Important Questions

Chapter 11
Heat Transfer

Syllabus

Heat-Transfer: Modes of heat transfer; one dimensional heat conduction, resistance concept and electrical
analogy, heat transfer through fins; unsteady heat conduction, lumped parameter system, Heisler's charts;
thermal boundary layer, dimensionless parameters in free and forced convective heat transfer, heat transfer
correlations for flow over flat plates and through pipes, effect of turbulence; heat exchanger performance,
LMTD and NTU methods; radiative heat transfer, Stefan- Boltzmann law, Wien's displacement law, black and
grey surfaces, view factors, radiation network analysis.

GATE
Mechanical Engineering
D P Sharma

Prentice Hall India

© 2016 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi

 Heat Transfer

1 - exp[ -NTU(1 - C r )]
(B)

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

Q.1 If a foam insulation is added to a 4 cm outer 1 - C r exp[ -NTU(1 - C r )]
diameter pipe as shown in figure, the critical radius of
insulation (in cm) is______ NTU
(C)
1 + NTU
2
ho = 2 W/m K (D) 1 - exp( -NTU)
GATE 2015
hi = 2 W/m2K Q.7 A brick wall ( k = 0.9 W/mK) of thickness 0.18 m
separated the warm air in a room from the cold ambient
Pipe air. On a particular winter day, the outside air
kpipe=15 W/mK Foam temperature is -5 o C and the room needs to be maintained
kfoam=0.1 W/mK at 27 o C. The heat transfer coefficient associated with
GATE 2015
outside air is h = 20 W/m 2 K. Neglecting the convective
resistance of the air inside the room, the heat loss ( in W/
Q.2 In laminar flow of air (Pr = 0.7) over a heated plate, m 2 ) is
if d and d T denote, respectively the hydrodynamic and
thermal boundary layer thickness, then (A) 88 (B) 110 (C) 128 (D) 160
(A) d = d T (B) d > d T (C) d < d T (D) d = 0 but d T ¹ 0 GATE 2015

GATE 2015 Q.8 A solid sphere 1 of radius r is placed inside a

hollow, closed hemispherical surface 2 of radius 4r. The
Q.3 A cylindrical uranium fuel rod of radius 5 mm in a shape factor F2- 1 is
nuclear reactor is generating heat at the rate of 4 ´ 10 7 W/
m 3 . The rod is cooled by a liquid (convective heat
transfer coefficient 1000 W/m 2× K) at 25 o C at steady state, 2r 1
the surface temperature (in K) of the rod is 2

(A) 308 (B) 398 (C) 418 (D) 448

GATE 2015
8r
Q.4 The total emissive power of a surface is 500 W/m 2
at temperature T1 and 1200 W/m 2 at a temperature T2 , 1 1
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D)12
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where the temperature are in Kelvin. Assuming the 12 2

emissivity of the surface to be constant, the ratio of the GATE 2015
T
temperature 1 is Q.9 A 10 mm diameter electrical conductor is covered
T2 by an insulation of 2 mm thickness. The conductivity of
(A) 0.308 (B) 0.416 (C) 0.803 (D) 0.874 the insulation is 0.08 W/mK and the convection
coefficient at the insulation surface is 10 W/m 2 K.
GATE 2015 Addition of further insulation of the same material will
Q.5 The ratio of momentum diffusivity (n) to thermal (A) Increase heat loss continuously
diffusivity (a), is called
(B) Decrease heat loss continuously
(A) Prandtl number (B) Nusselt number
(C) Increase heat loss to a maximum and then decrease
(C) Biot number (D) Lewis number heat loss
GATE 2015
(D) Decrease heat loss to a minimum and then increase
Q.6 Saturated vapour is condensed to saturated liquid is heat loss
C
a condenser. The heat capacity ratio is C r = min . The GATE 2015
C max
effectiveness (e) of the condenser is Q.10 For flow through a pipe of radius R, the velocity
and temperature distribution are as follows:
1 - exp[ -NTU(1 + C r )]
(A)
1 + Cr
For Solution Refer book "GATE Mechanical Engineering author D. P. Sharma, Publisher PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."
Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 2

é æ r ö3 ù suddenly removed from the furnace and cooled in

U ( r, x ) = C 1 and T ( r, x ) = C 2 ê1 - ç ÷ ú; where C 1 and ambient air at 30 o C, with convective heat transfer
êë è R ø úû coefficient h = 20 W/m 2 K. The thermo-physical
C 2 are constants. The bulk mean temperature is given by properties of steel are: density r = 7800 Kg/m 3 ,
R conductivity k = 40 W/mK and specific heat
2 c = 600 J/kgK. The time required in seconds to cool the
Tm = U ( r, x ) T ( r, x ) rdr, with U m being the mean
U m R 2 ò0 steel ball in air from 1030 o C to 430 o C is

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

velocity of flow. The value of Tm is (A) 519 (B) 931 (C) 1195 (D) 2144
0.5C 2 0.6C 2 GATE 2013
(A) (B) 0.5C 2 (C) 0.6C 2 (D)
Um Um Q.15 Two large diffuse gray parallel plates, separated by
a small distance, have surface temperatures of 400 K and
GATE 2015
300 K. If the emissivities of the surfaces are 0.8 and the
Q.11 Consider one dimensional steady state heat Stefan Boltzmann constant is 5.67 ´ 10 -8 W/m 2 K 4 , the
conduction across a wall (as shown in figure below) of net radiation heat exchange rate in kW/m 2 between the
thickness 30 mm and thermal conductivity 15 W/mK. At two plates is
x = 0 , a constant heat flux, q"= 1 ´ 10 5 W/m 2 is applied.
(A) 0.66 (B) 0.79 (C) 0.99 (D) 3.96
On the other side of the wall, heat is removed from the
wall by convection with a fluid at 25 o C and heat transfer GATE 2013
coefficient of 250 W/m 2 K. The temperature (in o C), at Common Data Questions
x = 0 is _____
Water (specific heat cP = 4.18 kJ/kgK) enters a pipe at a
T1
rate of 0.01 kg/s and a temperature of 20 o C. The pipe of
diameter 50 mm and length 3 m, is subjected to a wall
T2 heat flux q w" in W/m 2 .
q’’ = 1X105 W/m2
Q.16Q(a) If q w" = 2500x, where x is in meter and in the
T00 = 25oC direction of flow (x = 0 at the inlet), the bulk mean
temperature of the water leaving the pipe in o C is
x (A) 42 (B) 62 (C) 74 (D) 104
x=0
"
Q.16Q(b) If q = 5000, and the convection heat transfer
w
GATE 2014 coefficient at the pipe outlet is 1000 W/m 2 K, the
Q.12 A fin has 5 mm diameter and 100 mm length. The temperature in o C at the inner surface of the pipe at the
thermal conductivity of fin material is 400 W/mK. One outlet is
end of the fin is maintained at 130 o C and its remaining (A) 71 (B) 76 (C) 79 (D) 81
surface is exposed to ambient are at 30 o C. If the
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convective heat transfer coefficient is 40 W/m 2 K, the GATE 2013

heat loss (in W) from the fin is Q.17 Consider two infinitely long thin concentric tubes
of circular cross-section as shown in the figure. If D1 and
(A) 0.08 (B) 5.0 (C)7.0 (D)7.8
D2 are the diameters of the inner and outer tubes
GATE 2010 respectively, then the view factor F22 is given by
Q.13 The non-dimensional fluid temperature profile
near the surface of a convectively cooled flat plate is
2
T -T æ yö æ yö
given by w = a + b ç ÷ + c ç ÷ , where y is
Tw - T¥ èLø èLø D1 D2
measured perpendicular to the plate, L is the plate length,
and a, b and c are arbitrary constants. Tw and T¥ are wall
and ambient temperatures, respectively. If the thermal
conductivity of the fluid is k and the wall heat flux is q",
q" L D2 æD ö æD ö
the Nusselt number, Nu = is equal to
Tw - T¥ k (A) - 1 (B) çç 1 ÷÷ (C) zero (D) 1 - çç 1 ÷
÷
D1 è D2 ø è D2 ø
(A) a (B) b (C) 2c (D) b + 2c GATE 2012
GATE 2014
Q.18 Water (cP = 418 . kJ/kgK) at 80 C enters a counter o

Q.14 A steel ball of diameter 60 mm is initially in flow heat exchanger with a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s. Air
thermal equilibrium at 1030 o C in a furnace. It is (cP =1 kJ/kgK) enters at 30 o C with a mass flow rate of
For Solution Refer book "GATE Mechanical Engineering author D. P. Sharma, Publisher PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."
Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 3

2.09 kg/s. If the effectiveness of the heat exchanger is m and L2 = 0.15 m. Assuming negligible contact
0.8, the LMTD (in o C ) is
(A) 40 (B) 10 (C) 20 (D) 5 1 2 ho
hi
GATE 2012
T00,i k1 k2 T00,o
Q.19 In a condenser of a power plant, the steam

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

condenses at a temperature of 60 o C. The cooling water
enters at 30 o C and leaves 45 o C. The logarithmic mean
temperature difference (LMTD) of the condenser is L1 L2

(A) 16.2 o C (B) 30 o C (C) 21.6 o C (D) 37.5 o C resistance between the wall surfaces, the interface
GATE 2011 temperature, T (in o C), of the two walls will be
Q.20 The ratio of the laminar hydrodynamic boundary (A) -0.50 (B) 2 .75 (C) 3.75 (D) 4.50
layer thickness to thermal boundary layer thickness of GATE 2009
1
flows of two fluids P and Q on a flat plate are and 2 Q.24 For flow of fluid over a heated plate, the following
2
respectively. The Reynolds number based on the plate fluid properties are known:
length for both the flows is 10 4 . The Prandtl and Nusselt Viscosity = 0.001Pa.s
1
numbers for P are and 35 respectively. The Prandtl and Specific heat at constant pressure, cp =1 kJ/kgK
8
Nusselt numbers for Q are respectively Thermal conductivity, k =1 W/mK
(A) 8 and 140 (B) 4 and 70 The hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at a
(C) 8 and 70 (D) 4 and 35 specified location on the plate is 1 mm. The thermal
boundary layer thickness at the same location is
GATE 2011
o
Q.21 A coolant fluid at 30 C flows over a heated flat (A) 0.0001 mm (B) 0.01mm (C) 1mm (D)1000 mm
plate maintained at a constant temperature of 100 o C. The GATE 2008
boundary layer temperature distribution at a given
location on the plate may be approximated as Q.25 For the three-dimensional object shown in the
T = 30 + 70exp ( - y) where y ( in m) is the distance figure, five faces are insulated. The sixth face (PQRS),
normal to the plate and T is in o C. If thermal conductivity which is not insulated, interacts thermally with the
of the fluid is 1.0 W/mK, the local convective heat ambient, with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 10
transfer coefficient (in W/m 2 K) at that location will be W/m 2 K. The ambient temperature is 30 o C. Heat is
(A) 0.2 (B)1 (C) 5 (D)10 uniformly generated inside the object at the rate of 100
W/m 3 . Assuming the face PQRS to be at uniform
GATE 2009
temperature, its steady state temperature is
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Q.22 In a parallel flow heat exchanger operating under

steady state, the heat capacity rates (product of specific Q F
heat at constant pressure and mass flow rate) of the hot
and cold fluid are equal. The hot fluid, flowing at 1 kg/s 2m
with cP = 4 kJ/kgK, enters the heat exchanger at 102 o C E
P R G
while the cold fluid has an inlet temperature of 15 o C. The
overall heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger is
estimated to be 1kW/m 2 K and the corresponding heat
transfer surface area is 5 m 2 . Neglect heat transfer H 2m
S
between the heat exchanger and the ambient. The heat 1m
exchanger is characterised by the following relation:
2e = 1 - exp ( -2 NTU) (A) 10 o C (B) 20 o C (C) 30 o C (D) 40 o C
The exit temperature (in o C) for the cold fluid is
GATE 2008
(A) 45 (B) 55 (C) 65 (D)75
Q.26 A hollow enclosure is formed between two
GATE 2009 infinitely long concentric cylinders of radii 1 m and 2 m,
Q.23 Consider steady-state heat conduction across the respectively. Radiative heat exchange takes place
thickness in a plane composite wall (as shown in the between the inner surface of the larger cylinder (surface
figure) exposed to convection conditions on both sides. -2) and the outer surface of the smaller cylinder (surface
-1). The radiating surfaces are diffuse and the medium in
Given: h1 = 20 W/m 2 K; ho = 50 W/m 2 K; T¥ ,i = 20 o C; the enclosure is non-participating. The fraction of the
T¥ ,o = -2 o C ; k 1 = 20 W/mK; k 2 = 50 W/mK; L1 = 0.30 thermal radiation leaving the larger surface and striking
For Solution Refer book "GATE Mechanical Engineering author D. P. Sharma, Publisher PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."
Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 4

itself is temperature is 225 o C and the change in plate temperature

dT
Surface 1 with time = -0.02 K/s, is
dt
(A) 200 (B) 20 (C) 15 (D) 10
GATE 2007

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

Q.29 A spherical thermocouple junction of diameter
0.706 mm is to be used for the measurement of
Surface 2 temperature to a gas stream. The convective heat transfer
coefficient of the bead surface is 400 W/m 2 K.
Thermo-physical properties of thermocouple material
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.75 (D) 1 are k = 20 W/mK, C = 400 J/kgK and r = 8500 kg/m 3 . If
the thermocouple initially at 30 o C is placed in a hot
GATE 2008
stream of 300 o C , then time taken by the bead to reach
Q.27 Steady two-dimensional heat conduction takes 298 o C, is
place in the body shown in the figure. The normal (A) 2.35s (B) 4.9s (C) 14.7s (D) 29.4s
y
Surface Q GATE 2004
Q.30 In a composite slab, the temperature at the
interface (Timber) between two materials is equal to the
2m average of the temperatures at the two ends. Assuming
steady one-dimensional heat conduction, which of the
1m
following statements is true about the respective thermal
conductivities?
Surface P
x
k1 k2
T1

temperature gradients over surfaces P and Q can be Tinter

¶T
considered to be uniform. The temperature gradient
¶x
at surface Q is equal to 10 K/m. Surfaces P and Q are T2
maintained at constant temperature as shown in the
figure, while the remaining part of the boundary is 2b b
insulated. The body has a constant thermal conductivity (A) 2k 1 = k 2 (B) k 1 = k 2 (C) 2k 1 = 3k 2 (D) k 1 = 2k 2
¶T ¶T GATE 2006
of 0.1 W/mK. The values of and at surface P are:
¶x ¶y Q.31 Heat flows through a composite slab, as shown.
¶T ¶T The depth of the slab is 1 m. The k values are W/mK. The
(A) = 20 K/m and = 0 K/m overall thermal resistance in K/W is
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¶x ¶y
0.5 m
¶T ¶T k = 0.02 k = 0.10
(B) = 0 K/m and =10 K/m
¶x ¶y q
1m

¶T ¶T
(C) =10 K/m and =10 K/m
¶x ¶y k = 0.04
¶T ¶T
(D) = 0 K/m and = 20 K/m
¶x ¶y 0.5 m 0.25 m
(A) 17.2 (B) 21.9 (C) 28.6 (D) 39.2
GATE 2008
GATE 2005
Q.28 The average heat transfer coefficient on a thin hot
vertical plate suspended in still air can be determined Q.32 A small copper ball of 5 mm diameter at 500 K is
from observations of the change in plate temperature dropped into an oil bath whose temperature is 300 K. The
with time as it cools. Assume the plate temperature to be internal conductivity of copper is 400 W/mK, its density
uniform at any instant of time and radiation heat 9000 kg/m 3 and its specific heat 385 J/kgK. If the heat
exchange with the surroundings negligible. The ambient transfer coefficient is 250 W/m 2 K and lumped analysis is
temperature is 25 o C, the plate has a total surface area of assumed to be valid, the rate of fall of the temperature of
0.1m 2 and a mass of 4 kg. The specific heat of the plate the ball at the beginning of cooling will be ( in K/s)
material is 2.5 kJ/kgK. The convective heat transfer (A) 8.7 (B) 13.9 (C)17.3 (D)27.7
coefficient in W/m 2 K, at the instant when the plate GATE 2005
For Solution Refer book "GATE Mechanical Engineering author D. P. Sharma, Publisher PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."
Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 5

Q.33 A solid cylinder (Surface-2) is located at the centre thickness (in mm) at 0.5 m from the leading edge is
of a hollow sphere (Surface-1). The diameter of the ________.
sphere is 1m, while the cylinder has a diameter and length GATE 2016
of 0.5 m each. The radiation configuration factor F11 is
Q.39 A hollow cylinder has length L, inner radius r1 ,
(A) 0.375 (B) 0.625 (C) 0.75 (D) 1 outer radius r2 , and thermal conductivity k. The thermal

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

GATE 2005 resistance of the cylinder for radial conduction is
ær ö ær ö
Q.34 In a condenser, water enters at 30 o C and flows at lnçç 2 ÷÷ lnçç 1 ÷÷
r r 2pk L 2pk L
the rate 1500 kg/h. The condensing steam is at a (A) è 1 ø (B) è 2 ø (C) (D)
temperature of 120 o C and cooling water leaves the 2p k L 2p k L æ r2 ö ær ö
lnçç ÷÷ lnçç 1 ÷÷
condenser at 80 o C. Specific heat of water is 4.187
è r1 ø è r2 ø
kJ/kgK. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2000 W/
GATE 2016
m 2 K, then heat transfer area is
Q.40 Consider the radiation heat exchange inside an
(A) 0.707 m 2 (B) 7.07 m 2 (C) 70.7 m 2 (D) 141.4 m 2 annulus between two very long concentric cylinders. The
radius of the outer cylinder is R o and that of the inner
GATE 2004 cylinder is R i . The radiation view factor of the outer
Q.35 A plastic sleeve of outer radius ro =1 mm covers a cylinder onto itself is
wire (radius r = 0.5 mm) carrying electric current. Ri Ri
Thermal conductivity of the plastic is 0.15W/mK. The (A) 1 - (B) 1 -
heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface of the sleeve Ro Ro
exposed to air is 25 W/m 2 K. Due to the addition of the 1
plastic cover, the heat transfer from the wire to the æR ö3 Ri
ambient will (C) 1 - çç i ÷ (D) 1 -
÷
(A) Increase (B) Remain the same è Ro ø Ro
(C) Decrease (D) Be zero GATE 2016
GATE 2016 Q.41 Consider a parallel-flow heat exchanger with area
Q.36 A steel ball of 10 mm diameter at 1000 K is Ap and a counter-flow heat exchanger with area Ac . In
required to be cooled to 350 K by immersing it in a water both the heat exchangers, the hot stream flowing at 1 kg/s
environment at 300 K. The convective heat transfer cools from 80 o C to 50 o C. For the cold stream in both the
coefficient is 1000 W/m 2 K. Thermal conductivity of heat exchangers, the flow rate and the inlet temperature
steel is 40 W/mK. The time constant for the cooling are 2 kg/s and 10 o C, respectively. The hot and cold
process t is 16 s. The time required (in s) to reach the streams in both the heat exchangers are of the same fluid.
final temperature is ___. Also, both the heat exchangers have the same overall
A
GATE 2016 heat transfer coefficient. The ratio c is ________.
Ap
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Q.37 An infinitely long furnace of 0.5 m ´ 0.4 m

cross-section is shown in the figure. Consider all surfaces GATE 2016
of the furnace to be black. The top and bottom walls are
maintained at temperature T1 = T3 = 927 o C while the side Q.42 Two cylindrical shafts A and B at the same initial
temperature are simultaneously placed in a furnace. The
walls are at temperature T2 = T4 = 527 o C . The view surfaces of the shafts remain at the furnace gas
factor, F1- 2 is 0.26. The net radiation heat loss or gain on temperature at all times after they are introduced into the
side 1 is___ W/m. furnace. The temperature variation in the axial direction
of the shafts can be assumed to be negligible. The data
Side 3, T3 related to shafts A and B is given in the following table:

Side 4, T4 Side 2, T2 0.4 m Quantity Shaft A Shaft B

Diameter (m) 0.4 0.1
Side 1, T1 Thermal conductivity (W/mK) 40 20
0.5 m Volumetric heat capacity (J/m 3 K) 2 ´ 106 2 ´ 107

Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 ´ 10 -8 W/m 2 K 4 The temperature at the centerline of the shaft A reaches
GATE 2016 400 o C after two hours. The time required (in hours) for
the centerline of the shaft B to attain the temperature of
Q.38 A fluid (Prandtl number, Pr = 1) at 500 K flows 400 o C is ______.
over a flat plate of 1.5 m length, maintained at 300 K. The
velocity of the fluid is 10 m/s. Assuming kinematic GATE 2016
viscosity, n = 30 ´ 10 -6 m 2 /s, the thermal boundary layer Q.43 Steady one-dimensional heat conduction takes
For Solution Refer book "GATE Mechanical Engineering author D. P. Sharma, Publisher PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."
Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 6

place across the faces 1 and 3 of a composite slab Q.49 In a long cylindrical rod of radius r and a surface
consisting of slabs A and B in perfect contact as shown in heat flux of q 0 , the uniform internal heat generation rate
the figure, where k A , k B denote the respective thermal is
conductivities. Using the data as given in the figure, the 2q 0 q0 q0
(A) (B) 2q 0 (C) (D)
A B
r r r2

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

1 2 3 Q.50 The wave length at which the black body emissive
power reaches its maximum value at 300 K is
T1= 130oC kA = 20 kB = 100 T3= 30oC
W/mK W/mK (A) 9.6 mm (B) 15.5 mm (C) 5.1 mm (D) 38.0 mm
Q.51 The equation of effectiveness e = 1 - e - NTU of a
heat exchanger is valid in the case of
0.1 m 0.3 m
(A) Boiler and condenser for parallel flow
o
interface temperature T2 (in C) is ____ . (B) Boiler and condenser counter flow
GATE 2016 (C) Boiler and condenser for both parallel flow and
Q.44 For a heat exchanger, D Tmax is the maximum counter-flow
temperature difference and D Tmin is the minimum
temperature difference between the two fluids. LMTD is (D) Gas turbine for both parallel flow and counter-flow
the log mean temperature difference. C min and C max are Q.52 Match List-I with List-II and select correct answer
the minimum and the maximum heat capacity rates. The using the codes given below the lists (notations have
maximum possible heat transfer (Qmax ) between the two their usual meaning).
fluids is
List-I List-II
(A) C min LMTD (B) C min D Tmax
UA
(C) C max D Tmax (D) C max D Tmin (a) Fins 1.
C min
GATE 2016
x
Q.45 Two large parallel plates having a gap of 10 mm in (b) Heat exchanger 2.
between them are maintained at temperatures T1 = 1000 2 at
K and T2 = 400 K. Given emissivity values, e 1 = 0.5,
hP
e 2 = 0.25 and Stefan-Boltzmann constant (c) Transient conduction 3.
s = 5.67 ´ 10 -8 W/m 2 K 4 , the heat transfer between the kA
plates (in kW/m 2 ) is _____. hl
(d) Heisler chart 4.
GATE 2016 k
Q.46 A cylindrical steel rod, 0.01 m in diameter and 0.2
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(A) a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4 (B) a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4
m in length is first heated to 750 o C and then immersed in
a water bath at 100 o C. The heat transfer coefficient is (C) a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1 (D) a- 2, b-4, c-3, d-1
250 W/m 2 K. The density, specific heat and thermal Q.53 Match List-I (governing equations of heat
conductivity of steel are r = 7801 kg/m 3 , c = 473 J/kgK, transfer) with List-II (specific cases of heat transfer) and
and k = 43 W/mK, respectively. The time required for the select correct answer using the codes given below the
rod to reach 300 o C is ________ s. lists.
GATE 2016 List-I List-II
2
Q.47 A composite wall consists of two layers of d T 2 dT
different materials having conductivity k 1 and k 2 . For (a) + =0 1. Pin-fin 1-D case
dr 2 r dr
equal thickness of the two layers, the equivalent thermal
conductivity of the slab will be ¶ 2T 1 ¶T
(b) = 2. 1-D conduction in cylinder
2k 1 k 2 k k ¶x 2 a ¶t
(A) k 1 + k 2 (B) (C) k 1k 2 (D) 1 2
k1 + k2 k1 + k2 d 2T 1 dT
(c) + =0 3. 1-D conduction in sphere
Q.48 Lumped system analysis of transient heat dr 2 r dr
conduction situation is valid when the Biot number is d 2q
(d) - m 2q = 0 4. Plane slab
(A) Very small (B) Very large dx 2
(C) Approximately one Symbols have their usual meanings
(D) Cannot say unless the Fourier number is also know (A) a-2, b-4, c-3, d-1 (B) a-3, b-1, c-2, d- 4
For Solution Refer book "GATE Mechanical Engineering author D. P. Sharma, Publisher PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."
Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 7

(C) a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4 (D) a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1 (D) The thermal energy storage capacity to the
Q.54 A cross flow type air heater has an area of 50 m . 2 convection thermal resistance
The overall heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m 2 K and Q.60 Heat transfer rate from the circular tube of inner
heat capacity of both hot and cold stream is 1000 W/K. radius ri , outer radius ro and thermal conductivity k is
The value of NTU is 2p(Ti - To )
given by Q =

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

(A) 0 (B)1 (C) 5 (D) 100 ln ( ro ri ) 1
+
h Lc k ro h
Q.55 The Biot number is given by Bi = . The
k Increasing ro will reduce the heat transfer as long as
characteristic length Lc of a steel ball of diameter 12 cm is k k 2k
(A) ro < (B) ro > (C) ro >
(A) 2 cm (B) 6 cm (C) 3 cm (D) 4 cm h h h
Q.56 The heat flow equation through a cylinder of inner (D) Increasing ro will always reduce the heat transfer
radius r1 and outer radius r2 is desired in the same form as
that for heat flow through a plane wall. The equivalent Q.61 In transient heat conduction, the two significant
area Am is given by dimensionless parameters are___number
and___number.
A1 + A2 A1 + A2
(A) (B) (A) Fourier, Reynolds (B) Reynolds, Prandtl
æA ö æA ö
log e çç 2 ÷÷ 2 log e çç 2 ÷÷ (C) Biot, Fourier (D) Reynolds, Biot
è A1 ø è A1 ø
Q.62 The heat conduction equation
A2 - A1 A2 - A1
(C) (D) ¶ 2T ¶ 2T ¶ 2T 1 ¶T
æA ö æA ö + + = is known as
2 log e çç 2 ÷÷ log e çç 2 ÷÷ ¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶z 2 a ¶t
è A1 ø è A1 ø
Q.57 A plane wall of thickness 2l has a uniform (A) Poisson equation (B) Diffusion equation
volumetric heat source q g (W/m 3 ). It is exposed to local (C) Laplace equation (D) Fourier equation
ambient temperature T¥ at both the ends (x = ±l). The
surface temperature Ts of the wall under steady-state Q.63 Sun's surface at 5800 K emits radiation at a wave
condition (where h and k have their usual meaning) is length of 0 . 5 m. A furnace at 300 o C will emit through a
given by small opening, radiation at a wavelength of nearly
qgl qgl2 (A) 10mm (B) 5mm (C) 0 . 25 mm (D) 0 . 025 mm
(A) Ts =T¥ + (B) Ts = T¥ +
h 2k Q.64 A fin will be necessary and effective only when
2 3
qgl qgl (A) k is small and h is large
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(C) Ts = T¥ + (D) Ts = T¥ +
h 2k (B) k is large and h is also large
Q.58 Which one is the correct expression for (C) k is small and h is also small
one-dimensional, steady state, constant thermal
conductivity heat conduction equation for a cylinder (D) k is large and h is small
with heat generation? Q.65 For same initial conditions, one can expect the
d æ dT ö 1 d æ dT ö q g laminar thermal and velocity boundary layer on a flat
(A) çr ÷=0 (B) çr ÷+ =0 plate to have the same thickness when the Prandtl
dr è dr ø r dr è dr ø k number of the flowing fluid is
1 ¶ æ ¶T ö 1 ¶T 1 ¶ æ ¶T ö q g 1 ¶T (A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 10
(C) çr ÷= (D) çr ÷+ =
r ¶r è ¶r ø a ¶t r ¶r è ¶r ø k a ¶t Q.66 In a heat exchanger, the hot gases enter with a
temperature of 150 o C and leave at 75 o C. The cold fluid
Q.59 The Biot number is the ratio of enters at 25 o C and leaves at 125 o C . The capacity ratio of
(A) The conduction thermal resistance to the convection the exchanger is
thermal resistance (A) 0.65 (B) 0.75 (C) 0.85 (D) 0.95
(B) The convection thermal resistance to the conduction Q.67 The spectral emissive power E l for a diffusely
thermal resistance emitting surface is
(C) The thermal energy storage capacity to the El = 0 for l < 3 mm
2
conduction thermal resistance E l =150 W/m mm for 3 < l < 12 mm
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Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 8

E l = 300 W/m 2 mm for 12 < l < 25 mm wall varies linearly with temperature and its values at
300 o C and 200 o C are 25 W/mK and 15 W/mK,
El = 0 for l < 25 mm
respectively. Then the steady heat flux through the wall
The total emissive power of the surface over the entire is
spectrum is________.
(A) 8 kW/m 2 (B) 5 kW/m 2
Q.68 A cylindrical rod of diameter 4 cm and length 6 cm

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

is at 1200 K. If the emissivity of the rod surface is 0 . 75, (C) 4 kW/m 2 (D) 3 kW/m 2
the total amount of radiation (in kJ) emitted by all Q.79 For laminar flow over a flat plate, the local heat
surfaces of the rod in 20 min is________. -
1

transfer coefficient hx varies as x 2 , where x is the

Q.69 Consider an infinitely long three-sided triangular
enclosure with side length 5 cm, 3 cm and 4 cm. The view distance from the leading edge ( x = 0) of the plate. The
factor from the 5 cm side to the 4 cm side is________. ratio of the average coefficient hx between the leading
edge and some location A at x = x on the plate to the local
Q.70 6.0 kJ of conduction heat transfer has to take place heat transfer coefficient hx at A is
in 10 minutes from one end to other end of a metallic
cylinder of 10 cm 2 cross-sectional area, length 1 m and (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
thermal conductivity as 100 W/mK. What is the Q.80 Consider a wall of cross-section area 1 m 2 and
temperature difference between the two ends of the thickness 3 m shown in figure . The left and right
cylindrical bar?________. surfaces of the wall are maintained at uniform
Q.71 Heat is lost from a 100 mm diameter steam pipe temperature of 100 o C and 20 o C respectively assuming
placed horizontally in ambient at 30 o C. If the Nusselt heat transfer through the wall to be one-dimensional.
number is 25 and thermal conductivity of air is 0.03 W/m Heat transfer rate Q through the wall is
K, then the heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2 K) will be
___.
Q.72 Water enters a 4 cm diameter and 6 m long tube
whose walls are maintained at 100 o C. The water enters P 2K Q S
T1
this tube with a bulk temperature of 25 o C and a volume A
flow rate of 3 m 3 /h. The Reynolds number for this Q 20oC
100oC 3k
internal flow is___. 3k R
(For water, use k = 0.607 W/mK, m = 90
. ´ 10 -4
kg/ms, 4k 2A
2A
r =1000 kg/m 3 ) A

Q.73 The NTU of condenser of boiler is 0.6. The L L L

effectiveness of condenser is________. 2
Where A = 0.5 m ; L = 1m ; k = 100 W/mK
Q.74 A furnace has a 20 cm thick wall with thermal
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conductivity 0.8 W/mK. For the same heat loss from the
furnace, what will be the thickness of the wall if the (A) 4 kW (B) 8 kW
thermal conductivity of the material is 0.16 W/mK?
____. (C) 3.66 kW (D) None of these
Q.75 A 3 m high, 4 m wide and 25 cm thick wall of a Q.81 A large concrete slab 1 m thick has
house has a thermal resistance of 0.04 o C/W. Thermal one-dimensional temperature distribution
conductivity of the wall is______. T ( x ) = 4 - 10 x + 20 x 2 + 10 x 3 , where T is temperature
Q.76 In an evaporator, evaporates at 100 o C taking heat and x is distance from one face towards other face of
from hot air entering at 260 o C and leaving at 150 o C. The wall. If the slab material has thermal diffusivity of
LMTD is ____. 2 ´ 10 -3 m 2 /h, what is the rate of change of temperature at
the other face of the wall?
Q.77 In a double-pipe counter flow heat exchanger,
1000 kg/h of oil having a specific heat 20 J/kgK is cooled (A) 0.1 o C/h (B) 0.2 o C/h
from 150 o C to 125 o C by 1250 kg/h of fluid of specific (C) 0.3 o C/h (D) 0.4 o C/h
heat 16 J/kgK. The fluid leaves the heat exchanger at
75°C. In such case, the temperature at which the cooling Q.82 The radiative heat transfer rate per unit area
fluid is entering the heat exchanger and LMTD will be (W/m 2 ) between two plane parallel grey surfaces whose
emissivity is 0.9 and maintained at 400 K and 300 K is
(A) 25°C and 50°C (B) 50°C and 50°C
(A) 992 (B) 812 (C) 567 (D) 464
(C) 50°C and 75°C (D) 75°C and 50°C
Q.83 What will be the view factor F21 for the geometry
Q.78 A 0 . 5 m thick large plane wall has its two surfaces as shown in the figure (sphere within a cube)?
kept at 300 o C and 200 o C. Thermal conductivity of the
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Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 9

Q.90 A cylindrical pin fin of diameter 0.5 cm and length

of 4 cm with negligible heat loss from the tip has an
A2 efficiency of 0.7. The effectiveness of this fin is
A1 (A) 0.6 (B) 22.4 (C) 0.8 (D) 1.6
D=L Q.91 Heat is generated in spherical shape (d =10 cm)

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

radioactive material whose thermal conductivity is
25 W/mK uniformly at a rate of 15 W/cm 3 . If the surface
temperature of the material is measured to be 120 o C, the
centre temperature of the material during steady
operation is
p p p p (A) 160 o C (B) 205 o C (C) 280 o C (D) 370 o C
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 3 6 Q.92 Figure shows the wall consists of two layers A and
Q.84 A flat plate has thickness 5 cm, thermal B with the following values; K A = 1.2 W/mK, LA = 8 cm,
conductivity 1 W/mK, convective heat transfer K B = 0.2 W/mK, LB = 5 cm. If the temperature drops
coefficients on its two flat faces of 10 W/m 2 K and 20 W/ across the wall is 18 o C , the rate of heat transfer through
m 2 K. The overall heat transfer coefficient (in W/m 2 K) the wall per unit area of the wall is
for such a flat plate is
(A) 5 (B) 6.33 (C) 20 (D) 30 A B
Q.85 A hot plane surface at 250 o C is exposed to air at
25 o C with a combined heat transfer coefficient of 25 W/ KA KB
m 2 K. The heat loss from the surface is to be reduced by
half by covering it with sufficient insulation with a LA LB
thermal conductivity of 0.25 W/mK. Assuming the heat
transfer coefficient to remain constant, the required
thickness of insulation is (A) 56.8 W/m 2 (B) 72.1 W/m 2
(A) 1 cm (B) 10 cm (C) 20 cm (D) 0.1 cm (C) 114 W/m 2 (D) 201 W/m 2
Q.86 A very long 25 mm diameter copper rod Q.93 Two concentric spheres are maintained at
k = 380 W/mK extends horizontally from a plane heated
temperatures T1 = 30 o C and T2 = 300 o C and have
wall at 125 o C. The temperature of the surrounding air is
25 o C and convective heat transfer coefficient is emissivity’s e 1 = 0.25 and e 2 = 0.75, respectively. If the
9.0 W/m 2 K. Temperature of rod at distance x from the D1
ratio of the diameters is = 0.3 , the net rate of
heated wall is D2
(A) 25 + 100e -1.946x (B) 100e -1.946x radiation heat transfer between the two spheres per unit
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(C) 25 - e -1.946x (D) None of these surface area of the inner sphere is
Q.87 In a parallel flow heat exchanger, the NTU is (A) -1413 W/m 2 (B) - 721 W/m 2
calculated to be 3. The lowest possible effectiveness for
this heat exchange is (C) 2107 W/m 2 (D) None of these
o
(A) 10% (B) 27% (C) 41% (D) 50% Q.94 Consider air flow at T¥ = 20 C over a plate surface
Q.88 A fin of diameter 1 cm, length 30 cm and maintained at a constant temperature of Ts =160 o C,
conductivity 237 W/mK is attached to a surface at 80ºC. temperature profile within air layer over the plate is
The surface is exposed to ambient air at 22ºC with a heat T ( y) = T¥ + (Ts - T¥ ) e -3200 y , where y is the vertical
transfer coefficient of 18 W/m 2 K. If the fin can be
assumed to be very long, the rate of heat transfer from the distance from the plate surface in metre. Thermal
fin is conductivity of air at 90 o C is 0.03024 W/mK. Heat flux
(A) 2.0 W (B) 5.95 W (C) 3.0 W (D) None of these on the plate surface is
Q.89 A heat exchanger is used to heat cold water (A) 3.25 ´ 10 3 W/m 2 (B) 1.35 ´ 10 4 W/m 2
(C p = 4.18 kJ/kgK) entering at 12 o C at a rate of 1.2 kg/s
(C) 3207 W/m 2 (D) None of these
by hot air (C p =1.0 kJ/kgK) at 90 o C at rate of 2.5 kg/s.
Q.95 A cubical furnace shown in figure, whose surfaces
The highest rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger is
closely approximate black surfaces. The base, top and
(A) 82 kW (B) 195 kW side surfaces of furnace are maintained at 800 K, 1500 K
(C) 391 kW (D) None of these
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Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 10

and 500 K, respectively. Given F1- 2 = 0.2. The net rate of Q.101 Heat generation rate in a cylindrical heater of
radiation heat transfer between the base and the top diameter 3 mm is 0.18 W/mm 3 . The heat flux (in
W/mm 2 ) at the surface of the heater is steady-state
surface is condition is ___.
Top 2
Q.102 The view factor of black hemispherical cavity of
radius R with respect to it self is______.

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

Side 3 Q.103 Two large parallel grey plates with a small gap,
exchange radiation at the rate of 1000 W/m 2 when their
emissivities are 0 . 5 each. By coating one plate, its
Base 1 emissivity is reduced to 0 . 25. Temperatures remain
5 cm unchanged. The new rate of heat exchange shall
become___.
(A) -131. 9 W (B) -236 W(C) -1036 . 9 W (D) -504 W Q.104 A cubical furnace shown in figure, whose
Q.96 A counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger is surfaces closely approximate black surfaces. The base,
used to heat water at a rate of m = 0.8 kg/s from Ti = 30 o C top and side surfaces of furnace are maintained at 800 K,
to To = 80 o C with hot oil entering at 120 o C and leaving at 1500 K and 500 K, respectively. Given F1- 2 = 0.2. The
net rate of radiation heat transfer(in kW) between the
85 o C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is base and the side surfaces is________.
U =125 W/m 2 K . The heat transfer area is
(A) 121. 4 m 2 (B) 48 . 6 m 2 (C) 183 . 4 m 2 (D) 28 . 4 m 2 Top 2
o 3
Q.97 Water at 20 C (r = 998 kg/m ) and
(m = 1. 002 ´ 10 -3 kg/ms) is flowing with a velocity of
Side 3
0.5 m/s between two parallel flat plate placed 1 cm apart
as shown in figure. The distance (in m) from entrance at
which the velocity boundary layers meet is_____.
Base 1
Water 5 cm

x Q.105 Two very large parallel plates are maintained at

uniform temperatures T1 = 800 K and T2 = 500 K and
Q.98 A copper ball (C p = 385 J/kgK, k = 401 W/mK, r = have emissivities e 1 = 0.2 and e 2 = 0.7, respectively. The
8933 kg/m 3 , a = 1.166 ´ 10 -4 m 2 /s ) initially at 200 o C is net rate of radiation heat transfer (in kW/m 2 ) between
allowed to cool in air at 30 o C for a period of 2 minutes. If two surfaces per unit surface area of the plates
is________.
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the ball has diameter of 2 cm and the heat transfer

coefficient is 80 W/m 2 K, the center temperature of the Q.106 Water at 20 o C (r = 998 kg/m 3 ,
ball at the end of cooling is________. m = 1. 002 ´ 10 -3 kg/ms and cp = 4182 J/kgK) is flowing
Q.99 Water is boiled at 150 o C in a boiler by hot exhaust with a velocity of 0 . 5 m/s between two parallel flat plate
gases (C p =1.05 kJ/kgK) that enter the boiler at 550 o C at placed 1 cm apart as shown in figure. The distance (in m)
a rate of 0.5 kg/s and leaves at 200 o C. The surface area of from entrance at which the thermal boundary layers meet
the heat exchanger is 0.64 m 2 . The overall heat transfer is_______.
coefficient U (in kW/m 2 K) of heat exchanger is____.
Q.100 Two large parallel plates, as shown in figure with
equal emissivities e = 0 . 4 exchange heat by radiation. If a
polished aluminum radiation shield e = 0 . 05 is placed Water
between them, then the percentage reduction in heat
transfer is________%.
e = 0.4 e = 0.05 e = 0.4
x

1 S 2
Q.107 Consider two infinitely long black body
D
concentric cylinders with a diameter ratio 2 = 3. The
D1
shape factor for the outer cylinder with itself will
For Solution Refer book "GATE Mechanical Engineering author D. P. Sharma, Publisher PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."
Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 11

be_______. s = 5.67 ´ 10 -8 W/(m 2 K 4 ), the heat transfer rate from

surface 2 to the surrounding environment is___ kW/m.
A
Surface 2
D1 D2

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

Surrounding

B C
Q.108 An enclosure consists of four surfaces 1, 2, 3 and Surface1
4. The view factors for radiation heat transfer (where the GATE 2017 Session I
subscripts 1, 2, 3, 4 refer to the respective surfaces) are
F11 = 0.1, F12 = 0.4 and F13 = 0.25. The surface areas Q.114 Heat is generated uniformly in a long solid
A1 and A4 are 4 m 2 and 2 m 2 respectively. The view cylindrical rod (diameter = 10 mm) at the rate of
4 ´ 10 7 W/m 3 . The thermal conductivity of the rod
factor F41 is__.
material is 25 W/m.K. Under steady state conditions, the
Q.109 Figure shows the pyramid of base is square and its temperature difference between the centre and the
side surfaces are isosceles triangle. The view factor from surface of the rod is _____ o C.
base to side surface is________. GATE 2017 Session I
Q.115 The heat loss from a fin is 6 W. The effectiveness
and efficiency of the fin are 3 and 0.75, respectively. The
heat loss (in W) from the fin, keeping the entire fin
surface at base temperature, is______.
GATE 2017 Session II
Q.116 The emissive power of a blackbody is P. If its
absolute temperature is doubled, the emissive power
becomes.
(A) 2P (B) 4P (C) 8P (D) 16P
GATE 2017 Session II
o
Q.110 Consider air flow at T¥ = 20 C over a plate Q.117 In a counter-flow heat exchanger, water is heated
at the rate of 1.5 kg/s from 40°C to 80°C by an oil
surface maintained at a constant temperature of entering at 120°C and leaving at 60°C. The specific
Ts =160 o C, temperature profile within air layer over the heats of water and oil are 4.2 kJ/kg.K and 2 kJ/kg.K
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plate is T ( y) = T¥ + (Ts - T¥ ) e -3200 y , where y is the respectively. The overall heat transfer coefficient is
vertical distance from the plate surface in metre. Thermal 400 W/m2.K. The required heat transfer surface area (in
conductivity of air at 90 o C is 0.03024 W/mK. The m2) is
convective heat transfer coefficient of the air flow is ___. (A) 0.104 (B) 0.022 (C) 10.4 (D) 21.84
Q.111 Cold water (C p = 4.18 kJ/kgK) enters a counter GATE 2017 Session II
flow heat exchanger at 10 o C at a rate of 0.31 kg/s, where
it is heated by hot exhaust air (C p =1.0 kJ/kgK) that Q.118 A metal ball of diameter 60 mm is initially at 220
enters the heat exchanger at 50 o C at a rate of 1.4 kg/s and °C. The ball is suddenly cooled by an air jet of 20°C. The
leaves at 25 o C. The effectiveness of this heat exchanger heat transfer coefficient is 200 W/m2.K.The specific
is_____. heat, thermal conductivity and density of metal ball are
400 J/kg.K, 400 W/mK and 9000 kg/m3, respectively.
Q.112 Saturated steam at 100 o C condenses on the The ball temperature (in °C) after 90 seconds will be
outside of a tube. Cold fluid enters the tube at 20 o C and approximately.
exists at 50 o C. The value of the Log Mean Temperature
Difference (LMTD) is_______ o C. (A) 141 (B) 163 (C) 189 (D) 210
GATE 2017 Session I GATE 2017 Session II
Q.113 Two black surfaces, AB and BC, of lengths 5 m Q.119 A plane slab of thickness L and thermal
and 6 m, respectively, are oriented as shown. Both conductivity k is heated with a fluid on one side (P), and
surfaces extend infinitely into the third dimension. Given the other side (Q) is maintained at a constant
that view factor F12 = 0.5, T1 = 800 K, T2 = 600 K, temperature, TQ of 25 o C, as shown in the figure. The
Tsurrounding = 300 K and Stefan Boltzmann constant, fluid is at 45 o C and the surface heat transfer coefficient,
For Solution Refer book "GATE Mechanical Engineering author D. P. Sharma, Publisher PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."
Heat Transfer GATE Mechanical Engineering by D. P. Sharma 12

h, is 10 W/m 2 K . The steady state temperature, TP , (in Q.122 Steam in the condenser of a thermal power plant
o
C) of the side which is exposed to the fluid is______ is to be condensed at a temperature of 30 o C with cooling
water which enters the tubes of the condenser at 14 o C
TP and exits at 22 o C. The total surface area of the tubes is 50
o
TQ= 25 C m 2 , and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2000 W/m
2
2 K. The heat transfer (in MW) to the condenser is __ .
h = 10W/m K k = 2.5 W/mK

GATE Mechanical Engineering Author D. P. Sharma

o GATE 2018 Set-2
T = 45 C
L = 20 cm

GATE 2018 Set-1

Q.120 The peak wavelength of radiation emitted by a
black body at a temperature of 2000 K is 1.45 µm. If the
peak wavelength of emitted radiation changes to 2.90
µm, then the temperature (in K) of the black body is
(A) 500 (B) 1000 (C) 4000 (D) 8000
GATE 2018 Set-2
Q.121 A 0.2 m thick infinite black plate having a thermal
conductivity of 3.96 W/m-K is exposed to two infinite
black surfaces at 300 K and 400 K as shown in the figure.
At steady state, the surface temperature of the plate
facing the cold side is 350 K. The value of
StefanBoltzmann constant, s, is 5.67 × 10 -8 W/m 2 K 4 .
Assuming 1-D heat conduction, the magnitude of heat
flux through the plate (in W/m 2 ) is ________ .
0.2 m

300 K vacuum vacuum 400 K

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GATE 2018 Set-2

For Solution Refer book "GATE Mechanical Engineering author D. P. Sharma, Publisher PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd."