Syllabus

For
B.Sc.
in Medical Laboratory Technology
(B.Sc.-MLT)
Academic Programme

Duration :
3 years & 6 months internship

0
 DURATION OF COURSE :

• B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology course will be a full time course.

• Duration will be three years followed by compulsory 6 months rotatory internship.
• This course shall be divided into three professional examinations namely B.Sc. in
Medical Laboratory Technology (B.Sc.-MLT) Part-I at the end of first academic year,
B.Sc.-MLT Part-II at the end of second academic year and B.Sc.-MLT Part-III at the
end of third academic year.

EXAMINATION :

• There shall be an annual university examination at the end of each academic year in
the form of theory papers and practical examinations. The candidate shall be required
to appear in every subject as specified in the course structure for each year.

Duration of Examination :
o Each theory paper shall be of three hours duration.
Scheme of Examination :
B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology Part-I (First Year) University Examination

THEORY MARKS PRACTICAL MARKS

S. Subject Total
Subjects
No. code marks
Theory Internal Minimum Internal Minimum
Total Practical Total
Paper Assessment marks Assessment Marks
General Pathology &
1 MLT-101 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
General Microbiology
2
Hematology MLT-102 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
3 Fundamentals of
MLT-103 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
Anatomy & Physiology
4 Basics of
Biochemistry, Clinical
Pathology, MLT-104 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
Instruments &
Reagents

Grand Total 400

B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology Part-II (Second Year) University Examination

THEORY MARKS PRACTICAL MARKS

S. Subject Total
Subjects
No. code marks
Theory Internal Minimum Internal Minimum
Paper Assessment
Total Practical
Assessment
Total
marks Marks
Blood Bank
1 Procedures & MLT-201 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
Hemoglobinopathies
2 Endocrinology, Tumor
MLT-202 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
& Cancer Markers
3
Clinical Biochemistry MLT-203 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
4
Immunology, Serology
MLT-204 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
& Parasitology

1
 Grand Total 400

2
 B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology Part-III (Third Year) University Examination

THEORY MARKS PRACTICAL MARKS

S. Subject Total
Subjects
No. code Theory Internal Minimum Internal Minimum marks
Total Practical Total
Paper Assessment marks Assessment Marks
Histopathology &
1 MLT-301 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
Cytology techniques
2 Coagulation studies MLT-302 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
3 Systemic bacteriology,
MLT-303 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
Mycology & Virology
4 Quality Laboratory
Management & MLT-304 40 10 50 25 40 10 50 25 100
Automation
400
Grand Total

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
• It will be for theory and practical both.
• It will be done through the whole year.
• Candidate must obtain at least 35% marks in theory and practicals separately in internal
assessment to be eligible for the annual university examination.
• Internal assessment (Theory) will be done as follows :
a) Mid-term and term examinations = 10 marks
b) Assignments/Projects/Class test/Clinical Presentations = 05 marks
c) Attendance = 05 marks
Total = 20 marks
Internal assessment (Practical) will be done as follows :
a) Laboratory manual = 10 marks
b) Day to day performance = 05 marks
c) Attendance = 05 marks
Total = 20 marks
CRITERIA FOR PASSING
• A candidate is declared to have passed University examination in a subject, if he/she
secures 50% of the marks in theory and 50% in practicals separately. For computation of
50% marks in theory, the marks scored in the internal assessment (theory) shall be added
to the University conducted written examination and for passing in practical the marks
scored in University conducted practical examination and internal assessment (practical)
shall be added together.

GRACE MARKS:
• If a candidate fails in one subject (theory only) in the annual University examination, five
grace marks will be given to the candidate by the University before the declaration of
result.
• Candidate failing in practical examination will be considered as failed.

SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION:
• A candidate failing in a subject but securing at least 30% aggregate marks will be
required to appear in the university examination after 3 months in that subject/ subjects
while attending classes of next year. Those who secure less than 30% aggregate marks
will be required to appear in all the subjects.
• If the candidate fails in supplementary examination his/her session will be shifted by one
year. The candidate will have to take admission in the previous year and pay the tuition
fee for the academic year. He/she will have to appear in all the subjects in the
examination.

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 • Supplementary examination will be held not earlier than 3 months and later than 6 months
from the date of annual University examination.

DIVISION:
• Candidate will be awarded division at the end of 3rd academic year as follows:
- Distinction - 75% and above marks in any subject.
- First division - 60% and above in the aggregate of marks of all subjects
- Second division- 50% or more but less than 60% in the aggregate of marks of all
subjects.

INTERNSHIP
• A candidate will have to undergo internship for a period of six calendar months in a
medical college/hospital equipped with modern pathology laboratory facility or in a fully
equipped pathology laboratory, which fulfills the norms decided by the University.

DEGREE:
• The degree of B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology (B.Sc.-MLT) course of the
University shall be conferred on the candidates who have pursued the prescribed course
of study for not less than three academic years and have passed examinations as
prescribed under the relevant scheme and completed 6 months of compulsory rotatory
internship.

COURSE OF STUDY
B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology Part-I (First Year)
Teaching hours
Sl. Subjects Theory Practicals Total
1 General Pathology & General Microbiology 100 100 200
2 Hematology 80 80 160
3 Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 100 100 200
Basics of Biochemistry, Clinical Pathology, 100 100 200
4
Instruments & Reagents
5*. English 40 - 40
6*. Computer 30 30 60
*Not included for university examination.

B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology Part-II (Second Year)

Teaching hours
Sl. Subjects Theory Practicals Total
1 Blood Bank Procedures & Hemoglobinopathies 80 80 160
2 Endocrinology, Tumor & Cancer Markers 60 140 200
3 Clinical Biochemistry 100 100 200
4 Immunology, Serology & Parasitology 100 100 200
Clinical Training (in a medical college/100 - 160 160
5.* bedded hospital with well equipped pathology
laboratory for at least one month)
* Not included for university examinations.
4
 B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology Part-III (Third Year)
Teaching hours
Sl. Subjects Theory Practicals Total
1 Histopathology & Cytology techniques 80 80 160
2 Coagulation studies 80 80 160
3 Systemic bacteriology, Mycology & Virology 120 80 200
Quality Laboratory Management & 60 140 200
4.
Automation
Clinical Training (in a medical college/100 160
bedded hospital with well equipped pathology
5*. laboratory for at least one month on rotatory basis
in various sections of pathology & microbiology
lab.)
*Not included for University Examination

INTERNSHIP
• There shall be six months of Internship after the final year examination for candidates
declared to have passed the examination in all the subjects.
• During the internship candidate shall have to work full time average 7 hours per day (each
working day) for 6 Calendar months.
• Each candidate is allowed maximum of 6 holidays during entire Internship Program and in
case of any exigencies during which the candidate remains absent for a period more than 6
days, he/she will have to work for the extra days during which the candidate has remained
absent.
• The Internship should be rotatory and cover Haematology, Histology & Cytology,
Biochemistry, Microbiology, Endocrinology & Automation sections of Pathology laboratory.
• Based on the attendance and work done during posting the Director/Principal/ head of
institution/department shall issue ‘Certificate of Satisfactory Completion’ of training
following which the University shall award the B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology
Degree or declare the candidate eligible for the same.
• No candidate shall be awarded degree without successfully completing six months
internship.
• Institution shall have to satisfy themselves that satisfactory infrastructure facilities of
Pathology Laboratory exist in the Institute / Hospital where the internship training has to be
undertaken. Following parameters / guidelines have been suggested:
a. It is mandatory for the Institution to have its own well equipped and modern pathology
laboratory.
b. Senior Pathologist should manage the pathology laboratory in the Institutes/Hospitals.
• Institute's Director / Principal can at his discretion grant NOC to the students to do the
Internship at the place of his choice provided the concerned Hospital/Pathology Laboratory
fully satisfies the above criteria. For the purpose of granting NOC the candidate shall have to
submit to the Institution the status of Pathology Laboratory services available at the place
where he intends to do his Internship.
 B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology (B.Sc.-MLT) First Year
GENERAL PATHOLOGY & GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
Subject Code : MLT-101
Min. Hrs - Theory : 100 Hrs. & Practical : 100 Hrs.
THEORY
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
1. Cell Injury and Cellular Adaptations.
a) Normal Cell
b) Cell Injury- types of cell injury, etiology of cell injury, morphology of cell injury,
cellular swelling.
c) Cell death : types- autolysis, necrosis, apoptosis & gangrene.
d) Cellular adaptations-atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia & dysplasia.
2. Inflammation
a) Acute inflammation - vascular event, cellular event, inflammatory cells.
b) Chronic Inflammation - general features, granulomatous inflammation, tuberculoma.
3. Haemodynamic Disorders :
Oedema, hyperemia, congestion, haemorrage, circulatory disturbances, thrombosis,
ischaemia & infarction .
4. Neoplasia :
Definition, how does it differ from hyperplasia, difference between benign tumor and
malignant tumor.
5. Healing
Definition, different phases of healing, factors influencing wound healing.

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
1. General characters and classification of Bacteria.
2. Characteristics of Bacteria
Morphology - Shape, Capsule, Flagella, Inclusion, Granule, Spore.
3. Growth and Maintenance of Microbes
Bacterial division, Batch Culture, Continuous culture, bacterial growth- total count,
viable count, bacterial nutrition, oxygen requirement, CO2 requirement, temperature,
pH, light.
4. Sterilization and Disinfection.
Physical agents- Sunlight, Temperature less than 1000C, Temperature at 1000C, steam
at atmospheric pressure and steam under pressure, irradiation, filtration.
Chemical Agents- Alcohol, aldehyde, Dyes, Halogens, Phenols, Ethylene oxide.
5. Culture Media
Definition, uses, basic requirements, classification, Agar, Peptone, Transport
Media, Sugar Media, Anaerobic Media, Containers of Media, Forms of Media
6. Staining Methods
Simple, Grams staining, Ziehl-Neelsen staining or AFB staining, Negative
Impregnation
7. Collection and Transportation of Specimen
General Principles, Containers, Rejection, Samples- Urine, Faeces, Sputum, Pus,
Body fluids, Swab, Blood.
8. Care and Handling of Labortory Animals
Fluid, Diet, Cleanliness, Cages, ventilation, Temperature, Humidity, handling of
Animals, Prevention of disease.
9. Disposal of Laboratory/Hospital Waste
Non-infectious waste, Infected sharp waste disposal, infected non-sharp waste
disposal.

PRACTICAL
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
1. Components & setting of the Compound microscope.
2. Focusing of object.
3. Use of low & high power objectives of microscope.
4. Use of oil immersion lens.
5. Care and Maintenance of the microscope.
6. Different types microscopy
• Dark field microscopy
• Fluorescence Microscopy
7. Electronic Microscopy in brief.

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
1. Preparation of swabs/sterile tubes & bottles.
2. Preparation of smear.
3. Staining.: Gram & Ziehl -Neelsen staining.
4. Identification of Culture media.
5. Identification of instruments.
6. Identification of common microbes.

HEMATOLOGY
Subject Code : MLT-102
Min. Hrs. - Theory :80 Hrs. & Practical : 80 Hrs.

THEORY
1. Hematological Disorders
a. Classification of Anemia : Morphological & etiological.
b. Iron Deficiency Anemia : Distribution of body Iron, Iron Absorption,
causes of iron deficiency, lab findings.
c. Megaloblastic Anemia : Causes, Lab findings.
d. Hemolytic Anemia : Definition, causes, classification & lab findings.
e. Bone Marrow : Cell composition of normal adult Bone marrow,
Aspiration, Indication, Preparation & Staining,
Special Stain for Bone Marrow -Periodic Acid
Schiff, Sudan Black, Myeloperoxidase.
f. Leukemia : Classification, Blood Picture, Differentiation of
Blast Cells.
2. Basic Hematological Techniques
a. Characteristics of good technician
b. Preparation of specimen collection material.
c. Lab. request form.
d. Basic steps for drawing a blood specimen by veinipuncture. Complications of
veinipuncture.
e. Patient after care
f. Specimen rejection criteria for blood specimen
g. Hemolysis of blood
h. Blood collection by skin puncture (Capillary Blood)
i. Arterial puncture.
j. Deciding specimen types and selection of -
o Anticoagulant- EDTA, Citrate, Oxalate, Heparin, sodium fluoride.
k. Separation of serum
l. Separation of plasma
m. Changes in blood on keeping
n. Maintenance of specimen identification
o. Transport of the specimen.
p. Effect of storage on Blood Cell Morphology
q. Universal precautions

PRACTICAL
1. Basic requirements for hematology laboratory.
2. Glasswares for Hematology.
3. Equipments for Hematology.
4. Anticoagulant vial prepration.
5. Complete Blood Counts.
6. Determination of Hemoglobin.
7. TRBC Count by Hemocytometers.
8. TLC by Hemocytometer.
9. Differential Leukocyte count.
10. Determination of Platelet Count.
11. Determination of ESR by wintrobes.
12. Determination of ESR by Westergeren's method.
13. Determination of PCV by Wintrobes.
14. Erythrocyte Indices- MCV, MCH, MCHC.
15. Reticulocyte Count.
16. Absolute Eosinophil Count.
17. Morphology of Red Blood Cells.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Subject Code : MLT-103
Min. Hrs. - Theory :100 Hrs. & Practical : 100 Hrs.

THEORY
ANATOMY : PHYSIOLOGY
1. General Anatomy 1. Cell : Structure & function
a) Cell - structure & function 2. Blood
a) Blood cells
b) Tissue
b) Haemoglobin
- Epithelium
c) Blood groups
- Connective
d) Coagulation Factors
- Sclerous
e) Anaemia & Immunoglobulins
- Muscular
3. Cardiovascular system
- Nervous Heart rate, cardiac cycle, cardiac
c) Lymphatic System output, blood pressure,
2. Systemic hypertension, radial pulse
Basic Features of : 4. Respiratory System
a) Cardiovascular system a) Ventilation
b) Respiratory system b) Functions
c) Digestive system c) Lungs Volumes and capacities
d) Excretory system 5. Gastrointestinal System
e) Genital (Male & Female) system Process of digestion in various
f) Nervous system parts
6. Endocrinology
a) List of Endocrine Glands
b) Hormones : Their secretion and
functions (in brief)
7. Excretion system
a) Structure of nephron
b) Urine formation
8. Central Nervous System
a) Parts
b) Sliding Filament Theory
c) Neuro Muscular Junction
d) Wallerian Degeneration
e) Motor Nervous system
- Upper motor neuron system
- Lower motor neuron system
f) Sensory nervous system
g) Sympathetic Nervous system
h) Parasympathetic nervous system
9. Skin - Function & Structure
10. Muscular System
Classification of muscles & their
functions
11. Special Senses - Eye & ear (in brief)
 PRACTICAL
ANATOMY
1. Identification and description of all anatomical structures.
2. The learning of Anatomy is by demonstration only through dissected parts, slides,
models, charts etc.
3. Demonstration of dissected parts (upper extremity, lower extremity, thoracic &
abdominal viscera, face and brain).
4. Demonstration of skeleton - articulated and disarticulated.

PHYSIOLOGY
1. Measurement of pulse, blood pressure.
2. Elicitation of Reflexes & jerks.
3. Identification of blood cells by study of peripheral blood smear.

BASICS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, CLINICAL PATHOLOGY,

INSTRUMENTS & REAGENTS
Subject Code : MLT-104
Min. Hrs. - Theory :100 Hrs. & Practical : 100 Hrs.
THEORY
1. Chemistry of carbohydrates & their related metabolsim -
Introduction, definition, classification, biomedical importance & properties.
Brief outline of meatbolism :
Glycogenesis & glycogenolysis (in brief), Glycolysis, citric acid cycle & its signifiance,
HMP shunt & Gluconeogenesis (in brief), regulation of blood glucose level.
2. Amino acids - Definition, classification, essential & non essential amino acids.
3. Chemistry of Proteins & their related metabolism -
Introduction, definition, classification, biomedical importance.
Metabolism :
Transformation, Decarboxylation, Ammonia formation & transport, Urea cycle,
metabolic disorders in urea cycle, catabolism of amino acids especially Phenylalanine,
Tyrosine & Tryptophan, Creatine, Creatinine , Proteinuria.
4. Chemistry of Lipids & their related metabolism -
Introduction, definition, classification, biomedical importance, essential fatty acids.
Brief out line of metabolism :
Beta oxidation of fatty acids, fatty liver, Ketosis, Cholesterol & it's clinical significance,
Lipoproteins in the blood composition & their functions in brief, Atherosclerosis.
5. Enzymes -
Introduction, definition, classification, coenzymes, isoenzymes, properties, factors
affecting enzyme action, enzyme inhibition, diagnostic value of serum enzymes -
Creatinine kinase, Alkaline phosphatase, Acid phosphatase, LDH, SGOT, SGPT,
Amylase, Lipase, Carbonic anhydrase etc.
6. Acid base balance concepts & disorders - pH, Buffers, Acidosis, Alkalosis
7. Hyperglycemia & hypoglycemia -
Diabetes mellitus - definition, types, features, gestation diabetes mellitus , glucose
tolerance test, glycosurias,
 Hypoglycemia & its causes

PRACTICAL
1- Introduction
Aim, basis, interpretation, safety in clinical biochemistry Laboratory
2- Laboratory organisation
Instruments, glassware, sample collection & specimen labeling, routine tests,
anticoagulants, reagents, cleaning of glassware, isotonic solution, standardization of
methods, preparation of solution & interpretation of result, normal values.
3- Identification of Carbohydrates (qualitative tests).
3- Identification of Proteins (qualitative tests).
4- To study general properties of the enzyme (Urease) & Achromatic time of Salivary
amylase.
5- Urine analysis – normal & abnormal constituents of urine.
6- CSF & Semen Analysis - Gross & Microscopic.
7- Glucose tolerance test & Glycosylated haemoglobin.
8- Centrifugation : Principle, types & applications.
9- Chromatography : Definition, types, RF value, description of paper chromatography
& applications.
10- Uses, Care and Maintenance of various instruments of the laboratory.

ENGLISH
(Not for university Examination)
Min. Hrs - Theory : 40 Hrs.
1. Introduction:
Study techniques, Organisation of effective note taking and logical processes of analysis
and synthesis, the use of the dictionary, enlargement of vocabulary& effective diction.
2. Applied Grammar:
Correct usage, the structure of sentences, the structure of paragraphs.
3. Written Composition:
Precise writing and summarising, writing of bibliography, enlargement of vocabulary.
4. Reading and comprehension
Review of selected materials and express oneself in one's words, enlargement of
vocabulary.
5. The study of various forms of composition paragraph, essay, letter, summary, practice in
writing.
6. Verbal communication:
Discussions and summarization, debates, oral reports, use in teaching.

COMPUTER
(Not for university Examination)
Min. Hrs - Theory : 30 Hrs., Practical : 30 Hrs.
1. Basics of computer
2. Hardware and software
2. Input and output devices
3. Operating system – DOS, etc
4. Internet-
Email, social networking, application in medicine, browsing journals and article using
internet .
B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology (B.Sc.-MLT) Second Year
BLOOD BANK PROCEDURES & HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
Subject Code : MLT-201
Min. Hrs. - Theory : 80 Hrs. & Practical : 80 Hrs.

THEORY

1. Blood Grouping
• Introduction
• Human Blood Group system
• ABO Subgroups
• Red Cell Antigen
• Natural Antibodies
• Rh System
• Rh Antigens & Rh Antibodies
• Hemolytic Disease of Newborn & Prevention
• Principal of Blood grouping, antigen-antibodyreaction.
• Agglutination, Haemagglutination, Condition required for antigen antibody
reaction.
• Blood grouping techniques, Cell grouping, Serum grouping.
• Methods for ABO grouping. Slide & Tube Method, Cell grouping, Serum
grouping, Rh grouping by slide & tube method.
• Difficulties in ABO grouping.
• Rouleaux formation, how it interfere with Blood grouping.
• Auto agglutinins.
• Antiserum used in ABO test procedures, Anti –A, Anti-B Anti- AB Antiserum.
• Inheritance of the Blood groups.
• Control, A&B Cells preparation, Auto control.
• Medical applications of Blood groups.

2. Blood Transfusion
• Principal & Practice of blood Transfusion.
• Blood Transfusion service at District level.
• Guide lines for the use of Blood, Appropriate use of Blood, Quality Assurance.
• Antilogous Blood Transfusion practices.
• Objectives of Quality Assurance in Blood Transfusion services, Standard
operating procedures for usage, donation & storage of blood, screening of donor,
compatibility testing, safety, procurement of supplies.
3. Blood Donation
• Introduction
• Blood donor requirements
• Criteria for selection & rejection
• Medical history & personal details
• Self-exclusion.
• Health checks before donating blood.
• Screening for TTI.
4. Blood Collection
• Blood collection packs.
• Anticoagulants.
• Taking & giving sets in Blood transfusion.
• Techniques of collecting blood from a doctor.
• Instructions given to the donor after blood donation.
• Adverse donor reaction.

5. Testing Donor Blood

• Screening donor's blood for infectious agents - HIV, HCV, HBV, Trepanoma
palladium, Plasmodium, HTLV.
• Bacterially contaminated Blood.

6. Blood Donor Records

• Blood donation record book.
• Recording results.
• Blood donor card.

7. Storage & Transport

• Storage of blood.
• Changes in blood after storage.
• Gas refrigerator.
• Lay out of a blood bank refrigerator
• Transportation.

8. Maintenance of Blood Bank Records

• Blood bank temperature sheet.
• Blood bank stock sheet.
• Blood transfusion request form.

9. Compatibility Testing
• Purpose
• Single tube compatibility techniques using AHG reagent.
• Emergency compatibility testing.
• Difficulties in cross matching.
• Labeling & Issuing cross- matched blood.

10. Blood Components

• Collection of blood components for fractional transfusion.
• Platelets packed Red Cell, Platelet rich Plasma, Platelets concentrate.
• Preparation of concentrated (packed) Red cells.
• Techniques of preparation.

11. Blood Transfusion Reactions

• Investigation of a Transfusion reaction.
• Hemolytic transfusion reaction.
• Actions to take when transfusion reaction occurs.

PRACTICAL

• Blood grouping & Cross Matching

 ENDOCRINOLOGY, TUMOR & CANCER MARKERS
Subject Code : MLT-202
Min. Hrs. - Theory : 60 Hrs. & Practical : 140 Hrs.

THEORY

ENDOCRINOLOGY
1. Introduction
2. Difference between hormones and enzymes.
3. Classification of hormones.
4. Regulation and general mechanism of action of hormones.
5. Pituitary gland & hypothalamus
6. Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary- Growth hormone, Prolactin, Gonadotropin,
Follicle Stimulating hormone, Leuteinizing Hormone, Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
7. Hormones of neurohypophysis- Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
8. Hormones of the Thyroid gland- chemistry and normal physiology, Thyroid
disorders-goiter, myxodema, autoimmune thyroiditis, tumors of the thyroid gland,
hyperthyroidism, Graves disease, Calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
9. Adrenocortical hormones-synthesis and secretion, Aldosterone & its function,
Addisons disease, Glucocorticoids & functions, Mineralocorticoids & functions,
Cortisol & functions, Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome.
10. Adrenal medulla-metabolism of catecholamines
11. Hormones of the gonads -
Testosterone, Estrogens, Progesterone, their synthesis and functions.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG), hormone, menstrual cycle, Menopause
12. Hormone of pancreas - Insulin- its metabolic effects on carbohydrates, fats & protein,
control of insulin secretion, Glucagon- functions, metabolic effects, blood glucose
regulation, Diabetes Mellitus, Somatostatin.
13. Hormone of kidney - Renin

TUMOR & CANCER MARKERS:

1. Introduction.
2. The Carcinogens-definition.
3. Oncogene-definition-
Mechanism of action of Oncogenes (outline).
4. Characteristics of growing tumor cells-general and morphological changes,
biochemical changes.
5. Tumor Markers-
Introduction and definition
6. Clinical applications of tumor markers.
7. Enzymes as tumor markers, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Creatine kinase (CK),
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), Prostate specific
antigens (PSA).
8. Hormones as tumor markers (introduction of each type in brief).
9. Oncofetal antigens.
10. Alpha feto protein (AFP)
11. Carcino embryonic antigen (CEA)
12. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen.
13. Carbohydrate markers (brief introduction of each type)
CA 15-3, CA 125
 14. Blood group antigen (brief introduction of each type)
CA 19-9, CA 50, CA 72-4, CA 242
15. Bladder cancer markers (introduction in brief) -
Bladder tumor antigen (BTA)
16. Fibrin- Fibrinogen degradation product (FDP).
17. Nuclear matrix protein (NMP22).
18. Biomarkers still in research (introduction in brief)-
Telomeres, TRAP assay, hyaluronic acid and Hyaluronidase

PRACTICALS
ENDOCRINOLOGY
1. Estimation of T3
2. Estimation of T4
3. Estimation of TSH
4. Estimation of FSH
5. Estimation of LH
6. Estimation of hCG
7. Estimation of Cortisol
8. Estimation of Progesterone
9. Estimation of Testosterone

TUMOR & CANCER MARKERS:

1. Estimation of Alpha feto proteins (AFP)
2. Estimation of Carcino embryonic antigen (CEA)
3. Estimation of CA- 125
4. Estimation of Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

OTHER ELISA TESTS

1. Test for HIV
2. Test for Hepatitis B (HBsAg)
3. Test for Hepatitis (HCV)
4. Malaria antigen
5. Tuberculosis-lgG/IgM

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Subject Code : MLT-203
Min. Hrs. - Theory : 100 Hrs. & Practical : 100 Hrs.

THEORY
1- Photometry-
Definition, laws of photometry, absorbance, transmittance, absorption maxima,
instruments, parts of photometer, types of photometry–colorimetry, spectrophotometry,
flame photometry, fluuorometry, choice of appropriate filter, measurements of solution,
calculation of formula, applications.
2- Water & Mineral Metabolism-
Distribution of fluids in the body, ECF & ICF, water metabolism, dehydration, mineral
metabolism, macronutrients (principal mineral elements) & trace elements.
3- Liver Functions & their Assessment-
Based on: 1- Carbohydrate metabolism 2-Protein metabolism 3- Lipid metabolism
4-Measurements of serum enzyme levels 4-Bile pigment metabolism, Jaundice, its
types and their biochemical findings.
 4- Renal Function Tests-
Various Tests, GFR & Clearance
5- Immunodiffusion Techniques, Radioimmunoassay & ELISA-
Principles & Applications.
6- Electrophoresis -
Principle, Types & Applications.
7- Polymerase Chain Reaction -
Principle & Applications
8- Autoanalysers -
Principle & Applications
9- Vitamins-
Fat & water soluble vitamins, sources, requirement, deficiency disorders & biochemical
functions.
10- Cardiac Profile -
In brief Hypertension, Angina, Myocardial Infarction, Pattern of Cardiac Enzymes in
heart diseases
11- Different methods of Glucose Estimation-
Principle advantage and disadvantage of different methods
12- Different methods of Cholesterol Estimation-
Principle, advantage and disadvantage of different methods.

PRACTICAL
(By Colorimeter / Spectrophotometer)

1. Blood urea estimation

2. Serum creatinine estimation
3. Serum uric acid estimation
4. Serum total protein estimation
5. Serum albumin estimation
6. Serum globulin estimation
7. Serum glucose estimation
8. Total cholesterol estimation
9. HDL cholesterol (direct) estimation.
10. LDL cholesterol (direct) estimation
11. Triglyceride estimation
12. Serum Bilirubin total estimation
13. Serum Bilirubin direct estimation
14. Serum amylase estimation
15. Serum GOT (AST) estimation
16. Serum GPT (ALT) estimation
17. Alkaline phostase estimation
18. Acid phosphatase estimation
19. Serum sodium estimation
20. Serum potassium estimation
21. Serum chloride estimation
22. CK-NAC estimation
 IMMUNOLOGY, SEROLOGY & PARASITOLOGY
Subject Code : MLT-204
Min. Hrs. - Theory : 100 Hrs. & Practical : 100 Hrs.

THEORY

IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY

1. Immunity - Definition and classification

- General Principles of Innate & Acquired Immunity.
2. Immune Response - Humoral immunity & cell mediated immunity.
3. Antigen - Definition, classes, properties.
4. Antibodies/Immunoglobulins - Definition, Properties, Sub types of Immunoglublines
5. Antigen/Ab Reaction/Serological Refractions -
6. Features of antigen/antibody Reaction-
- Precipitation
- Agglutination
- Complement fixation test
- Neutralization
- Opsonization
- Immune adherence
- Immuno fluorescence
- Immuno electron microscopic test
7. Structure and functions of Immune System
- Parts of Immune system
- T/B cells, other cells & their functions
8. Hyper sensitivity Reactions
- General Principles of different types of hypersensitive
reactions i.e., type 1, 2, 3, 4.
- Auto immune disorders
9. ELISA
10. Vaccination - Schedule & Vaccines

PARASITOLOGY
1. Definition - parastism, HOST, Vectors etc.
2. Classification of Parasites .
3. Phylum Protozoa- general Pathogenic and non pathogenic protozoa.
4. Phylum Nemathelminths/Round words (Nematoda) .
5. Phylum Platyhelminths - class-Cestoda, class-Trematoda.
6. Lab diagnosis of parasitic infections.

Protozoa :
i. Intestinal Amoebae
a. E. Histolytica : Life cycle, Morphology, Disease & Lab Diagnosis
b. E. coli : Life cycle, Morphology, Disease & Lab Diagnosis
ii. Flagellates of intestine/genitalia
a. Giardia lamblia : Life cycle, Morphology, Disease & Lab Diagnosis
b. Trichomonas vaginalis : Life cycle, Morphology, Disease & Lab Diagnosis
iii. Malarial Parasite
a. Plasmodium vivax : Life cycle, Morphology, disease & lab diagnosis
b. Differences between P. vivax, P. malaria, P. falcipaum & P.ovale.
Nematodes :
Intestinal Nematodes :
a. Ascaris : Life cycle, Morphology, disease & lab diagnosis
b. Brief discussion about Enterobius vermicularis (Thread worm ) and Ancylostoma
duodenale (Hook worm)
Tissue Nematodes :
W. Bancrofti - Life cycle, Morphology, Disease & Lab Diagnosis

Phylum Platyhelminths
a. Cestodes - T. solium, T. saginata & E. granulosus. (in brief)
b. Trematodes - S. haematobium & F. hepatica (in brief)

PRACTICAL
IMMUNOLOGY & SEROLOGY
• WIDAL Test
• VDRL Test,
• RA Test
• CRP Test
• Pregnancy Test & HIV Test

PARASITOLOGY
• Stool examination.
• Identification of different ova & cysts in stool samples.

B.Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology (B.Sc.-MLT) Third Year

HISTOPATHOLOGY & CYTOLOGY TECHNIQUES
Subject Code : MLT- 301
Min. Hrs. - Theory : 80 Hrs. & Practical : 80 Hrs.
THEORY

1. Introduction to Histopathology, expfoliative Cytology.

2. Basic steps for Tissue Processing- Fixing, Embedding, Microtomy, Staining,
Mounting, methods of decalcifications.
3. Laboratory requirements for Histopathology & Cytology - Chemicals & Reagents
4. Equipments - Microscope, Microtome -Types, Uses, Parts, different types of
microtome knives, care & maintenance. Automated tissue processor - components,
working & precautions during use, Tissue floating bath.
5. Staining Methods -
a. Hematoxylin & Eosin stain, Hematoxylin - Types, methods of preparation,
staining, Eosin - Method of preparation.
b. Reticulin stain
c. PAP staining- components & methods.
6. Museum Techniques
a. The mounting of pathological specimens - Introduction., Preparation of specimen,
Fixation of specimen- Kaiserling solution-1 & Kaiserling solution-2
b. Precaution taken for the Fixation of Specimens.
c. Storage of Specimens.
d. Mounting of Museum Specimens.
e. Routine Mounting of Specimens.
f. Filling and Scaling.
 PRACTICAL
1. Parts of microtome
2. Tissue processing
3. H&E staining
4. PAP staining.

COAGULATION STUDIES
Subject Code : MLT- 302
Min. Hrs. - Theory : 80 Hrs. & Practical : 80 Hrs.
THEORY
1. Hemostasis - Definition, Basic concept and principle, Basic steps involved in
Hemastosis.
2. Coagulation -
a. Basic Physiology, coagulation factors.
b. Mechanism of blood coagulation.
c. Extrinsic Pathway.
d. Intrinsic Pathway.
e. Regulators of blood coagulation.
3. Testing of blood coagulation -
a. Bleeding Time, Duke's method.
b. Clotting Time- Capillary tube method & Lee white's method.
c. PT, aPTT, TT
d. Clot retraction time
e. Determination of fibrinogen.
4. Quality Assurance for routine Heamostasis Laboratory-
a. Introduction.
b. Sample collection technique (Phelbotony)
c. Sample preparation, Anticoagulant used, Importance of use of Sodium
Citrate.
5. Role in Diseases, Bleeding disorders-
a. Platelet disorder - Thrombocytopenias - causes including aplastic anemia.
b. D I C
c. IT P
d. Hemophilia

PRACTICAL
1. Precautions to prevent hemolysis
2. Storage of blood specimens
3. Bleeding time & clotting time estimation
4. Prothrombin time estimation
5. aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) estimation.
6. Clot retraction time.
 SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY & VIROLOGY
Subject Code : MLT- 303
Min. Hrs. - Theory : 120 Hrs. & Practical : 80 Hrs.

THEORY
SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY
Study of -
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Neisseira gonorrhoea, Neisseira
meningitis, Cornybacterium diptheriae, Mycobaterium, Clostridium, E.coli,
Klebsiella, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio & Spirochaetes with reference
to their :
- Morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical reaction,
pathogenesis/disease caused & lab diagnosis.

MYCOLOGY
- Morphology and Structure of fungi
- Classification of fungi
- Nutrition and cultivation of fungus
- Cutaneous & Sub cutaneous and Systemic Mycosis ( in brief)
- Lab diagnosis of fungal Infections
- Opportunistic fungal infections

VIROLOGY
- General characters of viruses
- Classification of viruses
- Lab diagnosis of viral infections
- Cultivation of viruses
- Bacteriophages.
- Retro viruses - HIV, Hepatitis virus , Pox virus ,
- Picrona virus - Polio
- Orthomyxo virus - Influenza
- Arbo virus - Chikungunya, Dengue
- Herpies and Adeno virus

PRACTICAL

SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY
1. Culture Techniques
2. Composition of culture media
3. Preparation of media
4. Identification of media & their uses
5. Culture methods & identification of common bacteria on media.
6. Antibiotic sensitivity testing.

MYCOLOGY & VIROLOGY

1. Culture Media used for fungus.
2. Fungal culture
3. Methods of lab diagnosis & virus.
 QUALITY LABORATORY MANAGEMENT & AUTOMATION
Subject Code : MLT- 304
Min. Hrs. - Theory : 60 Hrs. & Practical : 140 Hrs.
THEORY
AUTOMATION
1. Automation - Introduction, meaning, advantages, history
2. Continuous flow analyzers
3. Single channel continuous flow analyzers-advantages, disadvantages
4. Multi channel flow analyzers
5. Discrete auto analyzers - basic features, types, semi automated, fully automated
6. Batch analyzers
7. Random access analyzers (RAA)
8. Component steps in fully automated analyzers
9. Auto analyzers based on immunoassay techniques, Micro particle enzyme
immunoassay (MEIA)
10. Various random access analyzers - Hitachi- 704, BM/Hitachi - 717
11. Centrifugal analyzers, ASCA
12. Dry chemistry analyzers
13. Dimension RxL clinical chemistry system
14. The Heterogeneous Immunoassay module components
15. Beckman Array 360 system
16. Mini Vidas analyzers
17. Immulite automated immunoassay analyzers
18. Latest trends in Automation, Biochips, Lab on a chip (LoC), Nanosensors-
advantages and disadvantages, PCR & its applications.

QUALITY LABORATORY MANAGEMENT

1. Introduction to Quality control
2. Total quality management framework
3. Quality laboratory processes, Quality assurance, Quality assessment, Quality control,
Quality planning and Quality improvement
4. Costs of conformance and non conformance, appraisal costs, prevention costs
5. Internal quality control, basic steps, sources of error and their correction methods,
CAPA - corrective action & preventive action
6. Sources of variation in laboratory results
7. Quality control charts, Levy- Jennings and Cusum charts
8. External quality control
9. Quality control programme, intrinsic and extrinsic and random errors
10. Current trends in laboratory accreditation, ISO certificate, West guard Rules
11. Demonstration of various methods of quality control.

PRACTICAL
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
(By Semiautoanalyzer / Fully automated analyzer)
1. Estimation of Cholesterol
2. Estimation of HDL Cholesterol
3. Estimation of LDL Cholesterol
 4. Estimation of Triglycerides
5. Estimation of LDH
6. Estimation of Glucose
7. Estimation of Bilirubin (Total, Direct, Total + Direct)
8. Estimation of SGPT
9. Estimation of SGOT
10. Estimation of Acid Phosphatase
11. Estimation of Alkaline Phosphatase
12. Estimation of Iron
13. Estimation of Creatinine
14. Estimation of Urea
15. Estimation of Uric acid
16. Estimation of CK-MB
17. Estimation of CK-NAC
18. Estimation of Chlorides
19. Estimation of Sodium
20. Estimation of Potassium
21. Estimation of Hexagon Troponin+
22. Estimation of Phosphorus
23. Estimation of TIBC
24. Estimation of Albumin
25. Estimation of Calcium
26. Estimation of Hemoglobin
27. Estimation of Magensium
28. Estimation of Blood Urea Nitrogen

ENDOCRINOLOGY, TUMOR AND CANCER MARKERS

(By ELISA Reader)
ENDOCRINOLOGY
1. Estimation of T3
2. Estimation of T4
3. Estimation of TSH
4. Estimation of FSH
5. Estimation of LH
6. Estimation of hCG
7. Estimation of Cortisol
8. Estimation of Progesterone
9. Estimation of Testosterone

TUMOR AND CANCER MARKERS

1. Estimation of Alpha feto proteins (AFP)
2. Estimation of Carcino embryonic antigen (CEA)
3. Estimation of CA -125
4. Estimation of Prostate specific antigen (PSA)

OTHER ELISA TESTS

1. Test for HIV
2. Test for Hepatitis B (HBsAg)
3. Test for Hepatitis (HCV)
4. Malaria antigen
5. Tuberculosis-lgG/IgM