do we do about that? How do we motivate people? How do we
engage employees? Money, perks and physical environment count for
relatively little. Or rather, getting them wrong is seriously demotivating, but
getting them right is not what lights a fire inside people. They are what the
influential management theorist Frederick Herzberg calls ‘maintenance’ or
‘hygiene’ factors. What actually releases the commitment dividend – the
factors Herzberg calls ‘motivational factors’ – has more to do with quality of
relationships, levels of individual discretion and the prevailing organizational
ethos. As Herzberg puts it: ‘If you want someone to do a good job, give them
a good job to do.’ There is a considerable literature on reward systems and
performance-related pay. We would not recommend spending too much time
in this particular thicket. The goal should not be a high-tech reward system,
but rewarding work.

FORMING CULTURES
First, though, a quick word on the way organizational cultures are created,
sustained and altered. All MBAs will contain a ‘culture change’ module. But
this language is not quite right. Organizational cultures, rather like mould,
grow. Of course, they grow in new directions, sometimes as a result of
deliberate executive intent, more often as a consequence of historical accident
and fate.
And organizational cultures are highly resistant to ‘culture change’
programmes, consultants and projects. It is not big-change programmes that
change culture, but the accumulation of thousands of small actions – what are
sometimes known as micro behaviours – over time. Behaviours are the
threads of any social fabric. The philosopher Gerry Cohen, writing on social
justice in his marvellously titled book If You’re an Egalitarian, How Come
You’re So Rich?, puts it like this: ‘I now believe that a change in social ethos,
a change in the attitudes people sustain towards each other in the thick of
daily life, is necessary for producing equality.’ We love that phrase ‘in the
thick of daily life’. Because it is in the thick of everyday working life that
cultures are created – or destroyed.
There are plenty of firms which declare themselves in favour of flexible
working and work–life balance, but all the manager has to do is glance at his
watch as you leave, or make a ‘joke’ about being a part-timer when you come
in late, or roll their eyes when you say you’d like to work from home. There
are plenty of firms that stress their commitment to gender equality, but in
which staff stick sexist screensaver images on their computers, or suggest
someone has only been hired ‘because of her t***’ (which proved to be an
expensive piece of prejudice).21 There are plenty of organizations that
proudly declare their green credentials, but then fly the entire senior
management to the Mediterranean for an annual strategy session, aka knees-
up.
And the more senior and powerful an individual is, the greater the impact
of their own behaviour – for good and for ill. Apologies for the obviousness
of this statement. But we have been struck by the number of senior
executives who claim that a particular course of action is not possible because
‘the culture round here won’t allow it’. To which the response has to be: but
it’s your culture. As a senior manager or executive, you have a huge impact
on the culture simply through the way you conduct yourself each day. For
example, a number of workplace studies have shown the sizeable impact of a
boss saying ‘thank you’. The more senior a position a person holds, the more
power they have to shape the culture and climate of their organization. This is
a power which too few leaders take seriously enough.
What kind of culture, then, should managers try to help create? A
successful organizational culture has three key features: solidarity, energy
and autonomy.

SOLIDARITY
Solidarity sounds like a powerful Polish trade union from the 1980s. And
of course it is, one which under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa – who went on
to become president of Poland – played a significant role in bringing about
the end of the Communist regime in that nation and helped to spark the 1989
revolutions across Eastern Europe. But if it seems like an odd word, we think
it’s the right one. Solidarity captures two related factors: community and
purpose. Solidarity means that ‘we’re all in this together’.
A community is built upon sociability. Small surprise, then, that the most
consistently powerful predictor of job satisfaction, productivity, and loyalty is
the answer to the following question: ‘Do you have a close friend at work?’22
Having a pal at work is vital to a sense of sociability. This finding should be
put alongside the evidence that people most often cite their relationship with
their immediate superior as a reason for quitting.23 ‘Toxic bosses’ remain one
of US employees’ biggest problems at work, with 41% of American workers
saying they’ve been ‘psychologically harassed’ on the job.24
The importance of relationships is clear: people stay for their mates and
leave because of their managers.
Sociable workplaces are those where gossiping by the water cooler is not
seen as a semi-criminal activity; where investments are made in physical
spaces for people to interact; and in which the Christmas party is never, ever
cancelled.
Communities are built on relationships, which in turn are built on
conversations. Most organizations are now over-communicating with
themselves – not least because of the ease of e-mail – but under-conversing.
As Theodore Zeldin argues in Conversation (a brilliant book), conversations
can go ‘off-agenda’, lead anywhere, mix up diverse topics and are conducted
without hierarchy. They are the synapses of the organizational brain – spaces
in which sparks are ignited. (They are also the way smart firms conduct their
relationships with other vital stakeholders, including customers, as we’ll
argue later.) But, of course, organizations are not just running a kind of social
club, a place to sit with a cappuccino, flirt and talk about the weekend.
There’s stuff to do, a common purpose to be pursued. That’s what solidarity
means: a community with a purpose.
In the previous section we discussed the importance of leaders being able
to establish a clear sense of purpose and direction: to know and communicate
where the organization is going. People need to know what the organization
is trying to achieve, but also how what they’re doing on a day-to-day basis
contributes to that goal. You have probably heard the story of the NASA
cleaner, who when asked by a visiting bigwig – perhaps even a president
(JFK or LBJ) – ‘What do you do?’ answers, ‘I help to put men on the Moon.’
This story may well be apocryphal – at any rate, we cannot source it
satisfactorily. The fact that there is a similar story about a stonemason,
Christopher Wren and St Paul’s Cathedral makes us even more sceptical. But
the tale continues to be told because it is a perfect example of a worker seeing
a clear connection between their day job and the organization’s overall
purpose. There is a clear line of sight between daily, individual exertion and
long-term, collective goals. It enables employees to feel motivated and
accountable for what they do, and at best to demand the same of others.
Goffee and Jones give the example of the insurance company New York
Life, a mutual founded in 1845, which has distilled the essence of this bond
for its employees: ‘You know who you are and how your actions affect others
… you question those whose actions appear inconsistent with our values.’25
But what very often happens is that at some point in the organization that line
of sight is lost, so that people feel as if they’re shovelling bits of paper
around, adding up columns of numbers or cleaning toilets, none of which
appears to connect with the purpose of the organization. They lose, with
desperate results, the sense of ownership that a clear line of sight brings.

ENERGY
For many years the most evocative description of a company culture was
the phrase coined by the London Business School’s late, great Professor
Sumantra Ghoshal: ‘the smell of the place’. We’ve always struggled a bit
with this. The smell of a place can depend on the state of the air-conditioning
or the volume of perfume on a receptionist. It seems to us that ‘energy’ is a
better way of capturing the essence of an organization’s soul. Never mind the
smell: feel the vibe.
We’re not huge Jack Welch fans, to be honest. We much prefer Darwin E.
Smith. But Welch does capture, in his ‘4 Es of Leadership’, some of the most
important ways in which leaders shape their organizations’ culture. The first
two Es are ‘positive energy’ – working with enthusiasm and enjoyment – and
‘the ability to energize others … to get other people revved up’. (The other
two Es are ‘edge’, or ‘the courage to make tough yes-or-no decisions’, and
‘execute – the ability to get the job done’.) Welch is absolutely right. A CEO
of a major publishing company we’ve worked with said to us, ‘I’ve come to
the conclusion that my job is simply injecting energy into the right part of the
organization at the right time.’

DRAINS AND RADIATORS

In life, there are people who are drains and those who are radiators. If you go
out for a drink for an hour with a drain, you’ll need another drink afterwards
to recover. They’ve drained your energy out of you. Your battery level’s
flatlined. But spend an hour with a radiator and you’ll end up with a bit more
of a spring in your step yourself. They’ve energized you. (Hopefully you
haven’t drained it all out of them.) But institutional practices can also act as
drains or radiators. A useful exercise is simply to ask people what these are in
your organization.
Does the ‘motivational’ session raise energy levels? Or is it something
else? What depletes energy? Meetings are a commonly cited example. This is
why meetings always have biscuits and coffee in them. The mere fact of
being in a meeting is draining the energy out of the participants so quickly
that they have to shove it back in – in the form of sugar and caffeine – simply
in order to survive for the next hour. If meetings are the problem, have fewer
of them, have fewer people in them, and make them more effective.26 Find
out where the radiators and drains are located in your organization and see
whether or not it’s possible to improve levels of energy. And guard your own
energy levels: if you’re running on empty, you can’t energize others.
Schmidt and Rosenberg again: ‘Meetings are not like government agencies
– they should be easy to kill.’27

AUTONOMY
Last, but certainly not least, is autonomy: giving people more freedom. The
more freedom people have over where, how and when they work, the happier
and more productive they are. We have highlighted the importance of the
commitment dividend or discretionary effort, and it is important to recognize
that greater discretionary effort goes hand in hand with enhanced workplace
freedoms.
There are a number of dimensions in which autonomy really counts: in
terms of how the job is done, what the job consists of and where the work is
done. There are, needless to say, serious restrictions in how far some staff can
be given flexibility – and, indeed, in how much they want. But as a general
principle, far greater autonomy over both task and time could be granted to
the majority of employees.

NETFLIX’S GROWN-UP CULTURE

Netflix has rightly been gaining attention for its pioneering HR
practices. They motivate people through purpose and performance, not
process and policies. We like their no-nonsense, autonomous approach
to working time, and particularly to paid leave.
Their old policy for paid leave was:

10 vacation days
 10 holidays

Sick days

Their new guidelines for paid leave:

Take whatever time is appropriate

Work it out with your boss and colleagues

So no caps, and work it out for yourself.

The policy wasn’t entirely without rules. If you wanted 30 days off in
a row, you needed to meet with HR. And senior leaders were urged to
take vacations and to let people know about them—so they were visible
role models for the policy.
Put simply, Netflix sought to give its employees more freedom by
removing the paid leave caps, and trusted them to do the right thing.
Which they do. Because their culture is strong and they hired the right
people in the first place.28

Let’s talk about employee influence over what work and tasks get prioritized,
and what employees should focus on. A good litmus of a workplace full of
energy and autonomy is whether it’s intelligently democratized. Do your
employees feel able to challenge senior staff about key processes, priorities
and decisions? Learn from Google here, and make sure your HIPPOs aren’t
abolishing autonomy (see display box below).

DON’T LISTEN TO THE HIPPOS

Google has a highly democratized and autonomous culture. You may
know some of the headlines already, including Google employees being
encouraged to spend 20% of their time working on whatever they
choose.
An even more noteworthy inoculation against an over-controlled
culture, is their attempts to neutralize the dangerous influence of
Hippos – the Highest Paid Person’s Opinion.
 Described in detail by Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg in their
enlightening book How Google Works (see above, ‘Leadership’, note
15), the company works hard to create a workplace where it is the
quality of the idea that matters, not the seniority of the person who
suggests it.
Ahead of the weekly company-wide meeting, in which senior
executives run a no-holds-barred Q&A session, questions and ideas get
submitted blind (no listed author) and are then circulated to each
employee so they can vote for their favourite. Those questions and ideas
winning the most votes are the ones that get discussed at the meeting.
And of course those questions are never exclusively from the most
senior people.

What about another litmus test of autonomy, working hours? Are you
working in an organization actively creating a working culture that
encourages and rewards effort and excellence and not presence? Rather than
the slightly depressing phrase ‘work–life balance’ (which is based on three
flawed assumptions: life is good, work is bad, and they’re divisible), or the
technocratic term ‘flexible working’, we advocate time sovereignty. The key
is that individuals have the maximum degree of control over their time, allied
to the motivation to give of their best in every aspect of their life. Your job as
a leader is to create a culture which gives them some choices about how they
deliver their best to your company. As Schmidt notes: ‘The best cultures
invite and enable people to be overworked in a good way, with too many
interesting things to do both at work and at home … Manage this by giving
people responsibility and freedom. Don’t order them to stay late and work or
to go home early and spend time with their families. Instead, tell them to own
the things for which they are responsible, and they will do what it takes to get
them done. Give them the space and freedom to make it happen.’
Amen. Are you working in a workplace like that? If not, maybe it’s time to
find a new one. Or change the one you’re in.
Does your employment contract state a specific number of hours you
should work? Do you know what the number is? If so, do you work them?
Quite.
We all know that an arbitrary number of hours ‘worked’ – and especially
‘worked’ in the office – is a terrible measure of somebody’s effectiveness.
But there are still some organizations that manage people like that. It’s a bit
like managing a nursery class. ‘Knell?’ ‘Yes, Miss.’ (Tick present.) ‘Reeves?’
‘Yes, Miss.’ (Tick present.)
Technology means that physical presence is increasingly becoming an
outmoded proxy for productivity. The vast majority of workers today don’t
have a fixed desk or computer, with company workspaces averaging an
occupancy rate of only 39%,29 and we all know that technology allows us to
work when we’re not at work – with smartphones, tablets and wi-fi-enabled
laptops keeping us constantly in touch and able to work all the time and
anytime. (This means, of course, that time sovereignty really does have to
mean sovereignty: you must use the awesome power of the off button on
those occasions when you want to stop working.)
But it is important to consider the other side of the coin: technology also
allows us not to work when we are ‘at work’. There’s a wonderful chapter in
Dilbert: The Joy of Work, by Scott Adams, headed ‘Reverse
Telecommuting’. The office has now become the ideal place to keep in touch
with your friends, buy a lamp on eBay, update your insurance policy or find a
holiday – but, thanks to our friend the computer, it looks exactly like work.
If you are the boss, or the wrong side of 35, or lack digital dexterity,
perhaps you doubt the ubiquity of these practices. Ladies and gentlemen of
the Liberated Workforce Jury, it is time for Exhibit A. When a mainstream
online computer magazine – take a bow PC World, from IDG – is giving tips
to its readers on how to ‘stealthily slack-off at work whilst appearing to be
working’, you might finally realize that your eyes have been deceiving you as
you have contentedly watched your intent ‘working bees’ in your open-plan
office.30
This ‘slacking-off’ in plain sight has even been monetized. Where there’s
laziness there’s lucre. Fancy playing a game that looks like a spreadsheet?
The slacking expert at PC World brought a gift – a slacking site new to us (a
surprise, as we thought we knew all of them) deliciously called Can’t You
See I’m Busy (http://cantyouseeimbusy.com) which fulsomely delivers on
their brand promise, namely: ‘All the games at CantYouSeeImBusy.com are
designed in a way that nobody can see that you’re gaming. In fact, your boss
and colleagues will think that you’re working harder than ever before.’
And just in case you are now feeling outraged and think PC World is
irresponsibly undermining the productivity pillars of workplaces across the
land, they do end with a helpful bonus tip: ‘Get some actual work done too.
We don’t blame you for wanting to unwind a little at the office, but your boss
very well might. So don’t just slack off perpetually. Strike a balance, be
productive, and use these tips with discretion.’
Dear Reader, please use all slacking tips responsibly. Remember, you’re an
MBA student, headed for greatness.
The point is not – repeat, not – that you should start clamping down on this
sort of thing, introduce spy software or institute rules about how many
minutes each day employees are ‘permitted’ to use the internet for ‘personal
use’. For one thing, it won’t work. For another, it’s dumb.
If an employee fails to deliver, your performance-management systems
will pick it up and you can fire them on the perfectly reasonable grounds that
they are not doing their job.
If your performance-management system will not, in fact, pick up the fact
that someone is not doing their job, we humbly submit that it is your
performance-management system you really need to look at, or your new
‘nudge and reward’ algorithm, not your policies on working hours or
personal internet use.

SET YOUR PEOPLE FREE

If you set people free and simply trust them to do their job, we offer two
guarantees. First, some people will abuse your trust. They will use their time
sovereignty to avoid work altogether, or to do as little as humanly possible to
prevent getting fired. Second, it will be worth it anyway. Those who abuse a
freer system are the same people who are abusing your current system by
turning up on the dot of nine, leaving on the dot of five and doing nothing
other than the bare minimum in the meantime.
Time sovereignty does require a high degree of trust – and it is not only
bosses who are sceptical. Fellow employees often think that their co-workers
will do less at home, and if the balance of home and in-office time isn’t right
for these workers, colleagues can report difficulties in collaborating with
them. It’s easier to communicate, solve problems and have casual collisions
with co-workers in person.31 So the disease of presenteeism is not confined to
the management classes, but it is managers and leaders who need to cure
themselves of it most urgently.
You may have a nagging feeling that solidarity and autonomy rest uneasily
together. If everyone is self-governing, free-wheeling around and working
from home, how can they be part of a united team? We confess to the same
anxiety. There is a tension here. But the rise in home-working is being driven
by people who work from home for a day or two a week rather than all of the
time.
The need and desire to be in the office, with colleagues, are unalterable
facts of organizational life. Skype, Slack and e-mail are powerful tools. They
are necessary – but not sufficient. They cannot support the building of
communities of purpose or the generation of organizational energy. But it’s
equally clear that great teams do not need to be together all of the time:
world-class sports teams might train together two or three days a week at
most. It is obviously a good idea to have some times of the week when the
team tries to be together – rather like the market days of old.
Beyond this, set your people free.
If you succeed in creating a solidaristic, energetic and autonomous culture,
you will ensure higher levels of job satisfaction among your staff or team –
and therefore a happier, more trusting and engaged workforce. But this is not
your only measure of success. This kind of culture will also promote
innovation, extra effort and higher productivity. Cold, hard cash: the subject
of our next section.
 When I asked my accountant if anything could get me out
of this mess I am in now he thought for a long time and
said, ‘Yes, death would help.’
Robert Morley

If God only gave me a clear sign; like making a large

deposit in my name at a Swiss bank.
Woody Allen

Financial literacy is as important as reading and writing.

It’s an essential skill for full participation in society.
Alison Pask, London Institute of Banking and Finance1

JUST WHAT IS ACCOUNTING ANYWAY?

It’s often asserted that accounting is the language of business.2 The conduct
of business is certainly unimaginable without it. At its broadest, accounting
has been defined by the American Accounting Association as ‘the process of
identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information to permit
informed judgements and decisions by users of the information.’
There – that’s got you interested. It’s a good job accountants don’t run the
sales and marketing department. An equally accurate definition of accounting
might be: ‘You will never consistently make money, control your costs, make
the best use of your resources, or be able to decide where to focus your
efforts inside your business unless you understand the fundamental rules of
accounting.’
If you’re going to run any enterprise, you have to understand the language
of accounts. Fortunately, you can make sense of accounts with a
comparatively limited vocabulary. To set you on your way, we have provided
a glossary of financial terms at the end of this chapter.
AN ANCIENT ART
The power and relevance of accounting are underscored by the longevity of
its central tenets – some of the basic rules of accounting haven’t changed
since ancient Rome. Let us introduce you to the real Godfather.

Luca Pacioli (1445–1517) was a Franciscan friar who produced the first
printed description of the double entry accounting system in 1494, in order to
‘give the trader without delay information as to his assets and liabilities’.3 We
hope Luca would smile on our efforts to summarize the key foundations of
accounting.

THE FOUR GOLDEN RULES

Accounting is fundamentally a rule-based discipline. A fully fledged
MBA accounting model would equip you with a plethora of rules, on both the
practice of accounting and on widely accepted public standards of reporting
financial information. Our ambition here is much more limited: to provide
you with the four key tenets of financial accounting that will give you the
necessary financial literacy to understand a set of basic accounts.
What are they?

A DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM INVOLVES RECORDING THE EFFECTS OF

EACH TRANSACTION AS DEBITS AND CREDITS
 LEFT-HAND SIDE OF AN ACCOUNT IS THE DEBIT SIDE, AND THE RIGHT-
HAND SIDE IS THE CREDIT SIDE
TOTAL DEBITS MUST EQUAL TOTAL CREDITS
THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION: ASSETS = LIABILITIES + CAPITAL

The problem, of course, is remembering these rules – until now, that is.

GOLDEN RULE 1: A DOUBLE ENTRY SYSTEM INVOLVES

RECORDING THE EFFECTS OF EACH TRANSACTION AS DEBITS
AND CREDITS
The cornerstone of the double entry system is that each transaction is
recorded with at least one debit and one credit.
This is because each party in a business transaction will receive something
and give something in return. In book-keeping terms, what is received is a
debit (something comes ‘IN’ when looking at the entry of a debit item) and
what is given is a credit (something is going ‘OUT’ when looking at the entry
of a credit item). This should alert you to the vital fact that the words credit
and debit have a very specific meaning in accounting, different from their use
in everyday language.
So, for example, let’s say that The 80 Minute MBA company pays cash to
buy a photocopier for £500. How would this transaction be recorded as a
debit and a credit? As the table below shows, if we think of a debit as
something coming ‘IN’ there would be a debit entry in the Machinery
account, and if we think of a credit as something going ‘OUT’ there would be
a credit entry in the Cash account.

GOLDEN RULE 2: THE LEFT-HAND SIDE OF AN ACCOUNT IS

THE DEBIT SIDE, AND THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE IS THE CREDIT
SIDE
If every transaction creates a debit and a credit, how do we record them in our
accounts? Which is where Golden Rule 2 comes in – namely that the left-
hand side of an account is always the debit side and the right-hand side of the
account is always the credit side.
In its simplest form, an account consists of three parts:

THE TITLE OF THE ACCOUNT (ITS NAME)

A LEFT OR DEBIT SIDE
A RIGHT OR CREDIT SIDE

Because the alignment of these parts of an account resembles the letter T, it is

referred to as a T account.

You will also sometimes see T accounts depicted to represent a scale or

balance. If this feels like a new or unfamiliar rule, think of your bank
statements – your current account statements – which adopt the same
convention of debits on the left and credits on the right.

And the overall accounts of a business are, in simple terms, the amalgam
of a wide range of different T accounts which feature in any business, such as
assets, liabilities and capital.
Part of the hard yards in accounting is remembering how different types of
transactions are recorded in different T accounts. Again, clear rules apply and
are summarized in the diagram below, which features in any standard
accounting textbook. All asset accounts are increased with debits and
decreased with credits. Liabilities and capital work in the opposite way to
assets.

Rules for Double Entry

Before we leave Golden Rule 2 we want to make sure you’re getting this.
Think debits and credits – now shut your eyes. Were you seeing them
automatically on the left and right – debits left, credits right? If not, we have
a simple suggestion to help you remember.
Look at the letters below.

When we think of AC/DC we think of Angus Young, Gibson SG guitars and

the best rock and roll band ever. If you didn’t, perhaps you thought power
supply instead. Either way – although we prefer the rock reference – think
whichever you choose, but think AC/DC. Look at the order of the words.
Think every account (AC) comprises of debits and credits (DC).
Think DC: debits come before credits.
Think DC: the D is on the left, the C is on the right. Debits on the left,
credits on the right.
Think debits and credits – shut your eyes and try again.
GOLDEN RULE 3: TOTAL DEBITS MUST EQUAL TOTAL CREDITS
If you can remember our earlier diagram of a T account shown as a balance
scale, you should never forget Golden Rule 3: that after every transaction is
recorded in the company accounts, total debits must equal total credits.
Back to our recently purchased The 80 Minute MBA photocopier – which
was paid for in cash, at a cost of £500 – our book-keeping entry would read:

In this example, the books stay in balance because the exact pounds
sterling amount that increase the value of our Machinery account decreases
the value of our Cash account.

GOLDEN RULE 4: THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION

Thus far we have seen that every transaction must be recorded once on the
debit side of an account and once on the credit side of an account, and that
total debits must equal total credits.
In this way, double entry bookkeeping follows the strictures of our final
golden rule – the accounting equation4 – which states that

Assets = liabilities + capital

It is a mathematical equation and the equals sign (=) requires that both sides
of the equation stay in balance at all times. In other words, the equation must
be in balance after every recorded transaction in the system. What does the
accounting equation mean in simple terms? Namely that the economic
resources of a business (the assets) must be equal to the claims on those
economic resources (liabilities + capital). What you have should be equal to
what you owe.
 Assets consist of property of all kinds, such as buildings, machinery and
stocks of goods. Other assets include debts owed by customers and the
amount of money in the bank account. Liabilities include amounts owed by
the business for goods and services supplied to the business and for expenses
incurred by the business that have not yet been paid for. They also include
funds borrowed by the business. Capital is often called the owner’s equity. It
comprises the funds invested in the business by the owner plus any profits
retained for use in the business less any share of the profits paid out of the
business to the owner.5
So back to the idea of an entity as made up of resources and claims on
those resources. A good way to think of the accounting equation is captured
in the diagram below.
Business misery results when the claims on an entity’s resources
continually outstrip its resources.

The Accounting Equation

FROM EQUATIONS TO T ACCOUNTS TO

BALANCE SHEETS
Whilst you may not have heard about the accounting equation before, you
will undoubtedly have heard about a balance sheet before, which is simply
the accounting equation expressed in a financial statement.
The balance sheet documents the accounting equation at a particular point
in time. As the name implies, and as determined by the accounting equation,
it has to balance – i.e. the value of the assets must be equal to the claims
made against those assets.
When one looks at a balance sheet, you can see our four golden rules
threaded through it, with debits on the left, credits on the right and the need
for balance.
The link between the accounting equation and normal T accounts is a
simple one. Debits are positive numbers that are represented on the left side
of the accounting equation, and credits are positive numbers represented on
the right side of the accounting equation.

The same financial and spatial relationships are replicated in the presentation
of a balance sheet, as our example below shows. Happily, The 80 Minute
MBA is as yet a simple business.

‘THE 80 MINUTE MBA’ BALANCE SHEET AT THE END OF

PERIOD 1

Who said understanding accounts was complicated? Just remember our four
golden rules. Or, more simply, remember:

And remember that what you have should be equal to what you owe. For
those about to balance, we salute you.
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING GLOSSARY
Asset: an asset is something a company owns which has future economic
value (land, buildings, equipment, goodwill etc.).
Liability: a liability is something a company owes (money, service, product
etc.).
Revenues: amounts received or to be received from customers for sales of
products or services (sales, rent or interest).
Capital: often called the owner’s equity. It comprises the funds invested in
the business by the owner and what’s left of the assets after liabilities have
been deducted. Profit: revenue less costs.
The profit and loss account: summarizes a business’s trading transactions –
income, sales and expenditure – and the resulting profit or loss for a given
period.
A balance sheet: provides a financial snapshot at a given point in time listing
all of the assets and liabilities of a company.
A balance sheet shows:
Fixed assets – long-term possessions
Current assets – short-term possessions
Current liabilities – what the business owes and must repay in the short
term
Long-term liabilities – including owner’s or shareholders’ capital

The balance sheet is so called because there is a debit entry and credit entry
for everything, which must balance.

The balance sheet shows:

How solvent the business is
How liquid its assets are – how much is in the form of cash or can easily
be converted into cash, i.e. stocks and shares.]
How the business is financed
How much capital is being used

These definitions are drawn in large part from https://www.gov.uk/annual-

accounts and supplemented by some material from Woods, F. and S.
Robinson (2004) Book-Keeping and Accounting, FT Prentice Hall.

INSTANT ECONOMICS
People who have studied economics tend to be quite a self-satisfied
bunch. Fair enough: it’s a difficult, technical subject. They look upon
those unacquainted with the core concepts of the dismal science with a
mixture of pity and contempt. Given the limits on your time, a three-
year degree in economics followed by a doctorate in econometric
modelling is probably not on the cards. But the killer line which
economists often use is, ‘Well, can you at least draw supply and
demand curves?’ Any MBA worth their salt must be able to meet this
challenge and dash off the basic supply and demand model on the back
of a napkin, or on a newspaper in the back of a cab.

DEMAND
Demand is an expression of how much people want something,
measured in terms of how much they’re willing to pay for it – or, to put
it slightly differently, how much of it they’ll buy at a certain price. So
here’s how a demand curve for, say, widgets might look.

Widgets – how much do you want one?

You may notice that the ‘curve’ is, in fact, a straight line. This is a
trick to try to catch out non-economists – always call it a curve. Price
(P) is measured on the vertical axis and quantity (Q) on the horizontal
one. (We remember the order by thinking of the phrase ‘Mind your Ps
and Qs’, but we’re pretty sure we are alone in this.) D1 is the demand
line – yes, very good, the curve – and represents a given level of
demand for the widgets in question. At this level of demand (D1),
consumers will buy 2 million widgets for £1, or 1 million for £2.
Demand is rarely static, however, and of course the goal of the widget
supplier’s marketing department is to raise the level of demand so that
people will pay more for the widgets or buy more at the same price. If
widgets become all the rage, the demand curve will shift upwards. At
this higher level of demand (D2), consumers will buy 2 million widgets
with a price tag of £2 and buy a million even if the price rises to £3.

Widgets – the new ‘must have’ item

SUPPLY
There is another factor influencing the price: how much the widget
manufacturer has to charge per item to cover their costs and produce a
reasonable profit for shareholders. So the supply curve, going in the
opposite direction to the demand curve, shows how many widgets will
be supplied at any given price.

Widget supply lines

In this case, 1 million widgets will be supplied at a price of £1.50 per

unit, and 2 million widgets will be supplied if the price is £2.50. Of
course, supply curves can move too, especially in response to a change
in the price of raw materials.

EQUILIBRIUM
Once the demand and supply curves for widgets are known, both the
prevailing price charged and the quantity supplied will be established
by the ‘equilibrium’ point between demand and supply: in other words,
the place where the lines cross. In this case (assuming demand at D1),
the answer is that 1.25 million widgets will be sold at a price of £1.75.

Widgets – how many for how much?

But …
 Of course, it’s much more complicated than this. The textbook
models assume perfect information and perfect rationality. In truth,
markets are driven by human emotions like greed, fear and hope. If
2008 taught us anything, it taught us this. And don’t make the mistake
of confusing price and value. The model gives you the price but not
necessarily the true value.
 At its core marketing is about showing people how your
brand or organization can solve their problems, anticipate
their needs, or make their lives better.
The Freeman Company1

The problem with the world today is communication. Too

much communication.
Homer Simpson

THE RISE AND RISE OF THE PRODUCING

CONSUMER
In our experience, the best marketers do not lack bravado. But even they are
struggling to project steely self-confidence in the face of profound changes to
the world in which they do business.
One of the most visible manifestations of these changes will already be
familiar to you – the rise of social media and its cousin, big data analytics. If
you have a Sky+ box or Virgin Media’s TiVO service, or are a Netflix
subscriber, you will already be watching more TV on demand and time-
shifting your media consumption.
The year 2015 was important symbolically: it was when the proportion of
people preferring to stream TV content (53%) overtook those watching live
(45%). Most of those aged between 14 to 25 (Trailing Millennials) now
watch more content on mobile devices than they do on actual TVs, according
to a study by Deloitte.2
When was the last time you spent any serious time watching TV ads?
Probably it was some time ago. The old broadcast model route to consumers
– the so-called one-to-many model of communication – is narrowing by the
month. The replacement – so-called many-to-many communication – heralds
a seismic shift in the power of consumers. Marketing will never be the same
again.
The extraordinary growth of smartphone ownership has fuelled the many-
to-many revolution. Smartphones, these new weapons of mass collaboration,3
allow millions of individuals and communities to create content,4 share ideas
and interests, talk to each other, talk to you, leave recommendations, share
networks and causes and build or break brand reputations.
We are no longer passive consumers but are becoming active producers.
For some, this shift heralds a genuinely new epoch – the age of mass
innovation,5 in which we are democratizing the production and consumption
of everything as we change the way we communicate and share. All of this is
having a decisive impact on how companies face their markets and on the
very nature of markets themselves.
As a consequence, marketing experts have been quick to proclaim the slow
death of cold-calling or the pre-eminence of the 30-second advertising slot,6
as the disconnect between marketer (sender) and consumer (receiver)
increases.7
The argument runs that old marketing – ‘the act of interrupting masses of
people with ads about average products’ – is being replaced by new
marketing – ‘which leverages scarce attention and creates interactions among
communities with similar interests’.8
Enterprises are afraid that their increasingly fickle and media-sophisticated
consumers are in danger of turning away from them. And they are right to be
afraid.

FROM MARKETING TO CONVERSATION

What does all this mean for how businesses reach and influence their
customers? In simple terms: companies, products and markets, and the
communities that sustain them, are increasingly built by conversation. If
marketing was once the essential differentiator in ensuring that a new product
or service met consumer need, it is being usurped by a less controlled and
more dynamic interaction between producer and consumer. For all sorts of
enterprises, the ability to create new ideas, products, marketing campaigns
and opportunities is becoming rooted in their ability to stage new
conversations with their markets and their customers.
Conversation is an inherently creative activity. As the writer Theodore
Zeldin memorably said, ‘When minds meet, they don’t just exchange facts;
they transform them, reshape them, draw different implications from them,
engage in new trains of thought. Conversation does not simply reshuffle the
cards. It creates new cards.’9
The challenge for marketeers is that their core instinct is to attempt to
influence the customer in a controlled way. But now success requires a more
dynamic, real-time and messy flow of information, ideas and exchange
between producer and consumer, in which both parties will change their
approach or perception as a result. All of which means it’s more important
than ever for your marketing activity to be active, not passive.

FROM THE FOUR Ps TO THE FIVE Cs

If the aim of marketing is to satisfy customer needs or wants, how has the
discipline traditionally approached this challenge?
The dominant conceptual model underpinning marketing strategy has been
the so-called marketing mix – which is a generalized model used to describe
the different kinds of choices organizations have to make in the whole
process of bringing a product or service to market.
The most famous shorthand for those broad choices remains the Four Ps
framework, originally proposed by E. Jerome McCarthy, focusing on
product, price, place and promotion, which taken together provide the basic
components of a marketing plan.10
The first two Ps (product and price) are in essence product-related
elements. The other two Ps are parts of the delivery system – with ‘place’
about delivering the physical product or service and ‘promotion’ about
delivering the ‘sales messages’ and communicating with potential
customers.11
Different products will produce different points of emphasis, or balance,
within the marketing mix. So, for example, within industrial markets more
emphasis is usually given to direct contact (involving face-to-face selling), as
opposed to the indirect techniques (of marketing research and advertising)
used in most consumer markets.12
The recent history of marketing has been driven by the partial rejection and
ongoing modification of the basic Four Ps model. Marketers have busily been
adding extra Ps to the model – like throwing bricks on a failing coastal
defence as the tide creeps ever higher.13 The additional Ps, such as ‘people’
and ‘process’, have been added to ensure the model is equally applicable to
services as well as product markets.
But the demise of the Four Ps model is a metaphor for the broader collapse
of marketing certainties. The challenge is no longer to adapt existing models,
but to accept that the rules of the game have changed – and as a consequence
so must the very essence of marketing.
 The Four Ps are being taken over by the Five Cs:

CONTENT
COMMUNITY
CO-CREATION
CUSTOMIZATION
CONVERSATION

CONTENT

BRANDED CONTENT AND EXPERIENCE – THE POWER COUPLE

OF NEW ERA MARKETING
Marketing has shifted from trying to shout about what your content is to
the content itself being the marketing. If you’re not preoccupied with content,
who you’re producing it with, and how it’s shared, your marketing strategy is
heading south.
‘Being able to tell a story in marketing terms is more important than it’s
ever been. In politics, the phrase “where’s the narrative” became a
cornerstone of retail offers to the electorate from political parties,’ says
Simon Burton (a ‘marketing guru’, according to the Observer newspaper).
Where’s the narrative has now become the DNA of marketing.
Branded content, and the compelling brand experiences that result, are the
power couple of new era marketing. The way to cut through the many-to-
many white noise, and connect with consumers, is by creating content and
experiences that in turn creates a lasting relationship between the brand and
an individual. Ideally, one that lasts much longer than it takes them to click a
pay button or walk to the till.
Branded content experiences can encompass anything from films, events,
trade shows, sponsorships, virtual and hybrid events to augmented reality
experiences.14 Compelling content creates an opportunity for a business or
charity to engage, converse and create a user-centric, personalized
experience. Nine out of ten marketers agree that brand experience delivers
strong face-to-face interaction and more compelling brand engagement. More
than one in three chief marketing officers expect to set aside 21–50% of their
budgets for brand experience development.15
Red Bull is the poster child of new era marketing, through its brilliant use
of sponsorship activation, experiences and branded content. There are many
good accounts of its approach which are worth further reading.16 Red Bull
has tailored its marketing and sponsorship strategy in unique ways,
pioneering a new path in sponsorship and marketing for others to follow,
sponsoring not only sports-based facets, but also art shows, breakdancing and
video-game events. Red Bull’s famous tagline – ‘Red Bull gives you wings’
– animates arresting stories and inspiring events. Slogans such as ‘Ever
dreamed you could fly?’ and ‘Ever dreamed of being an astronaut?’ got
people’s attention. Hasn’t everybody? So why not buy an energy drink that
gives you wings?17
The Red Bull Stratos project reached its peak when Austrian skydiver
Felix Baumgartner freefell nearly 39,000 metres (128,000 feet) from the edge
of space. The jump broke the world record. Huge media attention was
generated. A live audience of 8 million people watched the live YouTube
stream.18 As we go to press with this edition, the view count for the
company’s YouTube video of Baumgartner’s freefall stands at nearly 42
million.
Clearly, branded content matters – and is something you need to
understand if you’re going to connect and converse with a large audience.
But there is a broader lesson here too, about the whole picture in terms of the
new art of marketing conversation.
What is important is not just what Red Bull has achieved in reach and
impact through branded content (they have a 30% share of the global market
for energy drinks)19 – but rather how they have done it.
In particular, they think like a media owner.
You need to think like one too if you’re marketing a business, or yourself.

THINK LIKE A MEDIA OWNER – BECAUSE YOU

ARE ONE
Simon Burton argues that we are all, both businesses and individuals,
media owners now, Counter-intuitive? Only if you are thinking with an ‘old
media’ mindset.
If you have Facebook friends and Twitter followers, you’re a media owner.
If your Twitter account has 10,000 followers, you’re already a niche
magazine in terms of reach and draw. What do you mean you don’t have an
editorial policy and tone of voice for your brand? If you don’t, the art of
underselling yourself is clearly alive and well.
Businesses are almost by definition powerful media owners. It is just that
many haven’t realized it yet. They are so bad at conversing with their markets
they’re in the equivalent of a commercial circulation crisis.

Have we got your attention yet? Felix Baumgartner’s freefall from 128,000 feet

Back to Red Bull. They act and think more like a media owner than an
energy drinks business. Let’s do a checklist:

THEY ARE A FULLY-FLEDGED PUBLISHER WITH A RANGE OF CONTENT

PRODUCTS AND CHANNELS20
THEY HAVE A CLEAR STRATEGY FOR CONTENT AND EXPERIENCE
PROPERTIES THAT RESONATE DEEPLY WITH THEIR TARGET
AUDIENCES
THEY SEEK TO OWN PROPERTIES (RED BULL AIR RACE; RED BULL
RACING) AND THE CONTENT AND REVENUE STREAMS THAT FLOW
FROM THEM
THEY’RE DIGITAL AND MOBILE FIRST21
They also have a good recipe and processes to make an energy drink, but a
30% global market share for their product category has been achieved
through their media ownership behaviour and the resulting compelling
content and customer connection, not because their canning plant rocks.
In contrast, many brands are stuck in the weeds of poor communication
and projection. What are the symptoms? Sending out salesy emails or
annoying customers with banner ads are early stage indicators. As John Hall,
Forbes contributor, asks, somewhat acidly: ‘When was the last time you
clicked on a banner ad? What about the last time you listened to a
telemarketer’s entire spiel and then whipped out your credit card to book a
cruise?’

Consumers have become adept in skipping overt sales pitches in search of

the data and resources they need to form an opinion. To make his case, Hall
highlights a recent study by Ad Age revealing that 75% of marketers have got
the wrong idea about content marketing. In the survey, 75% of marketers said
content should frequently mention products and services (despite the fact that
60% of their audience turns down overtly sales-y content).22
Instead, think content and act like a media owner. Follow Coca Cola’s
lead, with their Content 2020 initiative, their content advertising strategy
from storytelling to content creation. Coca Cola’s model starts with brand
stories designed to provoke conversations with customers to produce ideas,
that they then seek to act on, and react to, 365 days a year. The aim is to earn
‘a disproportionate share of popular culture’. They sound a lot like a media
owner, and a storyteller. To us, the whole approach sounds a lot like
marketing as conversation.
COMMUNITY – FRIEND OR FOE?
The second big challenge for traditional marketing is that success is no
longer just about enlisting individual consumers, but about how best to
engage the communities in which they hang out, hunt and harangue.
Consumption, it appears, really is best served in a crowd.23
Aided and abetted by the internet and social media, which simultaneously
allow us to find our tribes and communities, consumption is increasing a
social or peer-led activity.
As Philip Kotler and colleagues note: ‘Recent research across industries
show that most customers believe more in the f-factor (friends, families,
Facebook fans, Twitter followers) than in marketing communications … It is
as if customers were protecting themselves from false brand claims by using
their social circles to build a fortress.’24 For companies, this means
consumers aren’t targets to be hit with outbound messaging, rather peers to
be invited into a conversation that might interest them about a given brand, or
product or service – through compelling content, not sales coercion.
The problem for companies is that as consumers, and the tribes they run in,
have become more valuable, they have also become more vengeful. They
quickly call out or dismiss bad service or crass marketing messages and
targeting. Both these attributes demand that enterprises should seek to be in
constant conversation with them. Not an easy task now that everyone is a
media owner and companies have no control over the conversation. As Kotler
says: ‘Marketers need to create brand conversations in customer communities
despite not having much control over the outcome.’25
Some of those conversations are with individuals who are their biggest
friends and fans – they’re people who love them already. The challenge then
is how to amplify their contribution and voice.
But some conversations are with their biggest foes. They’ve been burned
by a bad product or poor customer service and they’re intent on flaming the
reputation of the offending company. Enterprises must work even harder to
stay in the conversation game with them, but to a different end – to get them
to change their pitch or their tone or, better still, to get them to talk about
something else altogether.
And as BrandIndex scores reveal (see below), not everybody has to love
you for you to be a successful brand, but you do have to be a conversational,
proactive brand to keep your friend and foe communities in balance.

‘Haters Gonna Hate’ – That’s Okay if ‘Lovers

Gonna Love’
In his book Marketing 4.0 Kotler gives a nice example of how strong
consumer advocacy for a brand often needs to be activated by either
customer enquiries or negative advocacy. Great brands do not
necessarily have significantly more lovers than haters. According to
YouGov’s BrandIndex, McDonald’s, for example, has 33% lovers and
29% haters. Starbucks has a similar profile: 30% lovers and 23%
haters. What should you make of this? Perhaps your brand’s lovers and
haters are looming large in your marketplace. Should you be focusing
your efforts on one set over the other? Here is what Kotler and his co-
authors advise (and we agree):
‘From the Net Promoter Score point of view, two of the biggest
brands in the food and beverage industry would have very low scores
because they have too many haters. But from an alternative viewpoint,
the group of haters is a necessary evil that activates the group of lovers
to defend McDonald’s and Starbucks against criticisms. Without both
positive and negative advocacy, the brand conversations would be dull
and less engaging.
‘Any brand that has strong characters and DNA would likely be
unpopular with a certain market segment. But what these brands should
aim to have is the ultimate sales force: an army of lovers who are
willing to guard the brand in the digital world.’
How’s your army of lovers coming on?
Are you doing anything to actively recruit and nurture them?

Some major brands go as far as to ‘poke’ the haters to get a reaction, creating
a conversation and getting their supporters to defend their product. The aim
being that fans might sway neutral consumers into becoming supporters (on
the assumption that most of the haters are lost to the brand already). Ryanair,
the discount airline well known to European readers, has long needled critics
of its no-frills service by making tongue-in-cheek proposals for new ways to
trim amenities.26 One of Ryanair’s more notorious suggestions was the
introduction of a ‘fat tax’. In 2009, the budget airline ran an online
competition giving customers the chance to win free flights by coming up
with novel ideas to save or make the company money. Around 100,000
passengers took part in the online competition and of those 30,000 (29%)
voted for a fee for overweight passengers. In a classic ‘dead cat strategy’,
Ryanair never brought in this policy, and the only change they made was the
removal of some toilets (which seems ‘reasonable’ by comparison), an
announcement made only after their provocative kite-flying of the ‘fat tax’
had put the company firmly in the headlines and in lots of people’s
conversations.27
But energizing your fans and enhancing word-of-mouth marketing is only
one benefit of getting the conversation right with your consumers. The
biggest prize of all awaits those companies who can turn them into prosumers
– consumers who help create the products, services, content and campaigns
they themselves want to use, shape and take part in.28 This is the vision of
consumer as producer and co-creator.

CO-CREATION
Firms can no longer create stories, meaning and value in splendid isolation.
Value is increasingly being co-created by the firm and the consumer, as
consumers actively help design, develop and distribute the products and
services they value and the marketing campaigns that get people talking
about the product or service. Twenty-five percent of search results for the
world’s 20 largest brands are now linked to user-generated content, according
to Kissmetrics. And brand engagements rise by 28% when consumers are
exposed to both professional content and user-generated product video
(comScore).29
Co-created marketing works, and many campaigns now have co-creation
baked in – with Facebook pages, hashtags and digital reach allowing brands
to create opportunities for their fans to chime in, create content and build the
story about the brand.
 For companies, the attraction of co-creating is that user-generated elements
of campaigns can enrich the campaign story by showing what the product, the
brand or the messages mean to the people who use it every day. At best, these
user-generated stories and campaigns can feel more authentic, and have more
positive viral possibilities, than anything a corporate marketing department
could dream up in isolation.
A vivid example was provided by Airbnb in 2013, when the firm created
the first short film made entirely of Vines sent in by users from all over the
world (the resulting film is on http://blog.atairbnb.com/airbnb-presents-
hollywood-vines/). The film, which is a wistful account of the journey of a
single piece of paper, was created from instructions sent out by the company
to their Twitter fans, and was a clever piece of storytelling content for the
travel company.
Certain demographics seem particularly attracted to the magic of user-
generated content, in particular the millennial generation, who have grown up
digital. In 2014, Crowdtap and Ipsos Media CT released a survey showing
how popular and trusted user-generated content is for millennials. The study
found that millennials spend a staggering 18 hours per day consuming
different media across several devices. User-generated content makes up 30%
of that time (5.4 hours), second only to traditional media like print, television
and radio at 33%. Millennials trust information found in user-generated
content 50% more than information from traditional media sources and find
user-generated content 35% more memorable than other sources.30
So if your users aren’t part of your storytelling team about your brand,
you’re going to find it harder to make it feel personal and trusted. As Mark
Bonchek and colleagues note: ‘Everybody likes to talk about being
“customer-centric.” But too often this means taking better aim with targeted
campaigns. Customers today are not just consumers; they are also creators,
developing content and ideas – and encountering challenges – right along
with you.’31
This scrambling of the marketing value chain reflects the heightened desire
of consumers to play with and shape the things they care about. But it also,
rather paradoxically, makes innovation potentially more manageable. The big
risk in new product and service innovation for companies is that they fail to
anticipate correctly how consumers will respond to and use their new market
offerings. Consumer-driven innovation and co-creation diminishes these
risks, as consumers actively design products and services to meet their wants
and needs. Moreover, they often create new markets and sources of value as a
consequence,32 displaying their ability to move beyond a traditional, passive
consumption of ideas and goods to co-creating and owning content or
products.33
For example, LEGO has long seen the value in co-creating products with
customers (both young and old). Any idea what this is?

2017 The LEGO® Group, used with permission

It’s a MINDSTORMS® robot made by LEGO® Group.

When the product first made its debut in 1989, LEGO® Group’s marketers
were surprised to discover that the robotic toys were popular not only with
teenagers, the envisaged market, but also with adult hobbyists eager to
improve them.
Adult hobbyists. That’s a descriptive phrase to conjure with. We mean
geeks – people who live with their heads inside computers, wearing slogan T-
shirts, looking longingly at screens and creating unimaginative profiles
(they’re geeks, remember) on internet dating sites. But they’re a market – and
a much more lucrative market than LEGO® Group ever imagined. Within
weeks of releasing the product, MINDSTORMS® robot communities had
sprung up who had hacked into the electronics, reprogrammed the robots and
then began to send their suggested improvements to LEGO® Group.
LEGO® Group’s response?
They threatened legal action – the conversational equivalent of a slamming
door, only less eloquent.
 As their consumers rebelled, with fans turning into foes, eventually
LEGO® Group came round. It embraced the hacker community – about to
become MINDSTORMS’s® biggest fans and backers – and wrote a ‘right to
hack’ into the MINDSTORMS® software licence, giving hobbyists explicit
permission to let their imaginations run wild.
That was the starting point for LEGO to transform itself into a co-creation
company, which now has a permanent co-creation platform for its fans and
users. LEGO Ideas is its online community where members can see and
review new creations by other fans and submit their own designs for new
sets. Fans can vote on submissions and give feedback. If a project gets 10,000
votes, LEGO reviews the idea and picks a winner for an official LEGO Ideas
set to be created and sold worldwide. The creator gives final product
approval, earns a percentage of the sales and is recognized as the creator on
all packaging and marketing. This concept celebrates loyal customers and
rewards them for innovation, creativity and entrepreneurialism.34

The favourite design of one of the authors of this book, which met the
10,000 vote threshold, is the VW Golf MK1 GTI.35 It would take too long to
properly explain why, but for UK readers, he’s an Essex boy in mid-life.
Capisce? The other author used Lego bricks to demonstrate barriers to inter-
generational mobility for, at last count, 400,000 YouTube viewers.36

CUSTOMIZATION
Content, community and co-creation are all vital in supporting and driving
customization, another vital part of the new marketing mix. In the digital era,
where companies are collecting copious amounts of real-time data about their
customers, marketers have an enhanced ability to understand, predict and
customize customers’ experiences. As Caren Fleit notes: ‘Big data and
artificial intelligence swamp marketers with information. The focus shifts
from telling and selling to customer engagement and dialogues and
personalized communications and products.’37
Happily for marketers, the opportunities for customization have never been
greater. The rise of ever more sophisticated customer relationship
management (CRM) systems, big data and predictive analytical tools mean
that by analyzing and listening better, and understanding consumer behaviour
across all the touch points they have with a business, companies can use their
social CRM approach to provide customized and tailored recommendations
and solutions. In other words, next generation customer service and
marketing – intuitive, proactive and personalized (see below).
How can you best respond to these developments? We noted earlier that
companies need to think of themselves as media owners to market their
products and services successfully. They also need to think of themselves as
data companies, whether they are a retailer, manufacturer or service provider.
One way to understand where marketing and customization are heading is to
look at Walmart.
In case you hadn’t noticed, Walmart has been reinventing itself as a data
company to drive its retail business.38 It now describes itself as follows:
‘We’re not a retailer competing in Silicon Valley. We’re building an internet
technology company inside the world’s largest retailer.’39 At the heart of this
reinvention is social data – tweets, blogs, pins, comments, shares and so on.
All of that data is analysed by WalmartLabs to generate retail-related
insights. Their key project has been the Social Genome project – which they
define as ‘a giant knowledge base that captures entities and relationships of
the social world’. Walmart has spent the last few years building this in-house
Social Genome, part public data, part private data, with a vast array of social
media data streaming into it. Streaming in so fast that WalmartLabs created
something they call Muppet, a solution for processing Fast Data using large
clusters of machines.40
 The big data team at WalmartLabs is the customer-focused nerve centre of
the business. It analyses every clickable action on Walmart.com: what
consumers buy in-store and online; what is trending on Twitter, local events
such as the San Francisco Giants winning the World Series, and how local
weather deviations affect buying patterns. All the events are captured and
analysed intelligently by big data algorithms to discern meaningful big data
insights for the millions of customers so that Walmart can then craft a
personalized shopping experience for each of them.41 For the customer that
means they get ever more relevant personal offers, notifications and
invitations. Groups of consumers interested in a particular new fad or fashion
find that Walmart has anticipated the forthcoming demand and stocked their
stores in anticipation.
For example, in 2011, the team correctly anticipated heightened customer
interest in cake-pop makers based on social media conaversations on
Facebook and Twitter. A few months later, it noticed growing interest in
electric juicers, linked in part to the popularity of the juice-crazy
documentary Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead. The team sends this data to
Walmart’s buyers, who then use it to make their purchasing decisions.42
Walmart’s public commentary on the initiative has declined since launch.
Our instinct is that this is less about its declining influence on Walmart’s
marketing, sales and revenue. Rather, it is that the insights and competitive
advantage being secured by Walmart is becoming too valuable to widely
share, and they don’t want to alarm consumers who currently enjoy
Walmart’s personalized marketing and retail offers, but might be a lot shyer
about being in conversation with them as a customer if they knew just how
much Walmart now knows about them and can accurately predict about their
future behaviour.
So, is consumer customization at the heart of your business? Are you
thinking strategically as a data-driven business? Are you doing everything
you can to understand and anticipate the needs and preferences of your
customers?

SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING REQUIRES

SMART SOCIAL LISTENING. IT’S NOT A
CONVERSATION WITHOUT IT
When customers have a good or bad experience they increasingly share
it with everyone.
So, social media monitoring, listening and responding (social
relationship management) are crucial in allowing a company to tap in
quickly to customer complaints, compliments or concerns and react
quickly.
You might be thinking this seems almost too obvious to note – but
you’d be surprised how many companies don’t systematically monitor
social channels, or perhaps worse, monitor but don’t respond quickly
or appropriately, and therefore are seen not to be listening – or keen to
be in conversation. Some 72% of people who complain to a brand on
Twitter expect an answer within an hour. Yet Twitter data shows that
nearly 40% of customers tweets never get a response from the
company. And recent McKinsey analysis shows that 30% of social
media users prefer ‘social care’ to phoning customer service.43
It is therefore vital that your omni-channel approach to customer
contact and interaction is up to scratch. For example, effective social
CRM helps organizations generate leads by solving problems, attracts
new customers, improves customer care, identifies influences and
advocates, and drives innovation.44
Companies that do social CRM well, in a customized, non-invasive
and relevant way, improved year-over-year revenue per contact by
6.7% (those that didn’t saw a corresponding 12.1% decline).45
And some consumers may be willing to share more of their data in
return for customization. A recent study found that 22% of consumers
are happy to share some data in return for a more personalized
customer service or product.46
Evidence suggests that a company’s social CRM and listening loops
break down when they treat social media as a siloed part of their
communications strategy, or something ‘that’s done by their marketing
department, rather than the most crucial way they have of getting close
to people and communicating what it is they do’.47
CONVERSATION
The final C is conversation. Marketers have long claimed that they are the
generator of the customer-eye view of any business, stressing that their
overriding mission is to engage with their customers as much as possible in
as many different ways as possible.
Maybe – marketers have never lacked a sales pitch, after all. But those
companies clinging to the certainties of old marketing models won’t deliver
on this mission. The Five Cs are rapidly undermining the core of almost all
traditional marketing theory. Content, community, customization and co-
creation are eroding the gap between marketing on one side and the customer
on the other.
As one expert puts it: ‘It’s not us and them. It’s us and us.’48
Customers have more power than ever before and they’ve changed.
Marketers are going to have to change with them – and use the Five Cs to
enable the most important C of them all, the art of conversation. Most
marketers already recognize they’re now in the conversation business. Many
also need to accept that they urgently need elocution lessons. They’ll soon be
talking to markets differently as they’re always looking for an edge, and
marketers haven’t given up hope that they might yet be able to read
customers’ minds.

NEUROMARKETING
The influential British economist Lionel Robbins declared that it was
not possible to ‘peer into men’s minds’ to discover their true desires.
But that was three-quarters of a century ago. Now we are peering in
earnest. A fast-growing subdiscipline of neurology and marketing,
neuromarketing, represents a terrifically exciting scientific advance
into the understanding of consumer behaviour – or a totally terrifying
Orwellian development, depending on your point of view. The word
itself was coined in 2002, but the discipline has only recently begun to
take off.
Subjects are placed in MRI scanners while they look at images, or
attached to mobile brain-imaging machines while they shop. Then
neuroscientists can see what happens to their brains when they buy
something, see a brand name they recognize, or swallow a mouthful of
a soft drink. The most famous example is a high-tech version of the
‘Coke versus Pepsi’ challenge.
The findings from Samuel McClure and his colleagues were startling.
When people did not know what they were drinking, roughly half said
they preferred each brand. The subjects’ ventromedial prefrontal cortex
– essentially the brain’s feel-good centre – was actually more strongly
activated by Pepsi than Coke.
But when the guinea pigs knew what they were drinking, the scans
revealed activity in the hippocampus, midbrain and dorsolateral
prefrontal cortex: areas associated with memory and feelings.
Here is what the re-searchers concluded: ‘Subjects in this part of the
experiment preferred Coke in the labelled cups significantly more than
Coke in the anonymous tasks … We hypothesize that cultural
information biases preference decisions through the dorsolateral
region of the prefrontal cortex, with the hippocampus engaged to recall
the associated information.’
To you and me: such is the power of Coke’s brand that people do not
merely think they prefer it to Pepsi. They actually do prefer it, so long
as they know what they’re drinking.49
A powerful scientific testimony to the enduring power of a brand.
Unsurprisingly interest and investment in neuromarketing techniques
are strengthening, with lots of next wave innovation predicted around
eye-tracking and facial encoding (particularly as AI and machine
learning progammes start to automatically ‘read’ and interpret our
facial expressions (what we are really thinking) and our text and vocal
exchanges with a service provider.50
THANK YOU FOR YOUR 80 MINUTES.
We hope that this book makes you more business curious – not just in terms
of searching out the key texts and references that we direct you to in each of
our individual chapter resources and references sections, but also in terms of
how best to make use of a wide range of additional print and online materials.

EDITED BOOKS AND COLLECTIONS

A number of the key business schools produce excellent summary series
covering key business and management issues. See for example the Harvard
Business Review Paperback series, which features highly readable collections
of seminal essays from the reviewgrouped by theme – such as marketing,
leadership and corporate social responsibility (www.hbsp.harvard.edu).

LEADING BUSINESS SCHOOLS IN THE UK AND

GLOBALLY
Almost all of the leading business schools now provide freely
downloadable podcasts or videos, featuring lectures by their main teaching
faculty or other guest expert speakers. The podcasts cover both key elements
of an MBA syllabus and also key topical issues.
For example, Wharton has 2 million subscribers to its journal
Knowledge@Wharton, which is published in multiple languages
(http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/).
London Business School has an excellent YouTube channel, like most of
the major business schools. For example, see this great companion to the
Leadership and Culture sections, a lecture given by Professor Gareth Jones
on ‘Why Should Anyone Work Here’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=DM2QVuHpfKE.
In a similar vein, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and its
Sloan Management School, have their own YouTube channel with a huge
variety of great lectures and videos
(https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKgamS4zSNmq7r7tQB6niLw).
More broadly, a wide range of leading universities from around the globe
are now using the iTunes platform, specifically the iTunes University
(www.apple.com/itunesu), to distribute podcasts of expert lecture and
teaching materials. Apple is effectively creating a global lecture theatre for
the engaged 80 Minute MBA student. For example, Oxford University has its
own dedicated iTunes U offer (https://www.ox.ac.uk/itunes-u?wssl=1).
The UK-based Open University has a huge variety of materials available
on iTunes University, including a dedicated strand of business and
management lectures (http://www.open.edu/itunes/subjects/business-and-
management).
If The 80 Minute MBA encourages you to pursue just some of these
brilliant knowledge resources, not only will the time spent reading this book
be doubly worthwhile, but we can be even more confident that future UK
managers and leaders are displaying the required level of intellectual
curiosity.
Given this proliferation of content providers, where should you start your
search? An obvious source of guidance is the annual global MBA ranking,
published by the Financial Times. The top ten schools in the FT Global MBA
Ranking 2017, which would be an excellent place to start to search for
relevant materials, were as follows:

INSEAD – www.insead.edu
STANFORD UNIVERSITY – www.gsb.stanford.edu
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, WHARTON – www.wharton.upenn.edu
HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL – www.hbs.edu
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, JUDGE – https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/home/
LONDON BUSINESS SCHOOL – www.london.edu
COLUMBIA BUSINESS SCHOOL – http://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/
IE BUSINESS SCHOOL – www.ie.edu
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO – https://www.chicagobooth.edu
IESE BUSINESS SCHOOL – http://www.iese.edu/en/index-default.html
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, THINK TANKS
AND CONSULTING FIRMS IN THE UK
A wide range of professional associations, think tanks and consulting firms
are active in producing research reports and expert commentary on business
and management issues. In terms of professional bodies, useful material is
provided by:

THE CHARTERED MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE – www.managers.org.uk

THE CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF PERSONNEL AND DEVELOPMENT –
https://www.cipd.co.uk
THE CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF MARKETING – www.cim.co.uk
THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS IN ENGLAND AND
WALES – www.icaew.com

Professional service firms in the United Kingdom, particularly the so-called

‘Big Four’ – PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd,
Ernst & Young (E&Y) and Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG) –
remain a useful additional resource for free public domain reports on key
aspects of management and business practice. In addition to briefing papers
on key industry sectors, they regularly survey CEOs and CFOs on their
perspectives and priorities and produce research and reports on key
management disciplines and challenges. They also provide a wide range of
podcasts on topical issues.
Website addresses are:

PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS – www.pwc.co.uk
DELOITTE TOUCHE TOHMATSU – https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en.html
ERNST & YOUNG – http://www.ey.com/uk/en/home
KPMG – www.kpmg.co.uk
There are also numerous specialist business think tanks providing useful
resources across the gamut of MBA issues. Useful institutions in the UK and
US include:

THE INSTITUTE FOR FISCAL STUDIES – www.ifs.org.uk

THE SOCIAL MARKET FOUNDATION – http://www.smf.co.uk
INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RESEARCH – http://www.ippr.org
POLICY EXCHANGE – https://policyexchange.org.uk
THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE ARTS – https://www.thersa.org
NESTA – www.nesta.org.uk
SUSTAINABILITY – www.sustainability.com
PETERSON INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS –
https://piie.com
BROOKINGS INStITUTion – http://brookings.edu
CENTER FOR CLIMATE AND ENERGY SOLUTIONS – https://www.c2es.org
INTER-AMERICAN DIALOGUE – http://www.thedialogue.org

And of course, in a world of user-generated content and conversation, if you

search a little you will find interesting, curated lists of TED talks relevant to
the themes in this book. For example, http://blog.movingworlds.org/the-ted-
talk-mba/#business curates under an MBA rubric 143 TED Talks covering
essential theories, skills, and concepts taught at leading MBA programs. It
was designed by MovingWorlds.org tohelp people become more globally and
socially conscious leaders. Or perhaps see the blog
http://blog.event2mobile.com/10-brilliant-ted-talks-that-can-teach-you-more-
than-your-mba-in-hr/ offering 10 Brilliant TED Talks That Can Teach You
More Than Your MBA in HR – some of them are very much worth watching.
Ahonen, T. T. and Moore, A. (2005) Communities Dominate Brands:
Business and Marketing Challenges for the 21st Century, Futuretext

Anderson, C. (2006) The Long Tail: How Endless Choice is Creating

Unlimited Demand, Random House Business Books

Barrow, P. and Epstein, L. (2007) Bookkeeping for Dummies, John Wiley &
Sons

Bossidy, L. and Charan, R. (2002) Execution: The Discipline of Getting

Things Done, Crown Business

Broughton, Philip Delves (2008) What They Teach You at Harvard Business
School: My Two Years Inside the Cauldron of Capitalism, Penguin

Collins, J. and Porras, J. I. (2004) Built to Last: Successful Habits of

Visionary Companies, Collins Business

Eastaway, R. and Wyndham, J. (2005) Why do Buses Come in Threes?: The

Hidden Mathematics of Everyday Life, Portico Books

El-Erian, M. (2008) When Markets Collide: Investment Strategies for the Age
of Global Economic Change, McGraw Hill

Fallon, P. and Senn, F. (2006) Juicing the Orange: How to Turn Creativity
into a Powerful Business Advantage, Harvard Business School Press

Friedman, Thomas L. (2008) Hot, Flat and Crowded, Farrar, Straus and
Giroux

Friedman, Thomas L. (2006) The World is Flat, Farrar, Straus and Giroux

Godin, Seth (2007) Meatball Sundae: How New Marketing is Transforming

the Business World, Piatkus Books
Godin, Seth (2006) Small is the New Big, Penguin Business Books

Goffee, R. and Jones, G. (2006) Why Should Anyone be Led by You?,

Harvard Business School Press

Gore, Al (2006) An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global

Warming and What We Can Do About It, Bloomsbury Publishing

Hand, J. and Lev, B. (eds) (2003) Intangible Assets: Values, Measures and
Risks, Oxford University Press

Jaffe, Joseph (2007) Join the Conversation: How to Engage Marketing-

Weary Consumers with the Power of Community, Dialogue, and Partnership,
John Wiley & Sons

Jaffe, Joseph (2005) Life After the 30-Second Spot: Energize Your Brand with
a Bold Mix of Alternatives to Traditional Advertising, John Wiley & Sons

Jenkins, H. (2008) Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide,
New York University Press

Keough, Donald R. (2008) The Ten Commandments for Business Failure,

Penguin Business

Kotler, Philip and Deller, Keven (2008) Marketing Management, thirteenth

edition, Pearson Education

Leadbeater, C. (2008) We-Think: Mass Innovation, Not Mass Production,

Profile Books

Lessig, Lawrence (2008) Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the
Hybrid Economy, Penguin

Lev, B. (2001) Intangibles: Management, Measurement, and Reporting,

Brookings Institute

Locke, C. et al (2000) The Cluetrain Manifesto: The End of Business as

Usual, Perseus Books
Lynas, Mark (2008) Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet, Harper
Perennial

McCarthy, E. J. (1981) Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach, Richard

D. Irwin

Mercer, David (1995) Marketing, second edition, Wiley-Blackwell

Paulos, John Allen (1996) A Mathematician Reads the Newspapers, Anchor

Books

Paulos, John Allen (2001) Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and its

Consequences, Hill & Wang

Penn, Mark J. (2007) Micro Trends: Surprising Tales of the Way We Live
Today, Penguin

Pine, J. II, (1992) Mass Customization: The New Frontier in Business

Competition, Harvard Business School Press

Porter, Michael (2004) Competitive Advantage, Free Press

Porter, Michael (2004) Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing

Industries and Competitors, Free Press

Raymond, Martin (2003) The Tomorrow People: Future Consumers and

How to Read Them Today, FT Prentice Hall

Shiller, R. J. (2008) The Subprime Solution: How Today’s Global Financial

Crisis Happened, and What to Do about It, Princeton University Press

Shirky, Clay (2008) Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing

without Organizations, Allen Lane

Spencer, L. Vaughan (2008) Don’t Be Needy Be Succeedy, Profile Books

Stern, Nicholas (2007) The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review,
Cambridge University Press

Tapscott, D. and Williams, A. D. (2006) Wikinomics: How Mass

Collaboration Changes Everything, Atlantic Books

Wood, F. and Robinson, S. (2004) Book-Keeping and Accounts, FT Prentice

Hall

Zeldin, T. (2000) Conversation: How Talk Can Change Our Lives, Hidden
Spring
INTRODUCTION
1 http://www.edelman.com/news/2017-edelman-trust-barometer-reveals-
global-implosion/
2 Henry Mintzberg, ‘Scrap the MBA’, https://hbr.org/2009/04/audio-scrap-
the-mba-or-no-titl
3 Schoemaker, P. (2008) The Future Challenges of Business: Rethinking
Management Education, Case Study, Harvard Business Review,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265665050_The_Future-
_Challenges_of_Business_Rethinking_Management_Education. See also
McDonald, D. (2017), The Golden Passport: Harvard Business School, the
Limits of Capitalism and the Moral Failure of the MBA Elite,
HarperBusiness
4 McDonald, D. ‘The “Golden Passport” is Stamped with Hubris’, The
Times, 3 June 2017, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-golden-
passport-is-stamped-with-hubris-txbz52mw3
5 Bianchi, E. and Mohliver, A., ‘CEOs Who Began Their Careers During
Booms Tend to Be Less Ethical’, Harvard Business Review, 12 May 2017,
https://hbr.org/2017/05/ceos-who-began-their-careers-during-booms-tend-
to-be-less-ethical
6 See Shiller, R. J. (2008) The Subprime Solution: How Today’s Global
Financial Crisis Happened, and What to Do about It, Princeton University
Press

SUSTAINABILITY
1 Berners-Lee, M. and Clark, D. (2013) The Burning Question: We Can’t
Burn Half the World’s Oil, Coal and Gas. So How Do We Quit?, Profile
Books; see also their useful set of resources at
http://www.burningquestion.info
2 See https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/documents/plan-a/plan-a-
2025-commitments.pdf
3 See Omond, Tamsin (2009) Rush! The Making of a Climate Activist,
Marion Boyars
4 See http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/google-renewable-energy-
2016-carbon-neutral-climate-change-amazon-microsoft-a7460281.html
5 Lynas, Mark, Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet (2009), Fourth
Estate
6 See: https://www.wired.com/2016/12/global-warming-beneath-permafrost/
7 Data taken from http://www.gallup.com/poll/206030/global-warming-
concern-three-decade-high.aspx
8 Mario Molina, ‘Don’t Gamble with our Climate Future’, news story,
http://news.mit.edu/2015/compton-lecture-mario-molina-climate-change-
0513
9 See http://archive.acclimatise.uk.com/resources; and
https://environmentagency.blog.gov.uk/2014/06/23/becoming-climate-
ready-business-resilience-in-a-changing-climate/
10 http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-01/maldivian-leaders-are-
buying-foreign-land-future-climate-refugees
11 http://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/business-action/low-carbon-
transformation/ipcc-climate-science-business-briefings/-
pdfs/briefings/IPCC_AR5__Implications_for_Tourism-
__Briefing__WEB_EN.pdf
12 https://www.ft.com/content/16d888d4-f790-11e3-b2cf-00144feabdc0
13 See http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-climate-change-and-
investment/$FILE/EY-climate-change-and-investment.pdf
14 http://www.carbontracker.org/resources/
15 ‘Barclays: German Coal “Worthless” by 2030’, cleanenergywire.org, 18
March 2016
16 Dietz, S., Bowen, A., Dixon, C. and Gradwell, P., ‘“Climate Value at
Risk” of Global Financial Assets’, Nature Climate Change, April 2016
(http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v6/n7/full/nclimate2972.html?
WT.feed_name=subjects_environmental-economics-
&foxtrotcallback=true); ‘The Cost of Inaction’, The Economist
Intelligence Unit, July 2015
17 From http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-climate-change-
and-investment/$FILE/EY-climate-change-and-investment.pdf
18 Dawkins, R., ‘Sustainability Doesn’t Come Naturally: A Darwinian
 Perspective on Values’, Inaugural Lecture on the Value Platform for
Sustainability, The Environment Foundation, 2001
(http://www.environmentfoundation.net/reports/richard-dawkins-main-
speech.htm)
19 Berners-Lee and Clark, The Burning Question, op cit
20 http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/197608/icode/
21 https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-
business/2015/may/05/millennials-employment-employers-values-ethics-
jobs
22 http://www.experian.co.uk/blogs/latest-thinking/benefits-going-green-
company
23 https://www.businessgreen.com/digital_assets/8779/hsbc_Stranded-
_assets_what_next.pdf
24 https://www.greenbiz.com/article/will-frances-corporate-climate-
reporting-model-go-global
25 https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org/wp-
content/uploads/2017/07/The-Paris-Agreement.pdf
26 https://www.wemeanbusinesscoalition.org/wp-
content/uploads/2017/07/The-Paris-Agreement.pdf
27 Hawken, P. (2017) Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever
Proposed to Roll Back Global Warming, Penguin; and
https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/5/10/15589038/top-
100-solutions-climate-change-ranked
28 ‘Why Microsoft gave Sustainability a Promotion’, Greenbiz, 14 March
2016, https://www.greenbiz.com/article/why-microsoft-gave-
sustainability-promotion

Also worth reading are:

New China, ‘Global Warming Heats Up Extreme Weather, Deteriorates
Environment: Nobel laureate’, http://news.-
xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/09/c_136266872.htm; Dieter Helm (2012)
The Carbon Crunch: How We’re Getting Climate Change Wrong – and How
to Fix It, Yale University Press; Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway (2010)
Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on
Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming, Bloomsbury Press; and
Mark Lynas (2009) Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet, Fourth
Estate.
There is an excellent interview with Paul Hawken about how in averting
climate change we need to focus of course on energy and fossil fuels, but also
more on solutions which combine two key ingredients – agency and
affordability. See https://www.vox.com/energy-and-
environment/2017/5/10/15589038/top-100-solutions-climate-change-ranked.
See also ‘Climate Change: The Investment Perpsective’,
http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-climate-change-and-
investment/$FILE/EY-climate-change-and-investment.pdf.
For the UK government’s latest risk assessment on the impact of climate
change on the UK, see https://www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-
change/preparing-for-climate-change/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-
2017/

LEADERSHIP
1 Wallace, David Foster (2005) Consider the Lobster: And Other Essays,
Abacus
2 https://serveleadnow.com/why-are-there-so-many-leadership-books/
3 https://hbr.org/ideacast/2016/01/stop-focusing-on-your-strengths.html
4 Richard Kovacevic in Pfeffer, Jeffrey (1998) The Human Equation’,
Harvard Business School Press
5 Favaro, Ken, ‘Defining Strategy, Implementation, and Execution’, Harvard
Business Review, 31 March 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/03/defining-
strategy-implementation-and-execution
6 Leinwand, Paul and Mainarid, Cesare, ‘What Drives a Company’s
Success?’, Harvard Business Review (2013)
7 Anthony, Scott, ‘What the Media Industry Can Teach Us about Digital
Business Models’, Harvard Business Review, 10 June 2015,
https://hbr.org/2015/06/what-the-media-industry-can-teach-us-about-
digital-business-models
8 https://www.worldfinance.com/strategy/the-blame-game
9 Goleman, Daniel, ‘The Focused Leader’, Harvard Business Review (2013),
https://hbr.org/2013/12/the-focused-leader
10 Hogan, R., Curphy, G. and Hogan, J., ‘What We Know about Leadership’,
American Psychologist (June 1994), https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/-
a705/2f29f15cb4c8c637f0dc0b505793b37575d7.pdf
11 Mayo, Margarita, ‘If Humble People Make the Best Leaders, Why Do We
Fall for Charismatic Narcissists?’, Harvard Business Review, 7 April 2017,
https://hbr.org/2017/04/if-humble-people-make-the-best-leaders-why-do-
we-fall-for-charismatic-narcissists
12 Zenger, Jack and Folkmann, Joseph, ‘We Like Leaders Who Underrate
Themselves’, Harvard Business Review, 10 November 2015,
https://hbr.org/2015/11/we-like-leaders-who-underrate-themselves
13 https://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-artificial-intelligence/
14 Prime, J. and Salib, E., ‘the Best Leaders are Humble Leaders’, Harvard
Business Review (2014), https://hbr.org/2014/05/the-best-leaders-are-
humble-leaders?referral=03758&cm_vc=rr_item_page.top_right
14 http://interactauthentically.com/articles/research/top-complaints-
employees/
15 Schmidt, Eric and Rosenberg, Jonathan, How Google Works (2015), John
Murray Press
16 https://www.fastcompany.com/3037542/productivity-hack-of-the-week-
the-two-pizza-approach-to-productive-teamwork
17 Hill, L. and Kent, L., ‘Good Managers Lead Through a Team’, Harvard
Business Review, 3 April 2012, https://hbr.org/2012/04/good-managers-
lead-through-a-t
18 Reynolds, A. and Lewis, D., ‘Teams Solve Problems Faster When They’re
More Cognitively Diverse’, Harvard Business Review, 30 March 2017,
https://hbr.org/2017/03/teams-solve-problems-faster-when-theyre-more-
cognitively-diverse

CULTURE
1 ‘The Word’s Broken Workplace’, 13 June 2017,
http://www.gallup.com/opinion/chairman/212045/world-broken-
workplace.aspx?g_source=EMPLOYEE_ENGAGEMENT-
&g_medium=topic&g_campaign=tiles
2 https://www.adp.com/boost/articles/the-value-of-human-capital-measuring-
your-most-important-assets-13-574
3 See the pioneering work of Baruch Lev, an accounting professor in the
United States who has sought to establish new accounting principles to
ensure that the true value of intangible assets is more fully captured in the
official accounts of publicly listed corporations.
4 http://www.smartcompany.com.au/people-human-resources/managing/the-
increasing-importance-of-intangible-assets/
5 http://uk.sodexo.com/files/live/sites/sdxcom-
uk/files/050C_Country.com_UK_(English)/Building_Blocks/LOCAL/Multimedia/PDF
workers-research.pdf
6 http://www.nesta.org.uk/publications/uk-investment-intangible-assets
7 Hess, E. and Ludwig, K. (2017) Humility is the New Smart: Rethinking
Human Excellence in the Smart Machine Age, McGraw-Hill Education
8 See https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/0616/pages/using-
algorithms-to-build-a-better-workforce.aspx;
https://onstrategyhq.com/resources/googles-approach-to-employee-
engagement-surprise-its-an-algorithm/; and
https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-unilevers-radical-hiring-experiment-
resumes-are-out-algorithms-are-in-1498478400
9 Ford, Martin (2015) The Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of
Mass Unemployment, Oneworld
10 Frey, C. and Osborn, M. (2013) ‘The Future of Employment: How
Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation’,
http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/-
The_Future_of_Employment.pdf
11 OECD, ‘The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries’, working
paper (2016), http://www.oecd-
ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5jlz9h56dvq7-en.pdf?
expires=1499092791&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=-
F29B1BB4462FAB88473176EBB688FFB8
12 Smith, David, ‘Why Fear the March of the Robots? We will be walking
hand in hand’, The Times, 19 April 2017,
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-fear-the-march-of-the-robots-we-
will-be-walking-hand-in-hand-hcjnbl7bt
13 https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/second-machine-age-will-require-
human-creativity
14 ‘The Three Breakthroughs that have finally unleashed AI on the World’,
 Wired (2014), https://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-artificial-
intelligence/
15 Gartner (2016), ‘Top Strategic Predictions for 2017 and Beyond:
Surviving the Storm Winds of Digital Disruption’,
http://www.gartner.com/binaries/content/assets/events/keywords/cio/-
ciode5/top_strategic_predictions_fo_315910.pdf
16 https://hbr.org/2017/04/what-will-happen-when-your-companys-
algorithms-go-wrong
17 O’Neil, Cathy (2016) Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data
Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy, Penguin
18 ‘The Three Breakthroughs’, Wired, op cit
19 http://www.marginalia.online/humility-the-key-to-success-in-the-smart-
machine-age/
20
http://www2.cipd.co.uk/pm/peoplemanagement/b/weblog/archive/2015/04/17/
how-to-stop-office-banter-becoming-serious-sexual-harassment.aspx
21 Donald Clifton, the former educational psychologist who founded Gallup
and developed the Q12 survey, insisted on measuring workplace
friendships for good reason; it’s one of the strongest predictors of
productivity. Studies show that employees with a best friend at work tend
to be more focused, more passionate and more loyal to their organizations.
They get sick less often, suffer fewer accidents and change jobs less
frequently. They even have more satisfied customers. See Ron Friedman’s
2014 article in New York magazine, ‘You Need a Work Best Friend’,
http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2014/12/you-need-a-work-best-friend.html
22 https://blogs.wsj.com/atwork/2015/04/02/what-do-workers-want-from-
the-boss/?
mod=e2tw&utm_source=huffingtonpost.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=
23 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bad-boss-mental-
health_us_5873b3fee4b043ad97e4a444
24 Goffee, R. and Jones, G. (2015), Why Should Anyone Work Here? What it
Takes to Create an Authentic Organisation, Harvard Business Review
Press; for New York Life see https://www.newyorklife.com/about/our-
strength/
25 https://hbr.org/2015/03/how-to-finally-kill-the-useless-recurring-meeting
26 Schmidt and Rosenberg, How Google Works, op cit
27 https://hbr.org/2014/01/how-netflix-reinvented-hr
28 http://www.condecosoftware.com/uk/products/workspace-occupancy-
sensor
29 http://www.pcworld.com/article/2158204/10-tools-for-stealthily-slacking-
off-at-work.html
30 https://www.tinypulse.com/blog/dw-why-remote-workers-are-happier-
than-everyone-else-new-report

Also worth reading are the following Harvard Business Review articles:
Daniel Goleman, ‘Leadership that Gets Results’ (March–April 2000) and
‘What Makes a Leader?’ (January 2004); Robert Goffee and Gareth Jones,
‘Why Should Anyone Be Led by You?’ (Sep–Oct 2000); Jim Collins, ‘Level
5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve’ (July–Aug
2005); W. C. H. Prentice, ‘Understanding Leadership’ (Jan 2004); Hermina
Ibarra, ‘The Authenticity Paradox’ (March 2016); Lisa Rosh and Lynn
Offermann, ‘Be Yourself – but Carefully’ (Oct 2013); Jeanine Prime and
Elizabeth Salib, ‘The Best Leaders are Humble Leaders’ (2014).
See also Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine
Age: Work, Progress and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant
Technologies(2014), W.W. Norton.

CASH
1 http://www.aatcomment.org.uk/why-financial-literacy-is-essential-for-the-
next-generation-of-entrepreneurs/
2 Davidson, S. (1994) The Language of Business, Thomas Horton &
Daughters
3 Geijsbeek, J. B. (1914) Ancient Double Entry Booking: Luca Pacioli’s
Treatise
4 Woods, F. and Robinson, S. (2004) Book-Keeping and Accounting, FT
Prentice Hall, p. 26
5 Ibid., p. 8

CONVERSATION
1 https://www.freeman.com/resources/brand-experience-a-new-era-in-
marketing#c
2 https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/technology-media-and-
telecommunications/articles/digital-democracy-survey-generational-media-
consumption-trends.html
3 See Tapscott, D. and Williams, A. D. (2006) Wikinomics: How Mass
Collaboration Changes Everything, Atlantic Books
4 Thomas L. Friedman, in his recent book The World is Flat, identified the
rise of what he calls the ‘uploading revolution’, in which a wide range of
individually and community created information is made available via the
internet, as one of his seven key forces ‘flattening the world’, and in his
view the most disruptive of all of them. For Friedman, one of the most
important aspects of this capacity to upload is that it is not merely isolated
individuals putting their content on the web, but ad hoc communities
which form and self-organize to create and self-regulate the quality of the
content.
5 Leadbeater, C. (2007) We-Think: Mass Innovation, Not Mass Production,
Profile Books
6 Godin, Seth (2006) Small is the New Big, Penguin
7 See Jaffe, Joseph (2007) Join the Conversation: How to Engage Marketing-
Weary Consumers with the Power of Community, Dialogue, and
Partnership, John Wiley & Sons, p. 1
8 Godin, Seth (2007) Meatball Sundae: How New Marketing Is Transforming
the Business World, Piatkus Books
9 Zeldin, T. (2000) Conversation: How Talk Can Change Our Lives, Hidden
Spring
10 McCarthy, E. J. (1981) Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach,
Richard D. Irwin
11 Mercer, David (1995) Marketing, second edition, Wiley Blackwell, p. 29
12 Ibid., p. 30
13 For example, Booms and Bitner added another three Ps to the traditional
Four Ps to make them more relevant for the service sector. Their three Ps
were: People – people often are the service itself. Process – how the
service is delivered to the consumer is frequently an important part of the
service. Physical evidence – the context in which products and services are
purchased, which is considered by some to be part of the product package.
 See Booms, B. H. and Bitner, M. J. (1981) Marketing Strategies and
Organization Structures for Service Firms, Marketing of Services,
Donnelly, J. and George, W. R. (eds), American Marketing Association
14 https://www.freeman.com/resources/brand-experience-a-new-era-in-
marketing#c
15 ‘Brand Experience: A New Era in Marketing: New Data from the 2017
Freeman Global Brand Experience Survey’,
https://www.freeman.com/resources/brand-experience-a-new-era-in-
marketing#c
16 See e.g. http://puzzlelondonsport.com/red-bulls-success-sponsorship/;
https://www.ama.org/resources/Pages/red-bull-wings-creating-successful-
marketing-oriented-organization.aspx; and
http://linkhumans.com/blog/red-bull
17 http://www.oceanroadmedia.co.uk/blog/branding/a-lesson-in-branding-
and-content-marketing-from-red-bull/
18 http://puzzlelondonsport.com/red-bulls-success-sponsorship/
19 http://www.beveragedaily.com/Markets/The-world-s-unquenchable-thirst-
for-energy-drinks
20 https://www.redbullmediahouse.com
21 https://www.redbullmediahouse.com/products/mobile/red-bull-
mobile.html
22 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/75-marketers-have-wrong-idea-content-
john-hall
23 See Jaffe, Joseph (2007) Join the Conversation: How to Engage
Marketing-Weary Consumers with the Power of Community, Dialogue,
and Partnership, John Wiley & Sons, p. 6
24 Kotler, Philip et al., Marketing 4.0: Moving from Traditional to Digital
(2016), Wiley
25 Ibid
26 https://hbr.org/2013/11/make-the-most-of-a-polarizing-brand
27 http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/ryanair-may-
charge-a-fat-taxrsquo-for-its-overweight-passengers-1672979.html
28 The term prosumer was originally coined by the futurologist Alvin Toffler
(see Toffler, A., 1980, The Third Wave, Pan Books), and has since been
modified and used by other writers. Tapscott and Williams recently
elaborated on the related phrase ‘prosumption’ (production/consumption)
 to refer to the process in which consumers are increasingly participating in
the creation of products in an active and ongoing way (see Tapscott and
Williams, 2006, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes
Everything, Atlantic Books, p.126)
29 http://www.dmnews.com/content-marketing/10-stats-that-show-why-user-
generated-content-works/article/444872/
30 http://www.adweek.com/digital/sxsw-millennials-trust-user-generated-
content-50-traditional-media/
31 Bonchek, Mark and France, Cara, ‘What Creativity in Marketing Looks
Like Today’, Harvard Business Review, 22 March 2017
32 Leadbeater, C. (2008) We-Think: Mass Innovation, Not Mass Production,
Profile Books, p.100
33 https://hbr.org/visual-library/2014/12/the-participation-scale
34 https://ideas.lego.com/dashboard; also see
https://www.visioncritical.com/5-examples-how-brands-are-using-co-
creation/
35 https://ideas.lego.com/projects/35dacd9d-fb79-4048-a39f-199d56d8a8eb
36 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2XFh_tD2RA
37 Fleit, Caren (2017) The Evolution of the Chief Marketing Officer, Harvard
Business Press
38 http://www.zdnet.com/article/retailer-or-a-data-company-wal-mart-is-
now-both/
39 http://www.walmartlabs.com
40 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/al-norman/the-walmartfacebook-
socia_b_1714802.html
41 https://www.dezyre.com/article/how-big-data-analysis-helped-increase-
walmarts-sales-turnover/109]
42 http://www.fusioncharts.com/blog/2014/03/how-walmart-uses-data-
visualization-to-convert-real-time-social-conversations-into-inventory/
43 https://hbr.org/2015/07/your-company-should-be-helping-customers-on-
social
44 http://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/8-ways-to-use-social-listening-for-
your-business/
45 https://hbr.org/2015/07/your-company-should-be-helping-customers-on-
social
46 https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ch/Documents/consumer-
 business/ch-en-consumer-business-made-to-order-consumer-review.pdf
47 https://www.theguardian.com/facebook-partner-zone/2016/may/20/the-
importance-of-social-media-listening
48 Godin, Seth (2007) Meatball Sundae: How New Marketing Is
Transforming the Business World, Piatkus Books, p.77
49 McClure, Samuel M. et al., ‘Neural Correlates of Behavioural Preference
for Culturally Familiar Drinks’, Neuron 44(2) (2004), pp. 379–87
50 http://www.newneuromarketing.com/5-neuromarketing-techniques-every-
marketer-should-know-about

Also worth reading:

The classic marketing text is, of course, Philip Kotler’s Marketing
Management, with the thirteenth edition having been published in 2008, and
it remains the most widely used text in graduate business schools. There are a
raft of new marketing theorists worth reading. For example, Seth Godin’s
work is incisive and fun, as is Joseph Jaffe’s brilliant book Join the
Conversation. Locke and colleagues’ book The Cluetrain Manifesto is also an
important backdrop to this section – it popularized the idea that markets are
socially constructed and should be thought of as conversations.
The segment on the Five Cs was also inspired by a number of
contemporary accounts of personalization and customization. For example,
the Lego MINDSTORMS® Robot example is featured in Wikinomics,
Tapscott and Williams’s essential account of how they believe the rise of
mass collaboration changes everything. Charles Leadbeater’s book
eloquently covers similar territory.

Social Media Marketing Resources

It’s self-evident that The 80 Minute MBA can’t be a comprehensive ‘how to’
guide – it’s aim is to get you to think broadly about the task of leading and
managing successful businesses. The rapid growth in social media poses
particular challenges in terms of where to direct you for advice. A quick
google.co.uk search returns 66 million results alone for ‘social media
marketing tips’.
Below are some good general sources and interesting articles:
 https://www.socialbakers.com (subscription required but a useful source of
up to date social media marketing stats globally)
https://blog.hootsuite.com/social-listening-business/
http://www.toptenreviews.com/services/internet/best-social-media-
monitoring/
https://www.socialbakers.com/blog/2661-the-ethical-dilemma-should-
companies-take-sides
Quesenberry, K. A., ‘Fix Your Social Media Strategy by Taking it Back to
Basics’, Harvard Business Review, 25 July 2016
Benmark, G. and Singer, D., ‘Turn Customer Care into “Social Care” to
Break Away from the Competition’, Harvard Business Review, 19 December
2012
‘The Trouble with CMOs’, Harvard Business Review (July–August 2017)
Power, B., ‘How AI is Streamlining Marketing and Sales’, Harvard
Business Review, 12 June 2017
Nichols, W., ‘Advertising Analytics 2.0’, Harvard Business Review
(March 2013)
Finally, the 30-second advertising slot isn’t dead, but it works best in
blockbuster content, where the guaranteed eyes-on audience have kept the
cost of securing those costs high, driving higher production costs for adverts
that feature in those slots, the Super Bowl in the US being one of the best
examples: see http://fortune.com/2017/01/30/super-bowl-commercials-
marketing/
PICTURE CREDITS
We would like to thank the following for kindly supplying material for use in
this book:

p. 19 Lord Stuart Rose © Leon Neal/AFP/Getty Images

p. 19 Tamsin Omond and Caroline Lucas, © Peter Marshall / Alamy
Stock Photo
p. 21 Every Drop Counts © Adidas UK Ltd
p. 23 Global Climate Change graph © Vostok ice core data/J. R. Petit et
al.; NOAA Mauna Loa CO2 record. With kind permission of
NASA/NOAA
p. 25 Hurricane Sandy damage © Spencer Platt/Getty Images
p. 26 Bloomberg cover © Bloomberg Businessweek
p. 29 Carbon Dioxide Emissions – carbon tracker © Carbon Tracker
Initiative, Unburnable Carbon – Are the world’s financial markets
carrying a carbon bubble?, 2011
p. 48 Before Darwin Smith graph © 2001 Reprinted by permission of
Curtis Brown, Ltd.
p. 49 Darwin Smith Tenure graph© 2001 Reprinted by permission of
Curtis Brown, Ltd.
p. 50 Good to Great Study graph © 2001 Reprinted by permission of
Curtis Brown, Ltd.
p. 52 Penguins © Momatiuk – Eastcott/Corbis Documentary/Getty
Images
p. 54 WWII strategy planning meeting © Popperfoto/Getty Images
p. 57 Meditating woman © Tom Hopkins/Aurora/Getty Images
p. 60 Rugby scrum © mikedabell/Getty Images
p. 77 Robots cartoon © Jon Berkeley/The Economist
p. 87 Autonomy protest © Rui Vieira/PA Archive/PA Images
p. 90 Hippo staff meeting illustration © Timo Elliott
p. 100 Painting of a monk accountant © De Agostini/Getty Images
p. 109 Rock guitarist © Jeffrey A. Camarati/Getty Images
p. 118 Smashed TV © Shutterstock/StudioOneNine
p. 125 Freefall skydive © ABACA/ABACA/PA Images
p. 126 Coca Cola storyboard © Image from Coca Cola Content 2020 by
Cognitive www.wearecognitive.com
p. 133 Lego MINDSTORMS® robot © 2017 The LEGO® Group, used
with permission. All information about the LEGO Group is
collected and interpreted by its authors and does not represent the
opinion of the LEGO Group
p. 135 Lego Golf GTI © Hasan Kabalak
p. 142 Brain and electrodes © mevans/Vetta/Getty Images
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