International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications (IJLERA) ISSN: 2455-7137

Volume – 01, Issue – 03, June – 2016, PP – 76-85

“Comparative Study Of Performance And Properties Of Reactive

Powder Concrete Over High Performance Concrete And
Conventional Concrete”.

Prof. A. R. Deshmukh, Ast Prof. S. D. Jagtap.

1.Pro.Guide-Professor of Civil engineering department, JSPM’S RSCOE, Pune-411033, Maharastra, India
R. G. Ahire, A. M. Balate, D. A. Chauhan, S. K. Joshi.
2.Student of BE Civil engineering, JSPM’S RSCOE, Pune-411033, Maharastra, India

Abstract: Reactive Powder Concrete is an ultra high strength and high ductility cementitious composite with
advanced mechanical and physical properties. It is a special concrete where the microstructure is optimized by
precise gradation of all particles in the mix to yield maximum density. This new material demonstrates greatly
improved strength and durability characteristics compared with traditional or even high performance concrete.
The improved properties of RPC are obtained by improving homogeneity of the concrete by eliminating large
aggregates, increasing compactness of the mix by optimizing packing density of fine particles, and using fine
steel fibers to provide ductility .In this paper the benefits of the RPC over the HPC and Conventional concrete
and reduction in the cost of RPC by replacing the Micro Silica and Cement with fly ash and its effect on
durability of RPC as well An attempt has been made in the present experimental study to determine the Effect of
dosage of Admixture and water cement ratio on workability, compressive strength and flexural strength of high
performance concrete. In the absence of standard mix design procedure, on the basis of data obtained from
previous experimental study, specific mix proportions has been evaluated and total 4 number of mix proportion
were decided 9 specimen for compression and 1 no for mix proportion were decided 3 specimen for flexural
each proportion were casted and tested under the action of uni-axial compression and flexure. 51 specimens
were tested using a compression testing machine, flexural testing machine and workability is determined by
slump cone test.
Keywords: RPC, Compression, Flexural, Workability, Admixture, Steel fiber

I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is one of the necessary elements for structural work in the modern construction. In the decade,
buildings around the world have become higher and so the structural strength demand for concrete is increased
as they require high strength concrete.Concrete is widely used construction material dominating the construction
industry worldwide. Portland cement important ingredient in modern concrete was first used in 1824 by Joseph
Aspdin in England. Today world production of concrete exceeds 1 billion tonnes per annum. High strength
concrete is an important member of the concrete family. The concrete that was once known as high-strength
concrete in the late 1970s is now referred to as high-performance concrete because it has been found to be much
more than simply stronger; it displays enhanced performance in such areas as durability and abrasion resistance.
Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC), which is an Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC), represents one of the
most recent technological leaps witnessed by the construction industry. Reactive powder concrete (RPC) have
been marketed as high performance concretes in various countries. This new family of materials has
compressive strengths of (170 MPa to 230 MPa) and flexural strengths of (30 MPa to 50 MPa).There is a
growing use of RPC owing to the outstanding mechanical properties and durability. Since the intrinsic strength
of concrete is its ability to resist compressive loads, reinforced concrete members are designed to take advantage
of this intrinsic strength. Therefore, the knowledge of the behaviour of concrete in compression is very
important. Therefore, the behaviour of RPC under compression, flexural,tensile is of considerable interest in the
design of RPC members and prediction of their structural behaviour. Compressive strengths of RPC ranges
from 200 to 800MPa. There is a growing use of RPC owing to the outstanding mechanical properties and
durability. RPC structural elements can resist chemical attack, impact loading from vehicles and vessels, and
sudden kinetic loading due to earthquakes. Ultra high performance is the most important characteristic of RPC.
Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC), which is an Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC), represents one of the
most recent technological leaps witnessed by the construction industry. Among already built outstanding
structures, RPC structures lie at the forefront in terms of innovation, aesthetics and structural efficiency.

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International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications (IJLERA) ISSN: 2455-7137

Volume – 01, Issue – 03, June – 2016, PP – 76-85

Beginning with Richard and Cheyrezy(1995), Jörg Jungwirth(2002), Chang.et.al(2009) and
Malik.et.al.(2010),Neven Ukarainczyk(2014) many researchers have investigated the various aspects of RPC.
However, proper selection of materials, their proportioning and process of production influence the rheological
properties and mechanical performances of RPC. Since the intrinsic strength of concrete is its ability to resist
compressive loads, reinforced concrete members are designed to take advantage of this intrinsic strength.
Therefore, the knowledge of the behavior of concrete in compression is very important. RPC is a recent
development in concrete technology. Therefore, the behavior of RPC under compression is of considerable
interest in the design of RPC members and prediction of their structural behavior. However, only a few studies
have been undertaken on the rheological and strength properties of RPC.Current study aims at comparing the
benefits of the RPC over the HPC and reduction in the cost of RPC by replacing the Micro silica with fly ash
and subsequent effect on durability of RPC as well.

A. Historical Background of RPC

RPC is advanced cement based material, which originally developed in the early 1990s by Bouygues
laboratory in France. RPC possess ultra-high static and dynamic strength, high fracture capacity, low shrinkage
and excellent durability under severe condition. The microstructure of RPC is optimized by precise gradation of
all particles in the mix to yield maximum compactness. With these merits, RPC has a great potential prospect in
the protective shelter of military engineering and nuclear waste treatment, which has received significant
concerns from experts across the word. However, the high cost, complex fabrication technique and high energy
demand of RPC severely limit its commercial development and application in the practical engineering. It is
well known that the major components of RPC commonly used across the world include Portland cement, ultra-
fine quartz powder, micro silica (accounting for 25% or greater weight of the total binders) and small sized steel
fibers. Obviously, these expensive raw materials are responsible for the high production cost.

B. Scope Of Project Work

1. RPC with micro silica encourage pozzolonic reactions are activated by temperature for curing of 90 0C
for two days while decreasing the size of pores and made to withstand upto 524Mpa compressive
strength use of silica fume.
2. To types of shapes thickness are considered to reduce high frequency oscillations effect and achieve
constant rate over certain deformation range.
3. To reduce thickness of structures such as slab, beams and girders, etc.
4. Achievement of ductility and homogeneity in structure.
5. It is most beneficial for purpose of impact resistant structures, nuclear structures, skyscrapers, corrosion
proof structures, pavements, barrier to nuclear radiation.
6. It is also preferable for sewers, culverts and pressure pipe structures.
7. It is most important of cost reduction.
8. It is most beneficial for purpose of impact resistance structures, such as structures
in coastal region such as pavements, ports and harbor.
9. To reduces thickness of structures such as pavements upon bridges, flyovers,
Culverts, causeway etc.

II. MATERIALS USED AND THEIR PROPERTIES

In this paper, ingredients used in preparing RPC mixtures are different from conventional concrete. The
materials include Cement, Fly Ash, Micro Silica (MS), Quartz Sand (QS),Sea Sand, steel fibers, Admixture and
Water. Details of each constituent are as follows. Table 1 and table 2 shows the properties of Super Plasticizer
and Silica fume.

A. Cement
The Birla Super A1 53 grade ordinary Portland cement was used during the experiments which
conforms to IS:12269-1987. The specific gravity 3.14; the initial and final setting times are 120 min and 255
min.

B.Micro Silica
The silica fume was used in this experiments conforms to ASTM C 1240 and IS 15388:2003. The
specific gravity 2.63: Moisture content 0.058%; Pack density 0.76 gm/cm 3. The silica fume is extremely fine

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International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications (IJLERA) ISSN: 2455-7137

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particle size of 0.5μm-1μm, which exists in white color powder form. Silica has been procured from National
mineral LTD. Pimpri, Pune

C. Quartz Sand
The specific gravity 2.6 and it is in White colour sand form and has particles size ranging from 200μm-
500μm was procured from Sakalchand PVT. Ltd. Pune

D.Sea Sand
The ideal Sea sand for the experimental studies are intermittent sand filters receiving domestic
wastewater is coarse sand with ineffective size between 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm (Crites and Tchobanoglous, 1998;
Ohio State University,1999);Was procured from DeeJay Enterprises, Bebedohal, Punawale.

E. Admixture
Master Glenium sky 8233formely B-233 which is poly-carboxylic ether based hyper super plasticizer
procured from BASF India Ltd construction chemicals-Secundarabad.

F. Steel fibers
Crimped fibers are used in this study which have diameter of 0.4mm, length of 13 mm and aspect ratio
of 32.5 and procured from steel fibers reinforcement redefined proceeded by Vinayaka Shot PVT. Ltd. Indore
Madhya Pradesh, India

Table 1 Properties of Silica fume

Sr No. Properties Specification Limits

1 Appearance White free flowing powder
2 Sp. Gravity 2.20g/m3
3 Colour White
4 Pack density 0.76gm/cc
5 Specific surface 20 m2/g
6 Particle Size 20 μm
7 Bulk density 1.25g/cm3
8 SiO2 99.89%

Table 2 Properties of Admixture

Properties Glenium Sky B-8233
Sr. No. Properties Specification Limits
1. Specific Gravity 1.09
2. Aspect Light brown liquid
3. PH >6
4. Chloride ion content <0.2%
5. Type Poly Carboxylic ether
6. Solid content >30%

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

A. Mix proportion
The mix design of RPC based on the reference mixes available in the literature and various trail and
errors had done at the laboratory. It is identified that Micro Silica /Cement ratio,Fly Ash/Cement ratio and
Quartz powder/Cement ratio 0.1,0.25 and 0.73 respectively (Richard and Cherzy, 1995; Ductal et al, 1995; Dill

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International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications (IJLERA) ISSN: 2455-7137

Volume – 01, Issue – 03, June – 2016, PP – 76-85

and Santhanm, 2004; Graybel, 2007; Prabhat Ranjan et al, 2013). The optimal dosage of Steel fibre ratio is
11.33% by volume or about
216.8 kg/m3.

Table 3. shown RPC mixes used in this present study;

Trial three For Steel Fibre 11 % (100mm block)and for W/C = 0.3 MS/C=0.1,QS/C=0.73,Sea.S/C=1.71
Sr. No. Item Without steel fibre Steel fibre Steel fibre Steel fibre
15.22% 11.0% 11.33%

1 Portland Cement 400 400 400 400

2 Fly ash 100 100 100 100
3 Sea Sand 685 685 685 685
4 Quartz Sand 292 292 292 292
5 Micro Silica 40 40 40 40

6 Admixture 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0

7 Steel Fibre - 300 216.83 223.5
8 Total Water 160 160 160 160
Total 1682.5Kg 1982.5 Kg 1898.83Kg 1905.5Kg

B. Mixing sequence
Since RPC is composed of very fine constituents the conventional mixing is not appropriate, so the
mixing method can’t be the same. The following sequence in mixing RPC is based on the previous studies and
our own trails at laboratory.
A pan mixer of 100 kg capacity was used to mix RPC, having RPM of 300
Mixing all dry powders includes cement ,fly ash, micro silica, quartz sand and sea sand for about 5min
Addition of half the volume of water containing of admixture, mixing it for about 3 min
Addition of remaining water and admixture; mixing is continued for until uniform mixture was achieved
which has flow able self compacting consistency.
Finally steel fibers were added when the flow able consistency was achieved.

Fig 1. Shows Flow ability of the RPC

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C. Specimen preparation and curing
For each mix of concrete, 4 sets of samples were cast, each set contain 3 cubes
(100mmX100mmX100mm) ,1 set of (150mmX150mmX150mm)and one 4 sets of samples were cast, each set
contain 3 cubes (100mmX100mmX100mm),3 beam of size (150mm X 150 mm X 750 mm ),demoulded after
24 hours then they were allowed for normal water curing for seven day. Then after which they were allowed
with atmospheric temperature and then kept in water till the date of testing. Similarly second set, third and
fourth set of samples were taken out from the water after which they allowed to attain.

D. Testing
Cubes of size 100 mmX100mm X100mm and 150mmX150mmX150mm were tested to compute
compressive strength and beam of size 150 mmX150mmX750mm were tested to compute flexural strength of
concrete. Both specimens were tested under the Compression testing machine of 2000 KN capacity. Average of
3cubes compressive strength and 3 beam of flexural strength are tabulated.

Table 4: Trial First for without Steel Fiber(For 100mm block) and for MS/C=0.1,QS/C=0.73,Sea.S/C=1.71
Compressive
W/C FA/C Admixture Average Standard
Days Specimen Load Strength
ratio ratio (ml) (MPa) Deviation
(MPa)

3 A1 0.3 0.25 5.5 264 26.41

A2 0.3 0.25 5.5 280 28.01 26.7 2.38
A3 0.3 0.25 5.5 257 25.68
7 A4 0.3 0.25 5.5 316 31.55
A5 0.3 0.25 5.5 356 35.64 33.6833 4.10
A6 0.3 0.25 5.5 339 33.86
28 A7 0.3 0.25 5.5 538 53.76
A8 0.3 0.25 5.5 518 51.82 52.1767 2.88
A9 0.3 0.25 5.5 510 50.95

Table 5: Trial Second For Steel Fiber 15.22%(100mm block)and for MS/C=0.1,QS/C=0.73,Sea.S/C=1.71

W/C FA/C Compressive Average Standard

Days Specimen Admixture Load
ratio ratio Strength (MPa) (MPa) Deviation

3 B1 0.3 0.25 5 314.6 31.46

B2 0.3 0.25 5 338.8 33.88 31.07 6.05

B3 0.3 0.25 5 278.7 27.87

7 B4 0.3 0.25 5 366.6 36.6
B5 0.3 0.25 5 382.9 38.29 36.9667 2.37

B6 0.3 0.25 5 360.1 36.01

28 B7 0.3 0.25 5 732 73.2
B8 0.3 0.25 5 717.9 71.79 73.22 2.88

B9 0.3 0.25 5 746.7 74.67

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Table 6: Trial Second for Steel Fibre 15.22%(150 mm block)and for MS/C=0.1,QS/C=0.73,Sea.S/C=1.71
Compressive
W/C FA/C Average Standard
Days Specimen Admixture Load Strength
ratio ratio (MPa) Deviation
(MPa)
3 C1 0.3 0.25 16.87 477.6 31.84
C2 0.3 0.25 16.87 488.4 32.56 31.5333 2.42

C3 0.3 0.25 16.87 453 30.2

7 C4 0.3 0.25 16.87 538.4 35.89
C5 0.3 0.25 16.87 547.3 36.48 36.7733 2.12

C6 0.3 0.25 16.87 569.3 37.95

28 C7 0.3 0.25 16.87 1085 72.32
C8 0.3 0.25 16.87 1096 73.04 72.11 2.10

C9 0.3 0.25 16.87 1047 70.97

Table 7: Trial three For Steel Fibre 11 % (100mm block)and for MS/C=0.1,QS/C=0.73,Sea.S/C=1.71

W/C FA/C Compressive Average Standard

Days Specimen Admixture Load
ratio ratio Strength (MPa) (MPa) Deviation

3 D1 0.3 0.25 5 359.4 35.94

D2 0.3 0.25 5 381.8 38.18 36.8633 2.34

D3 0.3 0.25 5 364.7 36.47

7 D4 0.3 0.25 5 587.5 58.75
D5 0.3 0.25 5 600.2 60.02 58.8867 2.14

D6 0.3 0.25 5 578.9 57.89

28 D7 0.3 0.25 5 1006 100.64
D8 0.3 0.25 5 1028 102.81 101.103 3.06

D9 0.3 0.25 5 998.6 99.86

Table 8: Trial Three and First for beam (750 x 150 x 150mm)and for MS/C=0.1,QS/C=0.73,Sea.S/C=1.71
Compressive
W/C FA/C Admixture Average Standard
Days Specimen Load Strength
ratio ratio (ml) (MPa) Deviation
(MPa)
3 F1 0.3 0.25 84.35 6174 5.48 -0.29
F2 0.3 0.25 84.35 5771.3 5.13 5.19 0.06
F3 0.3 0.25 84.35 5602.5 4.98 0.21

Table 9:Trial Forth For 100mm blocks with Steel Fiber 11.33% and for MS/C=0.1,QS/C=0.73,Sea.S/C=1.71
Compressive
W/C FA/C Average Standard
Days Specimen Admixture Load Strength
ratio ratio (MPa) Deviation
(MPa)

3 E1 0.3 0.25 5 381.4 38.14

E2 0.3 0.25 5 377.4 37.74 37.57 1.34

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E3 0.3 0.25 5 368.3 36.83

7 E4 0.3 0.25 5 602.8 60.28
E5 0.3 0.25 5 596.8 59.68 60.33 1.35

E6 0.3 0.25 5 610.3 61.03

28 E7 0.3 0.25 5 1029 102.89
E8 0.3 0.25 5 1020 101.96 102.427 0.93

E9 0.3 0.25 5 1024 102.43

Closure: The results are obtained in satisfactory manner barring readings of some specimens. The analysis of
the same is presented in result & discussion.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results tabulated in the chapter of Experimental Results are analyzed by sorting the tables
according to water cement ratio.

A. Production process
By physical observation during concrete mixing, a long time is required for RPC mixes to ensure that
self flow able self-compacting consistency. The total mixing time is 15 min; the long time mixing is necessary
for dispersing micro silica, quartz sand, sea sand and steel fibers in well manner.

B. Mechanical properties
The test results of compressive strength, and split tensile strength and theoretical modulus of elasticity
for corresponding mixes are tabulated.
Compressive strength test results are shown in table 10 and fig no 2. The compressive strength results shows
that there is good positive effective of optimize steel fiber content up to 11.33% by weight of concrete. The
main reason for the increase in compressive strength is due to the physical effect of crimped steel fiber that
allows denser packing within the cement particle and quartz powder also acts as pozzalanic materials as well as
sea sand as siliceous material at higher temperature and improves the micro structure which leads to increase in
compressive strength.

Table 10:Compressive strength results load in KN

Mix ID Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Trail 4

3 Days 267 310.7 368.633 375.7

7 Days 336.833 369.667 588.867 603.3
28 Days 521.767 732.2 1011.03 1024.27
120
100
80
60 3 Days
40
7 Days
20
0 28 Days
MRPC 1 (No Steel) MRPC 2 (15.22% MRPC 3 (11 % Steel) MRPC 4 (11.33%
Steel) Steel)

Fig2: Variation of Compressive Strengths for different proportions

By the observation of the graphical representation we observed steel fiber is the most important material
parameter to be optimized for cost saving and achieving high strength

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Flexural strength results are shown in table 11and It was recorded that maximum flexural strength is 5.48 MPa
for Trail-3 mix with 7 days normal curing. From the results it can be observed that flexural strength of concrete
increased in line with compressive strength.

Table 11: flexural strength results load in KN

Mix ID Trail 3

3 Days 6174
7 Days 5774.3
28 Days 5602.5

C. Analysis of strength of RPC

In the experimental program carried out the effect of w/c ratio ,dosage of admixture, fly A/c ratio and
% of steel fiber optimization was taken initially as 0.3( w/c ratio),5ml (admixture), 0.25 (fly A/c
ratio),11.33%(% of steel fiber) respectively. for this slump or no slump was observed also the specimen for
compression and flexural testing could be prepared properly.
By the trials we have achieved high strength with material optimization such as for 1m3.
a. Cement (400Kg)
b. Steel fiber (11.33%)
c. Admixture (5ml)
d. Fly Ash (100 kg)
e. Micro silica (40 kg)
f. Quartz sand (292 kg)
g. Sea sand (685 kg)
h.
D. Variation of cost for different concrete
6
100000

90000
5
80000

70000
4
60000 Normal Concrete
Series 1
350000 HPC
Series 2
40000 RPC
Series 3
2 MRPC
30000

20000
1
10000

0 0
Category
Normal Concrete
1 Category
HPC 2 RPC
Category 3 MRPC
Category 4

Figure 3: Variation of cost for different concrete

E. Variation of Compressive Strengths for different concrete

160

140

120

100
Normal Concrete
80 HPC
RPC
60
MRPC
40

20

0
Normal Concrete HPC RPC MRPC

Figure 4: Variation of Compressive Strengths for different concrete

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D. Density of RPC specimens
The density of all specimens is varied between 23.3 - 26.0 KN/m3

F. Effect of Steel Fiber Quartz powder on compressive strength

Hydrated cement alone can’t help to evaluate the compressive strength of RPC but other parameters
contribute marginally such as steel fiber, quartz sand and sea sand types. Here quartz sand and sea sand act as
effective filler material at normal water curing and also it’s act as a pozzalanic and silicious material at higher
temperature. From the observations of following graphs, the optimization of steel fibre produce the better results
of normal water curing. The results show that maximum compressive 102.427 MPa is attained at steel fibre of
11.33% by weight of concrete under the normal curing condition. This is possible due to optimize steel content
and increased proportion of fine fillers that enhance the packing density, pore fill in action and long chains of C-
H-S gel.
G.Rate Analysis Costing factor of Original RPC and Modified RPC
In this parameter we have saved the cost of RPC for M40 grade with 61% (Rs34345.5 /-) Over original RPC as
100% (Rs.90785/-) per cu.m. with achieving near about the strength of original strength 200 Mpa..

V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper the investigations of effect of increase of quartz powder and thermal curing on UHSC are
presented.
The following conclusions can be summarized from the study.
A. Compressive & Flexural Strength: With the replacement of fly ash with cement it increases its compressive
& flexural strength, reducing water cement ratio.

B. Serviceability: With the increase sea sand and quartz sand with the help of micro silica, enhances the
serviceability of concrete. Increase due to higher percentage of silica’s matter (sea sand contains 96-98% silica
stated in chemical properties in chapter no. 5).

C. Mechanical Properties Optimized percentage of steel fiber utilized in RPC has immense potential in
construction due to superior mechanical and durability properties than conventional high performance concrete

D. Microstructure: RPC has an ultra dense microstructure giving advantages, waterproofing and durability
characteristics.

E. Homogeneity: Enhancement in homogeneity elimination of coarse aggregates utilizing of pozzolanic

properties of micro silica’s and sea sand by its potential compressive & flexural strength.

G. RPC provides improved seismic performance by reducing inertia loads with the higher members allowing
larger deflections and providing higher energy absorption

H. Workability: The development of RPC is based on the application of some basic principles to achieve
enhanced homogeneity, very good workability, high compaction and improved microstructure

VI .NOMENCLATURE
HPC- High Performance Concrete
RPC-Reactive Powder Concrete
MRPC-Modified Reactive Powder Concrete
MC-Micro Silica
QS-Quartz Sand
LCRPC-Low Cement Reactive Powder Concrete
Cu.M-Cubic Meter
Mpa-Mega Pascle
KN-Kilo Newton
Et al.- Etc. and all

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VII. REFERENCES
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