1.

ARTICLES
2. “BE” FORMS
3. TENSES
4. AUXILIARY VERBS
5. ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE
6. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
7. GERUND
8. PREPOSITION
 Unit – 5
Articles

 The articles are, infact, demonstrative adjectives. However, they are separately
explained because of their paramount importance in the study of English language.
 There are three articles as far as number is concerned. They are “a”, “an” and
“the”. But since “a” and “an” perform the same function (They differ only in their
application), there are, in reality, only two articles. “a” (or “an”) and “the”.
 “A” (or “an”) is called the indefinite article, since it points out a person or thing in
generally only
Eg: (a) A boy ………. (which means)
(b) An apple …….. (which means any apple)
 “The” is called the definite article, since
it points out a particular person or thing.
Eg: (a) The boy who tops the list of successful candidates ………. (i.e. a particular boy)
(b) The apple which I ate was sweet. (i.e. a particular apple)

Use of “A”
“A” is used:
 Before a word beginning with consonant
sound : as
Eg: A boy, A table, A building etc….
 Before ‘o’ when it sounds as “wo”
Eg: A one rupee note, A one – eyed beggar etc….
 Before “u” when it sounds as “yu”: as
Eg: A useful advice, A university student, A universal truth etc….

Use of “An”
“An” is used:
 Before a word beginning with a vowel:
as
Eg: An apple, An orange, An owl, An ink pot etc….
 Before “h” when it is silent: as
Eg: An hour, An honest person etc….
 Before words beginning with consonants
having a vowel sound: as
Eg: An M.A, An M.P, An L.L.B etc…...
 Note: Before the words “historical”, and “hotel”, both “a” and “an” are used,
though the more common practice is to use “an” as the first syllables “his” and “her” are
considered – unaccented:
Eg: (a) An historical building / place / event
(b) An hotel
But more recently the trend has been to pronounce the words “historical”, and “hotel” as
his ‘tarikal’ and ‘hou’tel
Eg: advanced learner’s dictionary
With the result that the first syllables “his” and “her” get accented. Hence according to
the more recent trend, a” should be used before these two words.
(a) A historical building / place / event
(b) A hotel
 Unit – 6

“The” Definite is used:

1. Before nouns of which there is only one,
or which are considered as unique.
Eg: The earth. The sky, The sun, The moon
2. While speaking of something or
someone ready referred to:
Eg: (a) The boy who came to see me was my brother.
(b) The story he told me is very interesting.
3. While talking of a particular person or
thing (not a proper one)
Eg: (a) Do you like the fan?
(b)The fellow is a jolly one
(c)The (poor) beggar could not get no alms
(d)Let us now move towards the play ground
4. Before superlative degree
Eg: (a) Varsha is the best student in our college.
(b)The Ganga is the holiest river in India.
5. Before an Adjective which represents a
class.
Eg: (a) The rich know nothing about the worries of the poor.
(b) The high should not hate the low.
6. Before the comparatives.
Eg: (a) The higher we go, the cooler it becomes.
(b) The more, the merrier.
7. Before the names of holy books.
Eg: The Quran, The Geeta, The Bible.
8. While referring to names of news papers
and magazines.
Eg: The Hindu (paper), The Vaartha, The Eenadu, The Indian Express, The India Today,
The Front line, The Swathi etc….
9. Before the names of nations and certain
countries : as
Eg: The Hindus, The Muslims, The English, The U.S.A, The U.K
10. BEFORE THE names of Rivers, Seas,
Oceans, Gulfs, Canals, Deserts, Mountain ranges, Group of Island, Hill.
 Eg: The Ganges, The Red Sea, The Arabian Sea, The Pacific Ocean, The Persian Gulf’s,
The Panama canal, The Sahara desert, The Himalayas, The Andaman’s, The Nilagiri hills
etc….

NB: The names of a peak of a mountain, an Island did not take “The” before it: as
Eg: (a) Mount Everest is the highest peak of the Himalayas
(b)Lanka is to the south of India
11. Before the names of ships, aeroplanes,
trains, famous buildings: as
Eg: The Titanic ship, The King fisher, The India airline, The Mumbai Express, The Taj
Mahal, The Red fort, The Tokyo Television Tower etc….
12. With the names of important posts.
Eg: The President, The Prime Minister, The General Manager etc….
13. With the names of musical instruments.
Eg: The Veena, The Guitar, The Flute etc….
14. With words such as last and next.
Eg: The last phase, The next candidate.
15. With ordinal numbers:
Eg: The first, The second, The fourth etc….
16. Before the Adjective “same” and after
the Adjectives “all” and “both” as
i.It is the same pen that I bought yesterday.
ii.All the boys met the Principle in a body.
iii.Both the boys read in the same class.
 Unit – 7
Omission of Articles

1. Before proper nouns.

Eg: ___Nehru, ___Asoka, ___Delhi, ___America etc….
NB: Article is used before a proper noun when it is used as a common noun.
Eg:
He is a Solomon.
Kalidas is the Shakespear of India.
Mumbai is the Manchester of India.
2. Before material nouns.
Eg:
_____sugar tastes sweet.
_____gold is a precious metal.
_____milk is good for health.
3. Before Abstract nouns.
Eg:
____children is the best period of human life.
____honesty is the best policy.
____love begets love etc…..
4. Before the names of days, months and
season.
Eg:
____Sunday, ____January, ____Summer, etc….
5. Before the names games, meals and
diseases.
Eg:
_____cricket, _____Hockey, _____Breakfast, ____lunch, ____Dinner, ____Supper, -
____high tea, _____Brunch, ____Flu, ____Cholera etc….
6. Before the names of colors and
languages.
Eg:
____Green, ____ White, ____English, ____French etc……
NB: No article is used before the nouns such as school, college, hospital, prison, market,
library, bed, cook. when they are referred to their primary purpose.
Eg:
He likes to go to school.
She went to hospital.
Priya is going to office etc…..
Exercise
Fill in the blank with appropriate articles.
1. The boy is ____ university student.
2. ____ honest is man is respected every
where.
3. ____ Ganga is ____ sacred river.
4. We teach ____ English here.
5. Give me ____ glass of water.
6. He left for home ____ hour ago.
7. Please wait ____ bit ____ Kashmir mail
is late by ____ few minutes.
8. ____ rich should not look down upon
____ poor.
9. I never saw such ____ incident.
10. ____ Dinner was arranged at ____ Taj.
11. ____ Taj Mahal is ____ most beautiful
buildings in world.
12. ____ Sun rises in ____ east.
13. My brother is ____ teacher.
14. ____ Bible is ____ Holy book.
15. ____ Ramayana was written by Valmiki.
16. Is it not ____ useful book?
17. ____one – eyed beggar is begging in
____ street.
18. Our manager sat in ____ second row.
19. She has been admitted to ____ hospital.
20. He fell down near ____ hospital.
 Unit – 8
Be Forms
(Now, Then, Later)

The present forms of be: am, is, are

The past forms of be: was, were.
The future form of be: shall be, will be.
Present Past Future
I I am I was I will be

We We are We were We will

You You are You were You will be

He He is He was He will be

She She is She was She will be

It It is It was It will be

They They are They were They will be

There There is/There are There will be There was/There
were
Varsha Varsha is Varsha was Varsha will be
Varsha and Apurvi Varsha and Apurvi Varsha and Apurvi Varsha and Apurvi
are were will be
Hari Hari are Hari were Hari will be

I am busy (now)
I was busy (then)
I will be busy (later)

We are in college.
We were in college.
We will be in college.

He is out of town.
He was out of town.
He will be at home.

She is at home.
She was at home.
She will be at home.

It is expensive.
It was expensive.
It will be expensive.

They are in meeting.

They were in meeting.
They will be in meeting.

The train is on platform no.1

The train was on platform no.1
The train will be on platform no.1

It is available here. Is it available here?

It was available here. Was it available here?
It will be available here. Will it be available here?

It is not available here.

It was not available here.
It will be not available here.
 Unit – 9
Wh – Questions
With “Be” forms

Every day question structures using what, where, which, when, whose, how, why and
who combining with be forms are here for you to practice.
They are to be read aloud.
What:
What is this?
What time is it?
What is your mother’s name?
What’s wrong with you?
At what time is the meeting?
On what day is the function?
What day is today?
What are your plans for vacation?
What are you worried about?
What are your hobbies?
What are you?
What sort/kind/type of person are you?
What are your interests?
Where:
Where is that guy?
Where is your house?
Where is that book?
Where are your parents now?
Where is he?
Where are they?
Where is your office?
When:
When/(At) What time.
When is the meeting?
When is the interview?
When is your birthday?
When is the next flight to Bangalore?
When is Te last bus to sec-bad?
When is the first show?
Why:
Why is he in Mumbai?
Why are you dull?
Why is she angry with them?
Why are you afraid of him?
Why is the train late?
Why are you late?
Why are you happy?
Why are you in a hurry?
How:
How are you?
How old are you?
How is your health?
How is life here?
How is your family?
How is this place for you?
How far is your house from here?
How long is Delhi from here?
How is everybody at home?
Who:
Who are you?
Who is that guy?
Who is your father?
Who is your favorite actor?
Who is that lady?
Who am I?
Who is she?
Whose:
Whose book is this?
Whose car is that?
Whose house is this?
Whose problem is this?
Whose handwriting is this?
Whose mistake is this?
Whose words are sweet?
Whose appearance is ugly?
Whose word is important?
Which:
Which is better?
Which is your hometown?
Which car is that?
Which city is this?
Which is your favorite music?
Which is your favorite place in India?

Exercise
Write suitable question for the following replies.
Eg: Where is your house? A: My house is in Hyd.
1. My father is a business man.
______________________________________?
2. She is my cousin.
______________________________________?
3. The food is delicious.
______________________________________?
4. He is Phillip’s brother.
______________________________________?
5. The movie is interesting.
______________________________________?
6. The weather is cold.
______________________________________?
7. He is a teacher.
______________________________________?
8. The Charminar is in Hyderabad?
______________________________________?
9. Her house is in S.R Nagar.
______________________________________?
10. My dad is a programmer.
______________________________________?
11. Anitha is a doctor.
______________________________________?
12. She is abroad.
______________________________________?
13. Devaraj is genious.
______________________________________?
14. The State Bank is on the main road.
______________________________________?
15. They are in Singapore.
______________________________________?
16. Varun is an engineer.
______________________________________?
17. The next train to Bangalore is at 8.30
______________________________________?
18. The match I this morning.
______________________________________?
19. Madhuri is downstairs.
______________________________________?
20. The movie was superb.
______________________________________?
21. His father is a teacher.
______________________________________?
22. It is 80kms from here.
______________________________________?
23. The interview was very simple.
______________________________________?
24. This is K.Viswanath’s direction.
______________________________________?
25. He is in America now.
______________________________________?
26. She was in her home town last week.
______________________________________?
27. Radhika is kamala’s daughter.
______________________________________?
28. They are busy now.
______________________________________?
29. We are in Mumbai to write eaxam.
______________________________________?
30. They were in Kolkata in 1990.
______________________________________?
Exercise
Convert the fallowing sentences into confirmation quastions.
Eg.it is a book. Is it a book?
1. He is an advocate.
_______________________________________________?
2. She was in hyd yesterday.
_______________________________________________?
3. Yes, it is very expensive.
_______________________________________________?
4. No, I was not in my home town last
month.
_______________________________________________?
5. I am busy.
_______________________________________________?
6. Ofcourse, it is very interesting.
_______________________________________________?
7. He was out of town last week.
_______________________________________________?
8. We are very happy.
_______________________________________________?
9. They are here to visit some places.
_______________________________________________?
10. They are cricketers.
_______________________________________________?
11. No, I am not to write the exam.
_______________________________________________?
12. They are doctors.
_______________________________________________?
13. It is far away.
_______________________________________________?

14. She is not my student.

_______________________________________________?
15. No, doubt, we are very much satisfied.
_______________________________________________?
 Unit-10
Tenses

The word TENSE is derived from the Latin word “tempus” which means time. Hence, the Tense
from taken by the verb to indicate the time (also continuance or completeness)of the action
etc.
An action may have taken place in the present or it may take place in the past or future time.
Therefore, a verb may refer to:
1)The present time 2)The past time or3)The future tense.
When a verb refers to the present time, it is said to be the present Tense
When a verb refers to the past time, it is said to be the past tense
When a verb refers to the future time, it is said to be the in future Tense.
Therefore, we can say that there are three main Tenses:
1. present Tense 2.Past Tense 3.Futre Tense. and each of them has four sub-
divisions.
They are:
I.PRESENT TENSE:
1. simple or Indefinite present tense.
2. present continuous tense.
3.prensent perfect tense
II..PAST TENSE.
1.simple past tense.
2.past continuous tense.
3.past perfect tense.
4.pst perfect continuous tense.
III.FUTURE TENSE
1.simple future tense
2.future continuous tense.
3.future perfect continuous tense.
 Unti-11

* Simple (or) indefinite present tense

The simple present tense should be used to express about an
Action which begins just now.
Eg:
I go there now .
We meet them.
You go and see there.
They meet me occasionally.
I often go there.
We sit here daily.
They make a noise.
You post the letter.
I learn my books.
The people come here everyday.
The students go there every day.
Raheman and David come once in a week.

If 3rd person singular number is used this tense “is” or “es” or

“ies” should be added to the main verb of the sentence.
Eg:
He goes to temple on fridays
She plays with her dolls.
Varsha goes to school
It prints automatically.
The kid carries a lot of books.
The train halts at sec-bad
Anitha comes here everyday
The bus goes towards Ameerpet.
He spends beyond his income.
She works in a private company.
He travels quite frequently.
Money makes many things.
The bus gives via Begumpet.
My bike gives 60km per litre.
The temple closes at 12 noon.
 Unit-12

It is used to express about instructions.

Eg.
Be cool.
Turn to the right .
Wait to some time.
Add some salt.
Stir it well.
Obey your elders.
Pick up the phone.
Study with a will.
Check your mail.
Send him out.
Fetch me a glass of water.
Work hard to pass the examination.
Let us have a cup of coffee.
Please let me have your pen.
Kindly help ne in this matter.
Instructions in the negative are given using Don,t before the action Word.
Eg:
Don’t ask me anything.
Don’t smoke here.
Don’t rush me.
Don’t hesitate.
Don’t sit close to the TV.
Don’t laugh.
Don’t talk about that now.
Don’t move with him
Don’t bent about the bush.
Don’t switch it off.
Don’t delete the files.
Don’t disturb me now.
Don’t tell lies.
 It is used to express about general or universal truths.
Eg:
The sun rises in the east.
The earth rotates itself.
Birds fly in before air.
Pride goes before a fall.
Water boils at 1000c
The sky is blue.
Milk is white.
Man is mortal.
Honey is sweet.
Man proposes but god disposes.
The road leads to our school.
The Taj stands in Agra.
 It is used to express about the habitual activities.
Eg.
I get up at 4’ clock in the morning.
He goes to school every day.
She drinks coffee every morning.
He goes for a walk every morning.
They love mankind.
Hindus celebrate Diwali.
She bites her nails.
They worship the sun.
 Unit-13

*Everyday activities with

question works.
The question words seeking information are:
What, where, when, why, how, whose, whom, and which.

Eg: What:
What do you speak?
What subject does he teach?
What do you want?
What does she learn?
What do they purchase?
Eg: Where:
Where do you live?
Where does he work?
Where do they go now?
Where do you want to go?
Where does she come from?
Eg: when:
When do you go to office?
When do you get up?(or)
When do you wake up?
When does your father send?
When do they take meal?
When does he leave for Mumbai? (or)
When does he go to Mumbai?

Why
Why do you come here often?
Why do you stop me?
Why does he ask me like that?
Why don’t you go to that?
Why do they make noise like that?

How:
How do you know him?
How does she go to school?
How do they feel about it.
How many books do you carry?
How many paisa do you get for a rupee?

Who:
Who takes the classes here?
Who helps the poor?
Who teaches you English?
Who takes you to school?
Who brings the books?

Whose:
Whose car do you drive?
Whose advice does he takes?
Whose word do you listen?
In whose college do you work?
Whose movie do they watch?

Whom:
Whom do you like most?
Whom do you speak to?
Whom do they believe?
Whom does he ask?
Whom does she love?

Which:
Which game do you like?
By which way do you go?
Which city do you like the most?
Which subject don’t you like?

Exercise
Eg: write – writes
Add “s”, “es” or “ies” to the following verbs:

Go ____________________
Crush _________________
Watch __________________
Fix _______________________
Brush _____________________
Help _____________________
Come ___________________
Bring ___________________
Try _____________________
Carry ____________________

Exercise
Convert the following into negative instructions.
Eg: Read a louder Don’t read a louder
Go to the market now. ________________________
Disturb them. _______________________
Read the books ________________________
Speak Telugu. _______________________
Sit here. _______________________
Open the door. ________________________
Make the noise. _______________________
Go fast ________________________
Park here. ________________________
Bring the file ________________________

Convert the following sentence into conformation questions.

Eg:
She reads the newspaper. Does she read the newspaper?
He speaks English. ______________________________
I know him. ______________________________
We learn English. ______________________________
 They go to school regularly.
 ____________________________________________
 He tells a lie.
 ____________________________________________
 I get ready for school.
 ____________________________________________
 It gives milk.
 ____________________________________________
 She lives in Bangalore.
 ____________________________________________
 They teach Mathematics.
 ____________________________________________

 You take non-veg.

 ____________________________________________
Exercise
Convert the following sentences into negative sentences.
Eg: He comes tomorrow. He doesn’t come tomorrow
They work here. ___________________________________
We wait here more than 1 hour. ______________________________
You speak like that. _________________________________________
She writes neatly. ___________________________________________
It goes fast. ________________________________________________
I go there often. _____________________________________________
The train stops here. __________________________________________
He speaks Hindi. _____________________________________________
It drinks water. ______________________________________________
They live here. _______________________________________________

“Wh”
Makes question for the information given:
Take clue from the words underlined.
Eg: He works in Mumbai. Where does he work?
 She goes to office by bus.
____________________________________
 They come to India tomorrow.
____________________________________
 I travel by Rajadhani express.
____________________________________
 I go to my home town once in a month.
____________________________________
 We meet our President.
____________________________________
 I go to Delhi to visit some places.
______________________________________
 Hari takes the classes here.
______________________________________
 She lives in Hyd at Vani nagar.
______________________________________
 We take chapathi for breakfast.
______________________________________
 They like chiranjeevi’s movies.
______________________________________
 Unit – 14

*Simple past tense.

In the simple past tense, the second form of the verb is used as:
Eg: went, came, saw, asked, purchased etc……...
She posted the letter.
They came to India.
We saw a movie.
The train arrived.
The hunter killed a lion.
The cat ran after the rat.

To form Interrogative, Negative “Did” is used in the beginning of the sentences, before the
verb or just after the subject.
Eg:
Did you take tea? (Interrogative)
Did they solve sums?
Did you see that movie?
He did not keep his word. (Negative)
I did not complete my work.
We did not meet them.
NB: In case of use of “Did” always use the first form of the verb: as,
Eg: Go, speak, write, bring, give etc…..

To express an action completed in past and took place at a particular time: as

Eg:
I wrote the letter in the morning.
She invited me to tea.
They brought some books.
Rahul came back to India.
The people went to Hyderabad.
India won the match.
We reached home at 10p.m
He completed his graduation in 1984.
They came to Hyderabad a week ago.
We got independence 1947.
She went to the USA last month.
The movie started at 6p.m
The train arrived in the morning at 8.
The shop closed at night.
Father went out for a walk in the morning.

Information questions are formed by using What, where, when, why, how, whose, whom, and
which.
Eg:
What did you ask him?
Where did you complete your graduation?
When did he come to office?
Why did she go to Bangalore?
How did you write your exam?
Whose book did they take?
Whom did you meet there?
Which paper did you take?

With the question word who, we do not use did.

Who told you that?

(not who did tell you that?)
Who taught you English?
Who gave you that?
Who spoke to you?
Who brought that book?
Exercise
Convert the following sentence into their past tense.
Eg: She speaks English. She spoke English?
They write exam. ______________________________
We eat an apple. ______________________________
He teaches me English. ______________________________
Sachin makes a century. ______________________________
He knows about the matter. ______________________________
I see him. ______________________________
The train comes late. ______________________________
The shop opens at 8o’clock. ______________________________
We buy vegetables from the market. ______________________________
The police catch thief. _____________________________
Convert the following sentences into their negative.
Eg: I saw that movie. I didn’t see that movie.
We invited them. ______________________________
They informed them. ______________________________
I visited the Taj. ______________________________
He paid the fees. ______________________________
She called me. ______________________________
I got your mail. ______________________________
He worked hard. ______________________________
They spoke to me. ______________________________
The show began at 2.30. ______________________________
I read the paper yesterday. ______________________________

Convert the following sentences in conformation questions.

Eg: They came here. Did they come here?
He told many things. __________________________________?
They went to college. __________________________________?
We reach there on time. _________________________________?
I met them many times. _________________________________?
She learned Hindi. _________________________________?
He bought it ten years ago. _________________________________?
They told the truth. _________________________________?
He left for Delhi last week. _________________________________?
They played well. _________________________________?
You saw that movie. __________________________________?

Make “wh” question for the information given.

Take clue from the word underlined.
Eg: She came by flight. How did she come?
We came to India to visit some places.
____________________________________?
They learned English.
____________________________________?
She loved her parents.
____________________________________?
He completed his graduation last year.
____________________________________?
I wrote my exam in Chennai.
____________________________________?
We spoke to them very politely.
____________________________________?
Mr. Harinath taught me English grammar.
____________________________________?
She went to college along with her friends.
____________________________________?
They went by AP express.
____________________________________?
She read Yandamuri’s novels.
____________________________________?
 Unit – 15

*Simple future Tense:

The simple future tense should be used to express about an action which will happen in future.
“Will” expresses a simple future.
“In” the simple future tense, the first form of the verb is used: as
Eg: Go, Come, Take, Speak.
I will speak English.
We will go to Mumbai next month.
They will attend the meeting tomorrow.
It will reach tomorrow by 6p.m
He will do that work.
She will come to India next year.
The meeting will start at 5p.m.
I will call you around will start four o’clock.
The train will reach Kolkata in the morning.
He will report for duty next week.

To form Interrogative, Negative “will”, is used in the beginning of the sentence, before the
verb or just after the subject.
Eg: Will you come tomorrow? (Interrogative)
Will they have their way?
Will you expect a few guests today at dinner?
Will you help me, please?
Will you be silent, please?
Will he take the classes next week?
I will not go to office.
We will not attend the meeting next month.
She will not do that.
He will not bring them today.

Information questions are forms by using – “what, where, when, why, how, who, whose,
whom, which”
Eg:
What will you speak?
Where will you go tomorrow?
How will he teach?
When will they attend the class?
Why will she learn that language?
Who will look after your parents?
Which subject will he teach?
Whose advice will she take?
Whom will they meet there?
At what time you start?
Exercise
Make “wh” question for the information given. Take clue from the word underlined.
Eg: They will invite Rahul. Whom will they invite?
She will come back at 5 o’clock.
_______________________________________?
He will continue his studies.
_______________________________________?
She will sing a song.
_______________________________________?
They will go to America.
_______________________________________?
He will speak politely.
_______________________________________?
She will do nothing.
_______________________________________?
They will stay at hotel Taj.
_______________________________________?
I will go there to meet the people.
_______________________________________?
He will report for duty next week.
_______________________________________?
The people will do that work.
_______________________________________?
 Unit – 16

*Present Continuous Tense

The present continuous tense is used to indicate an action that is going on at the time of
speaking.
Eg:
The child is weeping.
It is raining.
The boys are playing football.
I am writing a letter.
She is playing the harmonium.
They are taking a test.
She is dancing.
I am doing sums.
We are looking at the black-board.
The teacher is scolding the boy.

To form interrogative sentence, “is”, “am”, “are” is used before the subject, i.e. in the
beginning of the sentence: as
Eg:
Is he writing a letter?
Am I sitting idle?
Are they going to school?
Are you joking?
Is she waiting for the bus?
Is it raining?
Are you coming tomorrow?
Is the child weeping?
Are you going to your home town tomorrow?
Are they holding the meeting on the 25th of January.

To inform Negative sentences, “not” is used in between “is, am, are”, and – ing form of the
verb: as
Eg: She is not singing
Boys are not making a noise
I am not making a noise
I am not sitting idle
The boys are not playing cricket
It is not raining

Information questions are formed by using “What, where, when, why, who, whose, whom,
which”.
Eg: Why are you making noise?
When are you joining the academy?
What are you doing, friend?
How are you going?
Whom am I speaking to?
Which one are you choosing?
Where are you coming from?
Who is taking the classes here?
Whose handwriting are you following?

NB: Some verbs are not generally used in the present continuous. Verbs of the sense or
perception: see, hear, small, taste, notice, recognize, feel.
Verbs of appearing: appear, look, seem.
Verbs are thinking: think, suppose, believe, realize, understand, know, imagine, mean, mind,
agree, consider, trust, believe, remember, forget, expect, recall.
Verbs of emotion: want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer.
Miscellaneous: own, possess, belong to, contain of, keep, concern, matter, owe.
These verbs are normally used in the present simple tense. However, some of these verbs can
be used in the continuous form to denote some change of meaning.
Eg: He differs from me on this issue.(has a different opinion)
He is always differing with his brothers.(quarreling with)
I think what he says is true.
I am thinking of going to japan.(considering with)

Exercise
Make questions for the following sentences taking clue from the word underlined.
Eg: They are going to school at 9o’clock. When are they going to school?
We are going to invite our colleagues.
____________________________________?
She is doing her MCA.
____________________________________?
They are coming by car.
____________________________________?
Mr. Harinath is taking the classes.
____________________________________?
They are reading yandamuri’s novels.
____________________________________?
It is going to reach at 10p.m.
____________________________________?
They are watching TV.
____________________________________?
I am searching for my key.
____________________________________?
She is going to Mumbai.
____________________________________?
They are playing well.
____________________________________?
It is raining heavily.
____________________________________?
He is waiting for the bus.
____________________________________?
I am coming tomorrow.
____________________________________?
She is waiting for her dad.
____________________________________?
It is printing slowly.
____________________________________?
Re write the following sentences using “going to”.
Eg: He has invited me to a party. I am going to attend it.
I have an old scooter. I have decided to buy a new bike.
So, ____________________ the old scooter.
I asked him. He said no, so
I _____________________ ask him again.
My friend asked me to meet him at his office at 10a.m. but I have some guests at my home.
So, I __________________________ again.
In the last two elections he forfeited his deposit.
So, this time he ______________________________contest the elections.
 Unit – 17

*Past continuous tense:

The past continuous tense to express an action that was continuing in the past
Eg: We were struggling hard for life.
She was lying in bed.
They were giving alms to the poor.
I was reading a novel.
The child was playing.
They were listening to music.
He was waiting for you.
She was playing chess.
Some students were fighting with each other.
She was cooking the food.
Eg: Was she playing with her dolls?
Were they planning to set up a business?
Were you waiting for me?
Was he working there?
Was the child crying last night?
To form negative sentence use “not” before the present participle: as
Eg: I was not working.
They were not working for us.
He was not waiting for them.
She was not cooking.
It was not raining.
NB: This structure is also used in a narrative to describe a back ground action against which
the main action took place.
Eg: When I was travelling by bus, I met my friend.
While we were watching TV yesterday, the power went off.
The bell was ringing while we were having our dinner.
This incident happened when I was doing my final year B.Sc
 Unit – 18

*Future Continuous Tense:

The future continuous tense is used to refer to an action as continuing at some time in
the future.
Eg: We will be playing tennis at that time.
I will be waiting for you outside
He will be staying at office tomorrow.
He will be having his lunch. Don’t go now.
She will be going to Delhi tomorrow by this time.
I will be travelling by train this time tomorrow.
They will be coming tomorrow.
They will be announcing the results next Friday.
To form interrogative sentence use “will” in the beginning of the sentence.
Eg: Will you be writing a letter?
Will he be waiting for the bus?
Shall I be coming tomorrow?
Will they be playing tomorrow?
Will she be going to Bangalore this evening?
To form negative sentence use “not” after “will or shall”
Eg: I will not be waiting for you tomorrow.
We will not be waiting writing exam.
You will not be getting rightful share.
He will not be leaving for Mumbai tomorrow.
They will not be playing tomorrow.

Exercise
Make questions for the following sentences taking clue from the word underlined.
Eg: He will be having his lunch………………………….?
They will be playing cricket tomorrow…………………………….?
I will be leaving for Chennai…………..?
She will be coming by flight……………?
The people will be meeting our C.M…………?
 Unit – 19

*Present perfect tense:

The present perfect tense should be used to express an action completed just now.
Eg: I have posted the letter.
She has written a letter.
They have broken their word.
Varsha has gone to bed.
To express an action that has taken place repeatedly.
I visited Delhi several times.
He has failed in the examination for so many times.
We have repeatedly asked him to mend his ways.
To express an action that began in the past but still it continuous.
They have carried a joint business for so many years.
I have not seen him since Tuesday.
Exercise
Change the sentences into present perfect tense.
They will come to office __________________________
We are writing exam ___________________________
Maggi is sleeping ______________________________
He reads the news paper ________________________
The train left just now ___________________________
Use the correct form of the verb given in brackets.
He ………… a novel for the last two years, but he…………. Yet.(write /not finished)
I ……………….. a mistake.(make)
We ……………(have) our breakfast just now.
My friend……………… for a long time.(be)
I am sure I ………………. Him before (meet)
 Unit – 20

*Past perfect tense:

The past perfect tense is used to express about an action that occurred before a
particular time in the past you are speaking about.
Eg: I had written.
She had completed.
We had broken.
It had broken.
It is used to express about an action which happened earlier than another, for the later
action we use past.
Eg: He had slept when we arrived there.
She realized her mistake after she had spoken.
When I went to theatre the movie had started.
Thieves had escaped when the police arrived.
When they reached office the boss had come.
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with past continuous:
Apurvi ………………………. Dinner when her friend (eat/call)
I …………………… my purse when I ………………….. chess (lose/play).
The accident …………….. while they ……………… down the hill(happen/come).
The power ……………. Out while I ………………….. (go/read).
I ……………… her while I ………………………… to college (see/go).
When her husband ………… at the door, Sulochana …………(knock/cook).
Varsha ……………. The Mahabharatha (read).
At three o’clock this morning magi ……… (study).
When I ………………… the room, the student ……………….. (enters/talks)
Change the sentence into past continuous.
They are going home ………………………………………….
She is answering sharply ……………………………………………..
I am waiting for next flight …………………………………………
We are dreaming about future …………………………………………
She is learning ………………………………………………………….
He is getting sufficient salary ………………………………….
You are reading the newspaper ……………………………………..
Varsha is studying ……………………………………………………………..
Apurvi is writing the exam ………………………………………………..
The professor is writing a note …………………………………………..
 Unit – 21

*Present perfect continuous tense:

 The present perfect continuous tense should be to express about an action which was
started the past and is being continued till now.
 This helping verbs “have been, has been” should be used.
 Only continuous verbs should be used.
Note: In present perfect continuous tense the time of beginning of the action is
mentioned by the word “since” or “for”.
“Since” is used for a point of time.
“For” is used for a period of time.
Eg: She has been doing sums for an hour.
Boys have been playing cricket since noon.
I have been waiting for the guests since morning.
My father has been serving in the army for five years.
We have been working hard for the examination for three months.
He has been watching T.V since 8 o’clock.
She has been listening to music for 20 minutes.
They have been living in Hyd since 1990.
It has been raining since last night.
The baby has been sleeping for 2 hours.
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with present perfect continuous tense:
I ……………………………………. For hours (wait)
They ……………………………………… here since 1995 (live)
She ………………………………………... for her glasses since morning (search)
Mr. Harinath …………………………………………… English for 15 years (teach)
How long …………………………………….. Grammar (learn)?
He ………………………………. In the post office for 20 years (work)
The patient ………………………………. Since last Monday (suffer)
It ………………………………………. Hard for twenty minutes (blow)
Rajani ……………………………………. Classes in French for 1month (take)
She ………………………………………..dinner since 8p.m (prepare)

Change the sentences into present perfect continuous tense.

She is learning English (1year)
………………………………………………………………………………………
The phone is ringing (5min)
………………………………………………………………………………………
She is having a cup of coffee (5minutes).
………………………………………………………………………………………
Anitha is thinking about him (Half an hour)
………………………………………………………………………………………
They are sailing their boat (Monday)
………………………………………………………………………………………
He is searching for a job (June)
………………………………………………………………………………………
Varsha is getting good ranks (childhood)
………………………………………………………………………………………
He is roaming (10minutes)
………………………………………………………………………………………
Mr. Anil is waiting a story (2 weeks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
I am teaching (morning)
………………………………………………………………………………………
 Unit-22
Modal Auxiliaries

the words “will, would, shall, should, may, might, can, could, ought, dare, need, must,
have (to) and used to are called Modal Auxiliaries.
Modal Auxiliaries are never used alone as verbs. They are used with other verbs and help
to make tenses or express action that are possible certain or one’s duty or obligation:
as,
 I will be laughing. (‘will’ makes a tense)
 He may succeed. (‘may’ shows possibility)
 They can do it. (‘can’ shows power)
 You must respect elders. (‘must’ shows duty or obligation)
Note : Modal Auxiliaries never change in number or person though their subjects may
under go changes” as
 You can read and write.
 I can read and write.
 We can read and write.
 She can read and write.
 They can read and write.
Use of ‘will’ and ‘shall’
‘Shall’ with the first person and will with the second and third persons express simple
future: as,
 I shall buy a few books tomorrow.
 We shall visit the Shalimar garden in the
evening.
 You will expect a few guests today at
dinner.
 They will have their way.
Shall with the second and third person denote:
A Command: as
 You shall not do any mischief again.
 They shall not tell a lie.
 He shall do it.
A Threat: as
 You shall be punished if you show
carelessness again.
 They shall be fined if they absented
themselves
 A Promise: as
 You shall be rewarded properly for your
honesty.
 She shall be awarded a prize if she
stands first in the class.
A Determination: as
 You shall respect your elders.
 She shall go there.
A Certainly: as
 There shall be a price rise if the mill - hands strike work.
 If you walk fast, you shall reach the school in time.
‘Will’ with first person expresses
A Determination: as
 We will help you with men and material
A Threat: as
 I will punish you if you indulge in any mischief in future
An intention: as
 We will visit the taj during summer vacation
Certain quality or capacity of the thing mentioned: as
 The bag will hold many things in it.
 Computers will do prompt calculations.
Use “will” and “shall” in interrogative sentence
 “will” is never used with the first person to ask question
 “will” with second person expresses polite request: as,
i.Will you help me please?
ii.Will you be silent, please?
 “shall” in the first person and second person denotes simple future: as,
i.Shall I buy a gift for you?
ii.Shall/will you accompany me tomorrow?
Exercise
Fill in the blanks with ‘will’ or ‘shall’
He……………………….return by the evening
Nobody ………………………..leave this place without permission.
You……………………………..feel sorry for your neglect of duty.
i………………………wholly agree with you.
When………………………you see me again?
……………………………….you apologize for your rude behavior?
i……………………..known the result in a week.
Next year they………………..live in Spain
Perhaps he ………………………….. arrive in time for lunch.
………………you lend us money?
 Unit-23
Use of ‘would’ and ‘should’

‘Would’ is used:
 As past tense of will or shall in indirect speech: as,
i.He said that he would serve his country through-out this life
ii.You said that you would respect your leader.
 To express polite Request: as,
i.Would you please guide me a bit?
ii.Would you lend me some money?
 ‘would rather’ when uses to express wish or performance: as,
i.I would rather die then lead a shameful life.
ii.I would rather starve then beg.
 ‘would like to’ is also used to express wish: as,
i.He would like to be a doctor.
ii.I would like to spend summer vacation at a hill station.
‘should’ is used :
 as past tense of shall in indirect speech: as,
i.I said that I should be punctual in future
ii.We said that we should be here all the while
 An express an opinion or tender an advice: as,
i.You should improve your health.
ii.She should consult an expert in this matter.
 To express moral obligation or duty: as,
i.We should be humble and neck.
ii.One should love one’s country.
 To express caution or purpose
i.Walk carefully lest you should fall down.
ii.Work hard lest you should fail.
 To express guess or assumption
i.It should be about 5:00PM now.
ii.This coat should be about five months old
 To express a tentative use or condition:
i.Should you need my help, please call me out lordly.
ii.Should you go to Delhi, do visit my brother there.
 To express whether it is necessary to some one to do some thing
i.Should I help them.?
ii.Should I remind you.?
iii.Should I known all this?
iv.Should I meet hi, today
Fill in the blanks with ‘should’ or ‘would’
Walk fast lest you ………………………….be late for school.
He said that he……………………………have a pair of new shoes
i……………………..like to wander about.
You………………..mend your ways.
They…………………..go on picnic on holidays.
You ………………… take care of health.
………………………..you like to introduce your-self?
She told me that she ……………………….be busy then.
You …………………………. Have a morning walk regularly.
……………………….you have dinner with us tonight?
Exercise
Change these sentences using ‘should’, ‘should not’
 You want to advise him to take medicine regularly.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 He want to advise him to take medicine regularly.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 She want to suggest me to utilize the opportunities.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 He suggest me bot to watch T.V so much.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Teacher advises the students to read a lot to improve their vocabulary.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Unit – 24
Use of ‘can’, ‘may’, ‘might’

‘can’ is used:
 To express ability, capacity or capability:
i.I can do this sum
ii.You can beat him in the race
iii.She can sing sweet songs
iv.The mule can lift loads
 To express permissions:
i.You can go if you like.
ii.You can share the meal with me.
iii.They can have what they need.
iv.She can use my can.
 To make a request:
i.Can I use your telephone?
(Note):could I use your telephone? Is more polite
ii.Can you help me in this matter.
‘Could’ is used:
 To express the past tense of “can” in indirect speech
i.He said that he could read English.
ii.She told me that she could sing a song
 To make a profile request :(more polite than with “would , “may” or “can”)
i.Could I use your umbrella for to day?
ii.
iii.Could you come tomorrow by this time?
 To express past ability
i.I could run five miles when I was young
ii.He could swim well when he was young
iii.In my younger days, I could run very fast
“May” is used:
 To express strong possibility
i.It may rain today.
ii.He may be happy.
 To seek permissions
i.May I come in, sir?
ii.May I give you a lift?
iii.May I help you?
  To express a wish
i.May god bless you!
ii.May you succeed!
“Might” is used
 To express the past tense of the ‘may’
i.She said that she might go abroad
ii.He told me that I might take his bicycle
 To express remote possibility:
i.It might rain tomorrow
ii.He might return next week.
(Note: ”might” express less possibility than “may”)
 To give permission or seek permission:
i.Might I come in, sir?
ii.You might go home now
(note: ‘might’ is more polite and formal than “may” but its usage in this sense is less
common than of ‘may’)
Exercise
Fill the blanks with ‘can’, ‘could’, ‘may’, ‘might’
……………………………….you live long!
She…………………………write poem.
He……………………..do it provided he had some spare time.
…………………………………..price fall down for our relief!
……………………….i use your car?
i……………. da all sums when I was a student.
A dust storm…………………………come in the evening.
…………………………..you have the best of luck.
i…………………..write an essay on any subject straight way when I was teacher.
We prayed that the student………………………………..recovered soon.
Change the sentences using ‘can’
 I want to say that it is possible for him to operate heavy machinery.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 How do you ask your friend permission to take bike
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 You want to say that it is not possible for you to listen to headphones?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 She wants to say that she has ability to solve that problem
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 You want to use your colleague’s phone how do you take his permission
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Change these sentences using ‘could’, ‘could not’, ‘could I’, ‘could you’
 It was possible for radha to play the guitar
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 She was not able to express her views bravely
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Apurvy was not able to convince her parents.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 You want to ask permission to your manager to take leave for to days
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Change these sentences using ‘may’, ‘may I’
 You want to ask permission from your boss to go early today
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 He express doubt that she will attend the party
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 She wants to say that she will pass the test
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 She wants to known the name of stranger
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Officer is referring the permission to the clerk to meet the director
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Use of ‘must’, ‘ought to’, ‘Dare’, ‘Need’, ‘have to’, ‘used to’
‘Must’ is used to
  To express obligation or compulsion: as
i.You must obey your parents
ii.Every person must be loyal to his mother land
 To express necessity: as,
i.A student must work hard
ii.We must eat to live
 To express duty
i.We must serve our country.
ii.We must love mankind
 To give advise
i.You must have an umbrella to guard against rain.
ii.You must change your cloths before leaving for office.
Ought to
 To express social or moral obligation: as
i.We ought to love our country.
ii.You ought to obey your parents
Note: ‘ought’ is always fallowed by ‘to’
 To express necessity or advice: as,
i.You ought to consult a doctor for your ailing mother.
ii.Weak students ought to engage private tutors.
 To express duty: as
i.We ought serve our country.
ii.We ought to help the poor
Dare
 “dare” means be bold enough, it is generally used in negative and interrogative
sentences: as,
i.He dare not argue with his officer.
ii.She dare not speak before me
iii.How dare you oppose me?
iv.How dare mohan revolt against us?
Need
 Need express necessity or obligation. When conjugated without do it does not
take ‘s’ and ‘ed’ forms and it’s fallows an infinitive without ‘to’ negative and
interrogative sentences as we as in sentries that contains the words like ‘hardly’ and
‘scarcely’: as
i.He need not go there.
ii.You need not bother about him.
iii.Need she write to her friend.
iv.We need hardly take his advice.
Have to
 Have to is used to express some compulsion, obligation or necessity in the
present or future tense: as
i.I have to finish the work in time
ii.He has to catch the 2:00 ‘o’ clock train
iii.She has to buy a computer
iv.You have to attend the meeting
Used to
 Used to expresses discontinued habit: as
i.We used go to the mughal gardens in the past
ii.They used to help us with money
iii.She used to have a regular morning walk when she was at Shimla
iv.I used to fight with my brother when I was young

Exercise
Fill in the blanks
The doctor hoped that the patient…………………………….recovered
………………………………….god bless you with a son!
He ……………………… returned today.
You ………………………….. not worry
How do you ……………………. To defy my orders?
We …………………………. Play every day
Use correct alternative in each blank
(the first one is done for you)
 You(ought, should) respect your teachers
You should respect your teachers.
 You(ought, should)to feel sorry for your rudeness
………………………………………………………………………………
 My neighbor said that I (can, could) use his telephone at any time
……………………………………………………………………………..
 Probably the new prime minister (might, may) solve the kasmir tangle
……………………………………………………………………………..
 You (must, ought) leave my room immediately
……………………………………………………………………………..
Fill the correct Modal Auxiliary in each blank
To be rich you ……………………work (ought, should)
To be healthy you ……………………………….. to take exercise every day (must, ought)
He ………………….. play cricket when he was young. (uses to, used to)
He ………………………. Be twenty five now. (must, could)
I …………………… live in a village prior to 1947. (used to, would)
Run fast lest you …………………………………. Be late to reach the school. (should, would)
………………………..you lend me you vehicle for a few days? (would, might)
We ……………………. Obey the laws of the country (would, should)
Correct the following
(the first one has been done for you)
 Mend your ways lest they may not get angry with you
Mend your ways lest they should not get angry with you
 We ought not mix up with misguided and spoiled children
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 How dare you to call me names?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 He does not dare speak to me
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Need I to write to him?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 You ought know better
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Shall you have tea?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Will I open the window?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Work hard lest you may fill
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 You need not to worry
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Unit - 25
Active Voice and Passive Voice

Voice show whether the subject of a verb acts or is acted upon.

There are two voices
1. Active voice
2. Passive voice
Active voice: when the subject of a verb acts, it is said to be in the active voice as
Eg:
 You bought a book
 I obey my parents
 She will do her duty
 The dog is barking at the beggar
Passive voice: when the subject of verb is acted upon, it is said to be in the passive
voice: as
Eg:
 A book was bought by you
 My parents are obeyed by me
 Her duty will be done by her
 The beggar is being barked at by the dog
By using past participle from (3rd form) of verb in the active voice: as,
 Do or does is changed into is done
 Is doing is changed into is being done
 Has done is changed into has been done
 Did is changed into was done
 Was doing is changed into was being done
 Had done is changed into had been done
 Shall do is changed into shall be done
 Shall have done is changed into shall have been done
Some solved examples
Simple present Tense
Active voice Passive voice
I do It is done by me
Cats kill mice Mice are killed by cats
Payal composes a nice dance A nice dance composed by payal
The players play a friendly cricket A friendly cricket match played by players
She does the figure work slowly The figure work is done by her slowly
But cautiously does she care for you But cautiously are you cared for by her
She wrote a letter A letter was written by her
I lost my purse My purse was lost by me
We made him captain of the team He was made captain of the team by us
She knocked at the door The door was knocked at by her
Uncle looked after his nephew His nephew has looked after by uncle
Did he keep his word? Was his word kept by him?

Note: The preposition after the verb in the active voice always retains its position even in
passive voice as is obvious from the sentence
Simple Future Tense
Active voice Passive voice
She will do a sum A sum will be done by her
I will keep my word My word will be kept by me
What will you do now? What will be done by you now
When will you pay your school fee When will your school fee be paid by you?

Present Continuous Tense

Active voice Passive voice
I am posting a letter A letter is been posted by me
Varsha is not making a noise A noise is not being made by varsha
What is he doing? What is being done by him?
Are you flying a kite? Is a kite being flown by you?
I iam not breaking my word My word is not being broken by me.

Past Continuous Tense

Active voice Passive voice
I was posting a letter A letter was being posted by me.
Payal was playing on harmonium Harmonium was being palyed by payal
What was he doing? What was being done by him?
Was he doing his duty honestly? Was his duty being done honestly by him?
She was not knocking at gate. The gate was not being knocked at by her.
Present prefect Tense
Active voice Passive voice
I have Done it. It has been done by me.
Have you had tea? Has tea been had by you?
She has spoiled the whole show. The whole show has been spoiled by her
You have lost your credit Your credit has been lost by you

Past prefect Tense

Active voice Passive voice
I had never visited Delhi before Delhi had never been visited by me before
Had you ever tasted the southern dishes? Had the southern dishes ever been tasted
by you?
I had never seen such a terrible had Such a terrible railway smash never been
railway smash seen by me.
Why had you left the work?before Why had work been left by you before
consulting me? consulting me

Future perfect Tense

Active voice Passive voice
I shall have done sums. Sums will have been done by me.
Will you help her? She will have been helped by you?
Will you have given a pie to a beggar? Will a pie have been given beggar by you?

Exercise
Ravindranath Tagore wrote Geethanjali
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
Somebody stole my pen yesterday
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
The nurse is looking after the patient
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
I had learnt my lesson before sunset
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
Bees make honey
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
She will have completed her work
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
Will you sing a song?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
I have kept the money in a bank
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
The cat killed the mouse
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
I was solving a problem
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
I expected him as a winner
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
She loves me immensely
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
He has read the Bibe
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
They accepted my proposal
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
I have seen him today
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
Ravi paid Rs 200/-
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
Everybody talked of it
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
Apurvi is doing homework
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
I like Carnatic music
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….
She enjoyed the show.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Unit-26

Use of ‘can, could, should, would, may, might, must, ought to, have to etc
 Can is changed into could be
 Could is changed into should be
 Should is changed into would be
 May is changed into may be
 Might is changed into might be
 Must is changed into must be
 Ought is changed into ought to be
 Have to is changed into have to be

Active voice passive voice

She can do it it can be done by her.
Can you solve this sum? Can this sum be solved by you?
You should obey your parents your parents should be obeyed by you
Should we help the poor? Should the poor helped by us?
You may take it. It may be taken by you
Renu might suffer a loss. A loss might be suffered by renu
You must do it It must be done by you.
We ought to respect our elders. Our elders must be respected by Us
I would take that book. That book would taken by me.
we have to see that movie. That movie has to be seen by us.

Imperative Sentences
Active voice passive voice
Shut the door. Let the door be shut
Do it immediately. Let it be done Immediately
word hard you are ordered to work Hard.
Let him take your car. Let your car be taken by him
Sit quietly Your order to sit Quietly
please help me. Your requested to help Me
Lend me a few coins , please. You are requested to lend me a few coins
Fetch me a glass of water. You are ordered to fetch me a glass of
water
Use of ‘who & ‘whom’
Active voice passive voice
. who did it? By whom was it done?
. who is waiting for you By whom are you being waited for?
. who has torn my book? By whom has my book been torn
. whom do you want to see? Who is wanted to be seen by You?
. Whom are u waiting for? Who is being waited for you?
. whom will he ask a book? By who will a book be asked by him ?

With two objects

Active voice passive voice
He lent me money. Money was lent to meby him
I shall give alms to the poor. The poor will be given alms
My uncle gives me presents on my Presents are given my uncle on my
birthday. Birthday
She took notice for me Notice of mine was her.
The teacher will give us a test tomorrow A test will be given teacher tomorrow to us
by

Exercise
Change the sentences into passive modals.
 I can play guitar.
…………………………………………………………………………..
 She can help us.
…………………………………………………………………………….
 He can teach Mathematics.
…………………………………………………………………………….
 Varsha can speak six languages.
……………………………………………………………………………..
 We should take healthy food.
………………………………………………………………………………
 Y.S.R may cancel Janma Bhoomi Programme.
………………………………………………………………………………
 They can make it fast.
………………………………………………………………………………
 Apurvi must get 1st rank.
………………………………………………………………………………
 They could pay it on time.
………………………………………………………………………………..
 Vanitha can prepare non-veg well.
………………………………………………………………………………..
 People should not give dowry
………………………………………………………………………………….
 I might get a Govt job.
……………………………………………………………………………………
 Post this letter.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
 Who can count the stars?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
 We should not hide the truth.
………………………………………………………………………………….
 Respect your elders.
……………………………………………………………………………………
 Let the door open
………………………………………………………………………………………
 Whom should we blame?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
 Let him take breakfast.
……………………………………………………………………….…………….
 Do not dig pits for others.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
 Unit-27
Direct & indirect speech

There are two types of expressing what a person has said direct & indirect. In the direct
method we actually quote the speaker’s word & so it is called direct speech. Ex: He said,
“I am going home today”. That is the exact words of the speaker are quoted within
inverted commas.
The second way is the Indirect method and it is called Indirect speech or reported
speech. In Indirect speech we give the exact meaning of the actual words of the speaker
without quoting his speech.
Ex: He said that he was going home that day.
Direct: Shekhar said, “I am very busy now.”
The above example makes it clear that in changing the direct speech, a few changes
take place.
a. The comma after “said”,and the inverted commas are
removed
b. The conjunction “that” is put before the indirect statement
c. The first person pronoun is changed to the third person ‘he’
d. The verb “is” changed to its past tense from “was”
e. The adverb “now” is changed to “then”.
When the reporting verb is in the present or future tenses no change of tenses taken
place in the reported verbs,but only in the person
When the reporting verb is in and of the past tense, the tense of the reported verbs
changes as follows:
Direct Indirect
Simple present “becomes” Simple past
Present continuous “becomes” Past continuous
Present perfect “becomes” Past perfect
Present perfect continuous “becomes” Past perfect Continuous
Simple past “becomes” Simple past
Past continuous “becomes” Past continuous
Past perfect “becomes” Past perfect Continuous
Shall “becomes” Should
Will “becomes” Would
Can “becomes” Could
May “becomes” Might
Have to/Has to “becomes“ Had to
Certain expressions referring to time, place etc…… also changed Direct into
Indirect
Direct Indirect
This “becomes” That
These “becomes” Those
Here “becomes” There
Now “becomes” Then
Hence, hereby “becomes” Thence, Thereby
Thus “becomes” So
Ago “becomes” before
Tonight “becomes” That night
Tomorrow “becomes” The next day or the following day
Yesterday “becomes” The day before, the previous day
Last night “becomes” The previous night
Last week “becomes” The previous week
Last year “becomes” The previous year
Note: (a) “That” is not essential to introduce the statement in reported
Eg:
He said that he sent it
He said he sent it
(b) the conditional informs such as “would like , would love , would rather , etc…. ‘’
does not change.
Eg:I would like to go there
He said he would like to go there
(c)the present simple , when it states a general truths , does not change.
Eg: He said to me , “the earth is round”
He told me that the earth is round.
 Unit-28
Statements-1

Direct: He said to me, “I am happy to be here this evening.’’

Indirect: he told me that he was happy to be there that evening.
Direct: She said to me,” I shall pay your fee tomorrow.”
Indirect: She told me that she would pay my fee the next day
Direct: They said to him, “We have seen you at college.”
Indirect: They told him that they had seen him at college.
Direct: he said “I must leave tomorrow.”
Indirect: He said that he must leave next day
Direct: They said to me, “we may come to India next month.”
Indirect: They told me that they might come to India next month.
QUESTIONS - ll
Questions in indirect speech are always in the form of statements . so question mark is
not put at the end of it. The verb follows the subject as in a statement.
Questions with question words (how, why, where, when, what, which etc..) use these
words “whether “or ‘’ if ‘’ when reported. of these two . it is better to use “whether “. The
reporting verb is direct questions can be ‘’ asked ‘’ , inquired , wondered.”
Examples:
Direct : He said, “How many brothers have you?”
Indirect: He asked me how many brothers I had.
Direct: He said to me , “How is your father?”
Indirect : He asked me how my father was.
Direct: My father said to me, “where were you last night?”
Indirect: My father asked me where I had been the previous night.
Direct: The stranger said to the boy, “can to show to me the way to nearest inn.
Indirect: The stranger asked the boy whether he could show him the way to the nearest
inn.
Direct: She said ,”friend , will you wait for a moment?”
Indirect: she asked her friend whether she wait for a moment.
IMPERATIVES-lll
Sentences containing an order , request , warning , advice etc. are in the imperative
mood. The reporting verb is generally one of the following asked, ordered, commanded,
requested, implored, adviced, warned etc. what is to be noted is the verb in the direct
speech is changed in to a “to-infinitive “in the indirect speech.
Examples:
Direct: The teacher said to the boy , “ Get out of the room”
Indirect: The teacher asked the boy to get out of the room.
Direct: The doctor said to the patient , “Don’t smoke.”
Indirect: The doctor advised the patient not to smoke.
Direct: “ Please take me to the officer , said the visitor.
Indirect: The visitor requested them to take him to the officer.
Direct: Beggar said to him “ please give me one rupee”
Indirect: Beggar requested him to give him 1 rupee.
Direct: The judge said, “ call the witness”
Indirect: the judge commanded to call the witness.
Exclamations &Wishes : Iv
Exclamations changes in to satatements in reported speech. The reporting verbs which
are generally used are exclaimed, declared, cried out, wished, prayed, etc. interjections
and exclamations in the Direct speech like “Oh !, alas!, Hurrah! “are Omitted in the
direct speech, Phrases such as “with delight, with sorrow, with regret. Etc “are often
added to convey the intensity of feeling.
Example :
Direct: The old lady said, “ I have lost My purse.”
Indirect : The old lady excliaimed with sorrow that she had her purse.
Direct: Hurrah ! Said the boy, “ I have won my prize.”
Indirect: The boy exclaimed with joy that he had won the prize.
Direct: The old lady said, “ alas! She is no More.”
Indirect: The old lady Excaimed sadly that she was no more.
Anil said,” How clever I am !”
Anil Exclaimed That he was very Clever.
Exercise
He said to his friend, “I shall go home during these holidays
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
He said to me, “you can bring my watch tomorrow.”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
She said to me, “ I have often told you not to play with fire.”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
They said to him, “we are not living in an house now.”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
The headmaster said to the girl, I am glad to tell you that you have won the merit prize.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
He said to her, “what do you want”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
She said to her, “are you coming home with me?”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
He said, “Where can I get an application from?”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
“who are you, sir and what do you want ? “he said to me.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
He said to her, “shall I get an ice- cream for you?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
“Please help me from starvation”, said the beggar?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
“The inspector said to the motoeist,” show me your driving license.”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
I said to him,”come again”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
The baba said to the audience, “serve man kind and get the grace signal.”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
The captain said to the solders, “Don’t shoot until I give you the signal.”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
The old lady said,”alas! I am undone”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
“what a terrible nuisance This T.V. Is, his father said.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
He said, “what a terrible storm it is !”
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
“what an interesting novel!” he remarked.
 Unit 29
INFINITIVES & PASSIIVE INFINITIVES

l. TO + VERB
 It is used to show the purpose of an action .
 I save money in order to buy a house.
 What should I do in order to nuy a house.
 People use dictionary to look up the meaning of words.
 I go to market to nuy vegetables.
 She went to the U.S to get a job
ll. Infinitives also used with “it is.”
 It is more difficult to learn tamil.
 It is so much fun to see his circus.
 It is fun to practice with my classmates.
 It is healthy to take nutrious food.
 It is dangerous to drive a car at night.
III. Passive infinitives. Infinitives are used in passive voice to give purpose of
an action.
 To be+ verb3
 Problems are here to be solved.
 This issue is to be discussed.
 Exercise are to be done.
 Dues are to be paid.
 Prizes are to be distributed.
Exercise
Complete the sentences with an infinite phrade.
It is foolish __________________________________________
__________________________________________
It is wrong___________________________________________
__________________________________________
It is important ________________________________________
__________________________________________
It is sad _____________________________________________
__________________________________________
Fill In the blanks with infinitive from of verb.
The solders tried _______________________ the city (ivade)
Both sides agreed_______________________The war(end)
Every one decided ____________________a new start (make)
The people begin____________________Their homes (rebuild)
They promised _______________________what ever aid they could (give)
Change into passive infinitives
The fileds are here for the purpose of sending to head office
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
The marks list are here for the purpose of issuing.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
The apples are here for the purpose of issuing
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
These loans are here for the purpose of sanctioning.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
The vechicles are here for the purpose of using.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
The letters are here for the purpose of typing.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
The exercises are here for the purpose of doing.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
The noviels are here for purpose of reading.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
The problems are here for the purpose of solving.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
This issue is her for the purpose of discussing.
______________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
 Unit – 30
Gerund

A gerund is a verb – noun – verb + ing, used as:

I.Subject of a verb.
*Seeing is believing.
* Reading books is a good hobby.
*Smoking is bad for health.
*Leading English is easy.
*Reading is my favorite hobby.
*Telling lies is bad.
*Doing is difficult.
*Gardening is his hobby.
II.Object of a verb.
*I like watching T.V
*He loves hunting.
*She stopped playing tricks.
*They started crying.
*Stop running.
*Stop helping them.
*I know reading and writing.
*She tried convincing me.
III.Object of preposition.
*I am fond of reading.
*I am tired of waiting.
*He was suspended for neglecting his duties.
*They were punished for telling lies.
*I can not go on doing nothing.
*She succeeded in passing the examination.
*The child persisted in going there.
*I am not interested in playing.
Exercise
Pick out Gerunds in the following sentences.
*She ran crying after the robber.
____________________________________________
*Flying kites is his pastime.
____________________________________________
*We love speaking English.
____________________________________________
*They like enjoyed the parties.
____________________________________________
*Walking is good for heath.
____________________________________________
*The week was spent in visiting my friends.
____________________________________________
*They started working hard.
____________________________________________
*We are fond of listening to music.
____________________________________________
*Children love eating ice-cream.
____________________________________________
*Asking questions is easy.
____________________________________________
*Learning English is a continuous process.
____________________________________________
*She has an aversion of swimming.
____________________________________________
*Smoking is injurious to health.
____________________________________________
*Speaking ill of others does not behave a gentleman.
____________________________________________
*Travelling in crowded buses is tedious.
_____________________________________________
 Unit – 1
PARTS OF SPEECH

Getting To About Parts of Speech.

Words are classified into different kinds. They are called Parts of speech. They are 8 in
number.

1. NOUN: The naming words.

Eg: John, Hyd, Dog, Peacock, Pen etc………

2. PRONOUN: An alternate word of a noun.

Eg: I, me, we, us, you, your, he, his etc……

3. VERB: The doing words.

Eg: invent, listen, read, speak etc……………

4. ADVERB: It adds something to verb.

Eg: easily, politely, fluently, yesterday, here etc….

5. ADJECTIVE: Words tells move about noun.

Eg: silence, handsome, spacious, beautiful etc….

6.PREPOSITION: words used before noun (or) pronoun

Eg. At , on , up in, under etc..,

7.CONJUCTION: All linking words.

Eg. And, so, but if, or etc.

8.INTERJECTION: Words ecpress sudden feelings.

Eg. Alas ! Aah! Hurrah! Etc…,

II. Types of Nouns.

1.Proper noun: Nouns of individual person/ place.
Eg: sachin, varsha, Hyderabad, Delhi.

2. Common Noun: Nouns which are common to everything.

Eg: Baby, student teacher, Child.
3.Abstract Noun: nouns of feelings of heart/state of mind.
Eg: Love, Youth, wisdom, Kindnes.

4.Collective Noun: nouns of collection of people/ animal/ things

Eg: Army, Jury, Block, Tend, Fire, Bunch.

5.material Noun: names Of all Materials.

Eg: Leather, Flour, marble, Gold etc…..

Exercis-1
I.Name The parts Of Speech for the underlined

1. Varsha is a singer. ( )
2. The sun rises in the east. ( )
3. He is upstairs. ( )
4. Vani dresses neatly ( )
5. Latha is a very beautiful woman. ( )
6. Tea is Hot. ( )
7. Alas! He lost his way. ( )
8. Rama is in his cabin ( )
9. One and three make four. ( )
10. Amitab is a tall man. ( )

II.Name the kinds of nouns.

Mahatma Gandhi is the father of ournation. ( )

Love is an art. ( )
Youth are fond of gold. ( )
Health is wealth. ( )
There is a bunch of flowers. ( )
Chapattis are made of flour. ( )
Poverty is miserable. ( )
The Indian Army is Powerful. ( )
A friend in need is a friend is deed. ( )
Women are argumentative. ( )
 Unit - 2
Verb

Classification of verb
I.all action words are called verbs, verbs in English have three forms.
Present Form Past form Past Participle
Teach Taught Taught
Catch Caught Caught
Tell Told Told
Find Found Found
Paint
Drive
Refer
Like
Occupy

Exercise
Present Form Past form Past Participle
Curve
Laugh
Become
Paint
Drive
Refer
Like
Occupy
Forget
Operate
Brake
Feel
Army
Get
Keep
Fight
Hit
Divide
Lead
1. Do it again__________________________
2. She speaks softly________________________
3. Do not tell so fast________________________
4. My brother has gone out____________________
5. Can we expect it tomorrow___________________
6. We located it easily_______________________
7. Rome was not built in a day_______________________
8. We went there late ___________________________
9. I celebrated my birthday happily_____________________
10. They met us twice_______________________
11. She solved the problem cleverly_________________
12. Please handle the glasses carefully
_________________________________
13. She dresses neatly._______________________________
14. We went there early.______________________________
15. You must do it now._________________________
16. She sings delightfully._____________________________
17. God is everywhere._________________________________
18. Don’t go far.______________________________________
19. He will come here.________________________________
20. He is in the
class._____________________________________________
21. I am fully satisfied.____________________________
22. She has just come in.______________________
23. The plane will arrive soon.___________________________
24. He does his work carefully.______________________________
25. She came last night._______________________________________
To know the types of adjectives.
An adjective describes a noun. It comes before a noun.
 Large city: large is an adjective.
 Little intelligence: little is an adjective.
 Five fingers: five is an adjective.
 Own business: own is an adjective.
Kinds of adjectives.
 Adjective of quality
1. Honest man
2. Foolish girl
3. Large city
4. Good girl
5. Beautiful woman.
 Some adjectives refer number of things.
1. Some rice
2. All exercises
3. Enough food
4. Sufficient work
5. Five kids
6. First day
 Some adjectives refer to paint out which person/thing meant.
1. This pen
2. That girl
3. Such things
4. Those books
 Some adjectives refer quality of things
1. Neat dress
2. Fresh fruits
3. Blunt knife
4. Costly cloths
 Some adjectives end with “ing”
1. Charming girl
2. Pleasing manners
3. Cunning fox
4. Interesting book
5. Boring journey
Exercise
Pick out the adjectives in the following sentences
1. Delhi is big city. ________________________
2. I have much work today. __________________________
3. Few boys love to study.___________________________
4. One boy came here to see you. _____________________________
5. I do not like such manners. __________________________
6. Have some tea. _____________________
7. Nehru was an eminent man.______________________
8. Anitha is better now._______________________
9. He leads a wicked life. ___________________________
10. She has little hope of success. ______________________________
11. I have got some money with me. ________________________
12. She has a white cow._____________________
13. Manmohan is a wise man. ___________________________
14. We must never forget this golden rule. _________________________
15. Which book is yours?. _________________
16. His father is ill?_____________________
17. It is a hot day?. _______________________
18. My uncle id a humorous person. _______________________
19. Lalitha is adamant child. ____________________________
20. Sulochana is generous person. _________________
 Unit – 31
PREPOSITION

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to some other
word in the sentence.
Prepositions are normally placed before nouns or pronouns.
Prepositions can also be followed by gerund from of the verb.
Note: Every definition for a preposition has exception, so it is extremely difficult to master
prepositions. Prepositions are learnt
i.by careful reading and contant practice.
ii.by studing their function in comparison with other prepositions.
iii.by studying certain common uses and expressions using the various prepositions.
The list of common English prepositions.
1. About 21. Consideri 40. Near
2. Among ng 41. Not
3. Between 22. Contraty withstanding
4. Accordin to 42. Of
g to 23. Dependin 43. Off
5. Across g 44. On
6. After 24. Despite 45. On
7. Against 25. Due to account of
8. Along 26. During 46. Opposite
9. Along 27. Except 47. Out of
with 28. Excluding 48. Outside
10. Amidst 29. Following 49. Owing to
11. Apart 30. For 50. Regardin
from 31. From g
12. At 32. In 51. Since
13. Because 33. Including 52. Through
of 34. In fond 53. Througho
14. Before of ut
15. Behind 35. Inside 54. Till
16. Below 36. Inspite of 55. To
17. Beneath 37. Instead 56. Under
18. Beside of 57. Up
19. Besides 38. Into 58. With
20. By 39. Irrespecti 59. Within
ve of 60. Without
The most basic use of prepositions is to indicate position and direction.
 Unit – 32
Common Uses Of Some Prepositions

Between, among:
“Between” is used for two persons or things; “among” is used for more than two ; as
1. Divide these apples between varsha and apurvi
2. Divide these apples among five girls.
In, Into:
“In” shows rest within anything; “into” shows motion inward anything; as
1. The pen is in my pocket.
2. I put pen into my pocket.
In, Within:
“in” and “within” both refer to time . “in” means at the expiry of; “within” means before
the expiry of; as,
1. He will return in a month.(at the expiry of one month)
2. He will return within a month(before the expiry of one month)
In after:
In after:
“in” refers to a period aof time usually in future. “after” to a period of time usually In the
past; as
1. I will come back in a week.
2. I came bank after a week.
On, Upon:
“on” Shows rest; “Upon” shows movement; as
1. The book is lying on the table.
2. The dog sprang upon the table.
With, by:
“With” shows the instrument used for doing anything;
“By” refers to the doer or the agent; as,
1. It was done by me.
2. She cut the vegetable with knife.

*till, to:
“Till is used for time;”is used for place,as
1. Please wait here till I return.
2. She ran to a safe place.

*After, behind:
“After” refers to time; “behind” refers to place; as
1. He returns after an hour.
2. There is a pond behind the mountains.

*At, in:
(a) “At” is used with the names of small town, village or street; “in” is used with
city, country or continent; as
1. I was born at a village but now I live in a city.
2. My friend lives a t Darya Ganj in Delhi.

(b) “At” is used to denote a point of time; while “in” is used for a period of time; as
1. I usually get up at 5a.m
2. She will return in a few days.

*Beside, besides:
“Besides” means by the side Of ; while “besides” means “in addition to”; as,
1. Please come in and sit beside me.
2. Besides being fined, he was punished by the teacher

*Since, form from:

“Since” is used for a point of time and “for” the period of time. Both “since” and “for” are
preceded by a verb in the perfect continuous tense; as
1. Boys have been playing since morning.
2. Boys have been playing for an hour.

“From” is used for a point of time, places or days but it can be predated by any tense; as
1. I work (present tense) from morning till evening.
2. The postman went (past tense) from door to door.
3. He will stay (future tense) from Monday to Friday.
Exercise
 Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
*The first one is done for you.
I prefer milk___________ tea.
Ans. I prefer milk to tea.
1. Books are lying_________ the table.
2. Who is knocking__________ the gate?
3. I have been waiting__________ you__________ two hours?
4. The patient died__________ cholera/
5. Do not quarrel_________ your neighbors.
6. Two boys quarreled_______ each other.
7. A quarrel arose_________ two friends.
8. Alms were distributed_________ many beggars.
9. My friend is fond___________ dainty dishes.
10. The bell rang and the boys rushed__________ their classrooms.
11. The dog jumped___________ the table.
12. She was married___________ my friend.
13. Is this the way to deal__________ elders?
14. My friend deals__________ stationery.
15. We are late ____________ school.
16. Please send the letter __________ my home address.
17. Open your book _____________ page 32.
18. He felt no difficulty _____________ doing sums on arithmetic.
19. My boss is very kind ___________ me.
20. The pen is to write __________
21. Please attend ___________ your lesson.
22. He is angry ____________me. (upon, with)
23. Copy it word ____________ word (by, for)
24. Open the book ______________ page 20. (on, at)
25. He is not to be trusted __________ (in, upon)
26. What is the time _______________ your watch? (in, by)
27. 6. They travelled ___________ a bus. (on, by)
28. He is charged _________________ theft. (with, of)
29. Sita was married _____________ Rama. (to, with)
30. All of them are pleased ______________ you. (to, with)
31. I am not afraid ___________ you. (of, from)
32. The dog fell ____________ the well. (in, into)
33. He lives __________ Delhi. (in, at)
34. The dog sprang ___________the cat. (on, upon)
35. He is sitting __________ the bench. (on, upon)
36. He will be back ___________ a week. (after, in)
37. I shall finish the work __________ in hour. (after, in)
38. He accused __________ theft. (with, of)
39. I can say it ______________ his face (to, upon)
40. We cart see the sun ____________ night. (by, at)
41. The sum shines __________ our head __________ noon. (on, over.) (by, at)
 Unit - 3
SENTENCES

A sentence is a group of words which makes a complete sense.

Simple sentence: It is only one sentence which has subject and predicate.
 You must work hard.
 We will be in Bangalore tomorrow.
 She is innocent.
 Shiva is my best friend.
 He liked my advice.
 The farmer went home at sunset.
 Money makes many things.
 India is a vast country.
 He did well and got a prize
 She not only robbed the poor but also killed them.
 You must not be late or you will be punished.
 He worked hard but he did not get first rank.
 He is rich, but yet he is not happy.
 The sun set and the farmer went home.
 He was very tired and so he fell asleep.
 I ran after the train but a missed it.
Complex sentences: It is a combination of two (or) more sentences combined by other
conjuntions expected “and, but, or.
 The train moved as soon as the guard whistle.
 Unless you do as I say,You will suffer.
 Though the tiger was shot, it did not die.
 As it was very dark, I could not go out.
 I came late because I missed the bus.
 If he is at school, I shall meet him.
Exercise
Identify these sentences whether they are simple, compound and complex.
 I saw a wounded deep. ( )
 His silence proved and that he was guilty. ( )
 My friend arrived and we went to park. ( )
 Sheela came late beceuse she forgot her purse. ( )
 Owing to drought, the crop failed. ( )
 The news reached us late and we could not start. ( )
 I will not believe it unless I see it. ( )
 Pay the rent or vacate the house. ( )
 Tell me the date of the house. ( )
 He is poor, but happy. ( )
 Tied does not wait and like wise time doesn’t wait.( )
 I have lost my pen that I had lost.
 We have informed him of our victory. ( )
 He follows the examples which was set by his father.( )
 He liked my advise. ( )
 Unit – 34
TAG QUESTIONS

Know something about questions.

Learn how to frame tag questions.
I.A tag question that put at the end of a statement.
A tag question uses the auxiliary verbs a subject pronoun.

1. Soccer is not the same as football, is it?

2. This is your duty, isn’t it?
3. There are eleven teams, aren’t you?
4. You are a new student, aren’t you?
5. They are my patients, aren’t they?
6. She is fine, isn’t she?
7. We are friends, aren’t we?
8. It is working well, isn’t it?

A tag question uses the same tenses as the main verb

II.An affirmative question uses a negative tag.
A negative statement uses an affirmative tag.

1. You can order fish here, can’t you?

2. She spokes many languages, doesn’t she?
3. He has a lot shoes, hasn’t he?
4. Your father doesn’t make your lunch, does he?
5. They did not go the work today, did they?
6. They will not catch the bus, will they?
7. They were engineers, weren’t they?
8. Roja will not help you, will she?
Exercise
1.Write question tags for the following.
1. Today is not a holiday.___________
2. I cant sleep here._______________
3. This dress is expensive.__________
4. You wont fotget this.____________
5. We should not take photos here.____
6. She doesn’t have the text book._____
7. They had a big problem yesterday.______
8. I am ordering too much food._______
9. Sanjay lives in Delhi._______________
10. They went to the U.S last month.________
 Unit - 35

CONJUNCTION

A conjunction is a word which merely joins together two or clauses or sentences.

Eg;
Mohan and Sohan are brothers.
Sumitra is honest but not intelligent.
You must work hard or you will fail.
Sheila and Leila are good girls.

Use of a few conjunctions.

1.Either …… or: Either take it or leave it.
2.Neither...... nor: Neither you are mistaken nor i am.