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Sarvida, Jocelle Ann E. Criminology 2-1

The document discusses several key concepts in international political economy: 1) Arjun Appadurai proposes five "scapes" (ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, ideoscapes) to describe the flow of ideas, culture, and information globally in the modern world. 2) The United Nations aims to maintain peace, foster cooperation, and promote human rights among its 189 member countries. 3) The International Monetary Fund works to ensure global monetary stability and financial security among its 189 member countries. 4) Other agreements and organizations discussed include the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, World Trade Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, and Bret

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68 views4 pages

Sarvida, Jocelle Ann E. Criminology 2-1

The document discusses several key concepts in international political economy: 1) Arjun Appadurai proposes five "scapes" (ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, ideoscapes) to describe the flow of ideas, culture, and information globally in the modern world. 2) The United Nations aims to maintain peace, foster cooperation, and promote human rights among its 189 member countries. 3) The International Monetary Fund works to ensure global monetary stability and financial security among its 189 member countries. 4) Other agreements and organizations discussed include the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, World Trade Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, and Bret

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Porsche Diaries
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Sarvida, Jocelle Ann E.

Criminology 2-1

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD


The ways by which ideas and information flow from one place to another throughout the
world fall into one of five 'scapes' proposed by Arjun Appadurai in his essay Modernity At
Large, According to Appadurai there is a mass new spread of information, culture, etc. due to
globalization. However, traditional methods used categorize the spread fail because of their
inability to allow for different perspectival viewpoints. The five -scapes are:

 Ethnoscapes
 Mediascapes
 Technoscapes
 Financescapes
 Ideoscapes

Let's go over each of them briefly in order.


 ETHNOSCAPES refers to people, specifically those who move from one place to
another. Examples of such individuals include tourists, exiles, refugees, immigrants,
students studying abroad, temporary workers abroad, and so on.
 MEDIASCAPES, in short, refers to the possible means by which information and ideas
can be spread and the information they spread. In other words, it's the images, ideas,
stories, and so forth that newspapers, YouTube, cable, and Netflix spread around.
 TECHNOSCAPES is the concept of various types of hard and virtual forms of
technology moving about throughout the world. Furthermore, it is the impact this
technology has and the connections it has to bigger stories, like who controls this
technology, to what end, and how it affects the people who rely on these technologies.
 FINANSCAPES is the movement of money. Now with its much larger scale of the
World, money is even harder to follow than ever.
 IDEOSCAPES is the movement of political ideas from one area to another.

UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World
War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing
friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and
human rights
The Organization works on a broad range of fundamental issues, from sustainable
development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism,
disarmament and non-proliferation, to promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and
the advancement of women, governance, economic and social development and international
health, clearing landmines, expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals
and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this and future generations.

The UN has 4 main purposes

 To keep peace throughout the world;

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 To develop friendly relations among nations;
 To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger,
disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms;
 To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries, working to


foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade,
promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the
world. Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 189 countries that make
up its near-global membership. The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the
international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that
enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other. The Fund's mandate was
updated in 2012 to include all macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global
stability

NEOLIBERALISM
A policy model—bridging politics, social studies, and economics—that seeks to transfer
control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector. It tends towards free-
market capitalism and away from government spending, regulation, and public ownership

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE


Signed on Oct. 30, 1947, by 23 countries, was a legal agreement minimizing barriers to
international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs and subsidies while preserving
significant regulations. The GATT was intended to boost economic recovery after World War II
through reconstructing and liberalizing global trade.
The GATT went into effect on Jan. 1, 1948, and since that beginning it has been refined,
eventually leading to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1, 1995,
which absorbed and extended it. By this time 125 nations were signatories to its agreements,
which covered about 90% of global trade.
The Council for Trade in Goods (Goods Council) is responsible for the GATT and
consists of representatives from all WTO member countries. As of September 2019 the council
chair is Uruguayan Ambassador José Luís Cancela Gómez. The council has 10 committees that
address subjects including market access, agriculture, subsidies, and anti-dumping measures

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
A transnational corporation (TNC) is a huge company that does business in several
countries. Many TNCs are much richer than entire countries in the less developed world. Such
companies can provide work and enrich a country's economy - or some say they can exploit the
workers with low pay and destroy the environment.

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WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization
dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated
and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is
to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible
The WTO has many roles: it operates a global system of trade rules, it acts as a forum for
negotiating trade agreements, it settles trade disputes between its members and it supports the

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needs of developing countries. The primary purpose of the WTO is to open trade for the benefit
of all.

NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT


The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a treaty entered into by the
United States, Canada, and Mexico; it went into effect on January 1, 1994. (Free trade had
existed between the U.S. and Canada since 1989; NAFTA broadened that arrangement.) On that
day, the three countries became the largest free market in the world-;the combined economies of
the three nations at that time measured $6 trillion and directly affected more than 365 million
people.
NAFTA was created to eliminate tariff barriers to agricultural, manufacturing, and
services; to remove investment restrictions; and to protect intellectual property rights. This was
to be done while also addressing environmental and labor concerns (although many observers
charge that the three governments have been lax in ensuring environmental and labor safeguards
since the agreement went into effect). Small businesses were among those that were expected to
benefit the most from the lowering of trade barriers since it would make doing business in
Mexico and Canada less expensive and would reduce the red tape needed to import or export
goods.
THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENT

The Bretton Woods agreement was created in a 1944 conference of all of the World War
II allied nations. It took place in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.

Under the agreement, countries promised that their central banks would maintain fixed
exchange rates between their currencies and the dollar. How exactly would they do this? If a
country's currency value became too weak relative to the dollar, the bank would buy up its
currency in foreign exchange markets. That would lower the currency's supply and raise its price.
If its currency became too high, the bank would print more. That would increase the supply and
lower its price.

Members of the Bretton Woods system agreed to avoid trade wars. For example, they
wouldn't lower their currencies strictly to increase trade. But they could regulate their currencies
under certain conditions. For example, they could take action if foreign direct investment began
to destabilize their economies. They could also adjust their currency values to rebuild after a
war.

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