8085 is pronounced as "eighty-eighty-five" microprocessor.

It is an 8-bit
microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology.
It has the following configuration −

 8-bit data bus

 16-bit address bus, which can address upto 64KB
 A 16-bit program counter
 A 16-bit stack pointer
 Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL
 Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock
It is used in washing machines, microwave ovens, mobile phones, etc.

8085 Microprocessor – Functional Units

8085 consists of the following functional units −
Accumulator
It is an 8-bit register used to perform arithmetic, logical, I/O & LOAD/STORE
operations. It is connected to internal data bus & ALU.
Arithmetic and logic unit
As the name suggests, it performs arithmetic and logical operations like Addition,
Subtraction, AND, OR, etc. on 8-bit data.
General purpose register
There are 6 general purpose registers in 8085 processor, i.e. B, C, D, E, H & L. Each
register can hold 8-bit data.
These registers can work in pair to hold 16-bit data and their pairing combination is
like B-C, D-E & H-L.
Program counter
It is a 16-bit register used to store the memory address location of the next instruction
to be executed. Microprocessor increments the program whenever an instruction is
being executed, so that the program counter points to the memory address of the
next instruction that is going to be executed.
Stack pointer
It is also a 16-bit register works like stack, which is always incremented/decremented
by 2 during push & pop operations.
Temporary register
It is an 8-bit register, which holds the temporary data of arithmetic and logical
operations.
Flag register
It is an 8-bit register having five 1-bit flip-flops, which holds either 0 or 1 depending
upon the result stored in the accumulator.
These are the set of 5 flip-flops −

 Sign (S)
 Zero (Z)
 Auxiliary Carry (AC)
 Parity (P)
 Carry (C)
Its bit position is shown in the following table −

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

S Z AC P CY

Instruction register and decoder

It is an 8-bit register. When an instruction is fetched from memory then it is stored in
the Instruction register. Instruction decoder decodes the information present in the
Instruction register.
Timing and control unit
It provides timing and control signal to the microprocessor to perform operations.
Following are the timing and control signals, which control external and internal
circuits −

 Control Signals: READY, RD’, WR’, ALE

 Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M’
 DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
 RESET Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT
Interrupt control
As the name suggests it controls the interrupts during a process. When a
microprocessor is executing a main program and whenever an interrupt occurs, the
microprocessor shifts the control from the main program to process the incoming
request. After the request is completed, the control goes back to the main program..
There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085 microprocessor: INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST
5.5, TRAP.
Serial Input/output control
It controls the serial data communication by using these two instructions: SID (Serial
input data) and SOD (Serial output data).
Address buffer and address-data buffer
The content stored in the stack pointer and program counter is loaded into the
address buffer and address-data buffer to communicate with the CPU. The memory
and I/O chips are connected to these buses; the CPU can exchange the desired data
with the memory and I/O chips.
 The following image depicts the pin diagram of 8085 Microprocessor –

The pins of a 8085 microprocessor can be classified into seven groups −

Address bus
A15-A8, it carries the most significant 8-bits of memory/IO address.

Data bus
AD7-AD0, it carries the least significant 8-bit address and data bus.

Control and status signals

These signals are used to identify the nature of operation. There are 3 control signal
and 3 status signals.
Three control signals are RD, WR & ALE.
  RD − This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory device is to be read and is ready
for accepting data available on the data bus.
 WR − This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into a selected
memory or IO location.
 ALE − It is a positive going pulse generated when a new operation is started by the
microprocessor. When the pulse goes high, it indicates address. When the pulse goes
down it indicates data.
Three status signals are IO/M, S0 & S1.

IO/M
This signal is used to differentiate between IO and Memory operations, i.e. when it is
high indicates IO operation and when it is low then it indicates memory operation.

S1 & S0
These signals are used to identify the type of current operation.

Power supply
There are 2 power supply signals − VCC & VSS. VCC indicates +5v power supply
and VSS indicates ground signal.

Clock signals
There are 3 clock signals, i.e. X1, X2, CLK OUT.
 X1, X2 − A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two pins and is used to set
frequency of the internal clock generator. This frequency is internally divided by 2.
 CLK OUT − This signal is used as the system clock for devices connected with the
microprocessor.

Interrupts & externally initiated signals

Interrupts are the signals generated by external devices to request the
microprocessor to perform a task. There are 5 interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5,
RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR. We will discuss interrupts in detail in interrupts section.
 INTA − It is an interrupt acknowledgment signal.
 RESET IN − This signal is used to reset the microprocessor by setting the program counter
to zero.
 RESET OUT − This signal is used to reset all the connected devices when the
microprocessor is reset.
 READY − This signal indicates that the device is ready to send or receive data. If READY
is low, then the CPU has to wait for READY to go high.
 HOLD − This signal indicates that another master is requesting the use of the address and
data buses.
  HLDA (HOLD Acknowledge) − It indicates that the CPU has received the HOLD request
and it will relinquish the bus in the next clock cycle. HLDA is set to low after the HOLD
signal is removed.

Serial I/O signals

There are 2 serial signals, i.e. SID and SOD and these signals are used for serial
communication.
 SOD (Serial output data line) − The output SOD is set/reset as specified by the SIM
instruction.
 SID (Serial input data line) − The data on this line is loaded into accumulator whenever a
RIM instruction is executed.

Address bus and data bus

Data bus carries the data to be stored. It is bidirectional, whereas address bus carries
the location to where it should be stored and it is unidirectional. It is used to transfer
the data & Address I/O devices.

8085 Architecture
We have tried to depict the architecture of 8085 with this following image −