Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

1. Sketch the waveforms of the following signals:

(i) x(t) = u(t+1) - 2u(t) + u(t-1)
ans:

(ii)x(t) = -u(t+3) + 2u(t+1) – 2u(t-1) + u(t-3)

ans:

(iii) x(t) = r(t+2) – r(t+1) -r(t-1)+r(t-2)

ans:

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

2. Let x[n] and y[n] be given in Figure 1(a) and 1(b), respectively.
Carefully sketch the
following signals:

Figure 1(a) and (b)

(i) x[3n-1]
ans:

(ii) y[2-2n]
ans:

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

(iii) x[n-2] + y[n+2]

ans:

(iv) x[2n]+y[n-4]
ans:

(v) x[n+2]y[n-2]
ans:

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

(vi) x[n]y[-2-n]
ans:

3. Let x(t) and y(t) be given in Figs. 2(a) and (b), respectively.
Carefully sketch the following signals:
(a) x(t-1)y(-t)
(b) x(t)y(-1-t)
(c) x(2t)y(t/2+1)
(d) x(4-t)y(t)

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

Answer:
(a) x(t-1)y(-t)

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

(b) x(t)y(-1-t)
(c) x(2t)y(t/2+1)

(d) x(4-t)y(t)

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

4. A discrete-time signal;

1, 0  n  8
x[n]  
0, otherwise
Using u[n], describe x[n] as the superposition of two step
functions.
Answer:
x[ n]  u[ n]  u[ n  10]

5. Given the signal x[n]  (n  6) u[n]  u[n  6] , sketch and
label the waveform for each of the following signals:
(i) x[ n  2]
(ii) x[3  n]

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

Answer:
Signal x[n]  (n  6) u[n]  u[n  6] can be described as
below:

(i) x[ n  2]  time shifting to right side by

2

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

(ii) x[3n  3]  time shifting to right side by 3,

continued by time scaling with scale of 3.

(iii) x[3  n]  x[ n  3]  time shifting to left side by 3, then

reflect with respect to origin.

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

6. Determine whether the system y[n] = nx[n-1]+2 is :

(i) memoryless
No. y[n] depends on x[n-1].
(ii) time invariant
No.
x[n]  y[n] and y[n-no] = (n- no)x[n- no-1]+2
x1 = x[n- no]  y[n] = nx1[n-1]+2 = nx[n- no-1]+2
y[n] ≠ y[n-no]

(iii) linear
No.
x1  y1[n] = nx1[n-1]+2
x2  y2[n] = nx2[n-1]+2
x3 = x1 + x2  y3[n] = nx3[n-1]+2 = nx1[n-1] + nx2[n-1]+2
≠ y1[n]+y2[n]

(iv) causal

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

Yes.
y[n] depends on x[n-1]. (Past)
(v) stable
No.
Let | x[n] | A | y[n] || nx[n  1]  2 |
nx[n  1]  2  nA  2 unbounded

Take x[n]  1n | x[n] | 1 also

|y[n]| = n+2  n+2  ∞ as n  ∞ unbounded

7. Consider a continuous-time system with input x(t) and output y(t) related by

y (t )  x (sin(t ))

(a) Is the system causal ?

Ans :
The system is not causal because the output y(t) at some time may depend on
future values of x(t). For instance y(-π) = x(0)

(b) Is the system linear ?

Ans :
Consider two arbitrary inputs x1(t) and x2(t).

x1  y1(t) = x1(sin(t))

x2  y2(t) = x2(sin(t))
Let x3(t) be a linear combination of x1(t) and x2(t). That is,
x3(t) = ax1(t) + bx2(t)

where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x3(t) is the input to the given system,
then corresponding output y3(t) is
y3(t) = x3(sin(t))

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

= ax1(sin(t)) + bx2(sin(t))
= ay1(t) + by2(t)

Hence, the system is linear.

8. Determine whether the corresponding system is linear, time invariant or both.

(a) y[n] = x2[n-2]

Ans:
(i) linearity
x1  y1[n] = x12[n-2]
x2  y2[n] = x22[n-2]
Let x3(t) be a linear combination of x1[n] and x2[n]. That is:
x3(t) = ax1[n] + bx2[n]
where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x 3(t) is the input to
the given system, then
the corresponding output y3(t) is
2
y3[n] = x3 [ n  2]

= (ax1 [n  2]  bx2 [n  2]) 2

2 2
= a 2 x1 [ n  2]  b 2 x 2 [n  2]  2abx1 [n  2]x 2 [n  2]

≠ ay1[n] + by2[n]
The system is not linear
(ii) time invariant
Consider an arbitrary input x1[n]. Let

y1[n] = x1 2 [n  2]

be the corresponding output. Consider a second input

x2[n] obtained by shifting
x1[n] in time:
x2[n] = x1 [n  no ]
The output corresponding to this input is
2 2
y 2 [n]  x 2 [n  2]  x1 [n  2  no ]

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

Also note that

2
y1 [n  no ]  x1 [ n  2  no ]

Therefore
y 2 [n]  y1 [n  no ]

The system is time-invariant.

(b) y[n] = Od{x(t)}

i) linearity

Consider two arbitrary inputs x1(t) and x2(t).

x1  y1(t) = Od{x1(t)}

x2  y2(t) = Od{x2(t)}

Let x3(t) be a linear combination of x1(t) and x2(t). That is,

x3(t) = ax1(t) + bx2(t)

where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x3(t) is the input to the given system,
then the corresponding output y3(t) is
y3(t) = Od{x3(t)}
= Od{ax1(t) + bx2(t)}
= aOd{x1(t)} + bOd{x2(t)} = ay1(t) + by2(t)

Hence, the system is linear

ii) time invariance

Consider an arbitrary input x1[n]. Let

x1 (t )  x1 (t )
y1(t) = Od{x1 (t )} 
2
be the corresponding output. Consider a second input
x2[n] obtained by
shifting x1[n] in time:
x2(t) = x1 (t  t o )
The output corresponding to this input is
x (t )  x 2 (t )
y 2 (t )  Od {x 2 (t )}  2
2

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 Tutorial I EKT 230 Signals & Systems

x1 (t  t o )  x1 (t  t o )

2

Also note that

x1 (t  t o )  x1 (t  t o )
y1 (t  t o )   y 2 (t )
2

Therefore, the system is not time-invariant.

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