I.

INTRODUCTION TO INFRARED WAVES

Infrared is used in a variety of applications. Among the most well-known are heat
sensors, thermal imaging and night vision equipment. In communications and
networking, infrared light is used in wired and wireless operations. Remote controls use
near-infrared light, transmitted with light-emitting diodes (LEDs), to send focused signals
to home-entertainment devices, such as televisions. Infrared light is also used in fiber
optic cables to transmit data.

Infrared light is invisible to the human eye, although longer infrared waves can be
sensed as heat. It does, however, share some characteristics with visible light --
namely, infrared light can be focused, reflected and polarizedInfrared radiation is a type
of electromagnetic radiation, as are radio waves, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and
microwaves. Infrared (IR) light is the part of the EM spectrum that people encounter
most in everyday life, although much of it goes unnoticed. It is invisible to human eyes,
but people can feel it as heat.

II. WHAT IS A PROJECTOR?

A projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image (or
moving images) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen. Most projectors create
an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens, but some newer types of
projectors can project the image directly, by using lasers. A virtual retinal display, or
retinal projector, is a projector that projects an image directly on the retina instead of
using an external projection screen. The most common type of projector used today is
called a video projector. Video projectors are digital replacements for earlier types of
projectors such as slide projectors and overhead projectors.
Projectors can be roughly divided into three categories, based on the type of
input. Some of the listed projectors were capable of projecting different types of input.
For instance: video projectors were basically developed for the projection of
prerecorded moving images, but are regularly used for still images
in PowerPoint presentations and can easily be connected to a video camera for real-
time input. The magic lantern is best known for the projection of still images, but was
capable of projecting moving images from mechanical slides since its invention and was
probably at its peak of popularity when used in phantasmagoria shows to project
moving images of ghosts.

III. BENEFITS OF USING PROJECTORS

More efficient note-taking

It can be difficult for students to concentrate on listening and note-taking

simultaneously. Showing presentations and information via an interactive projector
 gives you the ability to share notes digitally at the end of the lesson — and when
students know you’ve got the broader note-taking covered, they can focus more on
listening, and only writing down things that are specifically useful to them.

This can also reduce the issue of pupils taking down incorrect or irrelevant notes, which
is particularly useful when covering new or complex topics, as it ensures everybody has
the same (correct) foundations to refer back to. You can also store this information
online, so it’s no longer the end of the world if a pupil loses their notes right before an
exam.

Interactive presentations keep children engaged

It’s much easier to concentrate on something when you’re playing an active role. Up to
ten students can draw on an interactive projector screen at any one time, making them
ideal for increasing engagement via group projects and presentations. When students
are working together in front of the class, they are likely to take participation more
seriously. The result is that they stay engaged for longer.

Interactive projectors also make it easier to teach dynamically:

 Allow students’ questions to lead topic exploration. Discussing a city? Bring it up on Google
Earth
 Use the Screen Freeze feature to revise presentations in real-time without the audience
knowing
 Discover a gap in your students’ knowledge? Take a moment to research it online as a
group

An interactive projector can be a valuable tool for increasing engagement, even if your
students stay in their seats. Watch videos together, take online pop quizzes or view
real-time information on the topics you discuss.

Build games into your lessons

Social networks and smartphone technology have contributed to the rise in popularity of
simple puzzle-type games. For teachers, this is good news: it means that students are
already familiar with — and fond of — the format used in many educational puzzles.

Reward good behaviour with a quick on-screen math game at the end of the lesson, or
use quizzes to test English or foreign language skills. Just like smartphones and tablets,
interactive projectors use multi-touch, meaning multiple students can complete a puzzle
together. There are two options here:

 Table-top projection: students can gather round a table and interact with the screen in front
of them
 Wall projection: students can stand up at the front of the class
Teach with a range of mediums

The younger the child, the shorter their attention span typically is. Breaking up a lesson
into shorter, varied segments can help children stay focused on the material and learn
more effectively.

Interactive projectors are perfect for this: switching between tasks is as simple as
switching between tabs on your browser or opening up a slideshow. Do away with work-
sheets: you can now engage students with presentations, interactive games, video
content and group activities all in one session. Each element of your lesson can be pre-
planned on a laptop, and for simple presentations, you can just insert your USB drive
directly into the projector.

Blended learning is also much easier with a projector. You can demonstrate a new
concept to your class using the screen, and then allow them to practice in small groups.
The information used in your presentation can then be posted online, so students can
use it for independent study.

Make better use of time in the classroom

Before projectors became so common in the classroom, teachers would have to get into
class early to write up notes, and constantly erase and rewrite content on the board as
the lesson progressed. These regular disruptions often caused students to lose interest,
or start chatting among themselves as they waited for the next part of the lesson. Then,
more time would be wasted on classroom management.

Now, you can plan presentations and exercises in advance, use them for multiple
student groups, and share them with other teachers. This greatly reduces the admin
burden, and makes it easier to stay organized — both inside the classroom and out.

IV. ADVANTAGES OF USING PROJECTORS

Largest possible picture. Front projectors generate the biggest possible image size.
You can use them to create the very large screen experience of a commercial movie
theater in your own home. In theory, actual image size can go up to 300" diagonal or
more. But in reality the size of any given projector's image is limited by its light output.
Nevertheless, most projectors produce beautiful images at sizes of 90" to 120" diagonal,
which is far larger than anything you can get with flatscreen TVs or rear-projection TVs.

Smaller images a great option also. Perhaps you don't want a huge image, or maybe
you don't have space for one. If this is the case, a projector can be used to throw a
smaller image, say about 60" diagonal. So it can serve as an inexpensive substitute for
a 60" plasma TV. At this image size the picture is usually very bright, and can be used
with some of the room lights on. Given the low cost of many entry level projectors, this
can be the least expensive way to get a 60" picture on your wall.

Low cost. Believe it or not, a front projector can be the least expensive alternative for
big screen video in your home. Some projectors built for dedicated home theater have
now dropped below $1,000, making them much less expensive than flatscreen TVs or
rear-projection TVs. They can even be cheaper than a regular 36" television. Of course,
projectors range in price from very cheap to very expensive depending on a variety of
performance factors. But even some of the best ones are now mass market consumer
products and much more affordable than they used to be. And measured on a cost per
diagonal inch basis, they are clearly the least expensive video products on the market.

Space saving. A small projector that is mounted on a coffee table, a rear shelf or
bookcase, or mounted on a ceiling, takes up no floorspace in the room. When not
operating, it is largely invisible. Using a projector gets rid of the big box television that
really doesn't look very good in the room when it is not being used.

Easy to install. The ease of installation can vary actually. But if you are setting up a
simple system on a coffee table or a rear bookshelf and shining it onto a white wall, it
really is as easy to set up as a simple television. They are lightweight, and one person
can pull it out of the box, hook it up and get a picture on the wall with little trouble.
Sometimes some adjustments are required to fine tune the picture so that it looks its
best, but that is true of all video products including conventional televisions.

V. DISADVANTAGES OF THE OVERHEAD PROJECTOR

Space
Overhead projectors are bulky, and it can be difficult to find ample space to operate
them. First, there is the size of the unit itself, which can require up to four square feet on
a solid surface if the projector handles larger-size transparencies. They also must be
placed a proper distance from the screen to achieve optimum clarity. Finally, additional
space is required for storage of erasable markers and transparencies.

Room Light
While the projected image may be visible with lights on, older overhead projectors, or
those with older bulbs, may produce images that are blurry due to interference from
other light sources. Ideally, the room should be darkened, but this too can pose
problems by making it difficult to see which transparency to load next, or finding
markers to make notes on the transparency.
Weight
Even small projectors can weigh over 30 lb., and the larger models can easily weigh 80
lb. or more. This can make it difficult to transport the unit from one room to another.
Another consideration is that the projector must be placed on a surface that can support
its weight.

Consumables
Perhaps the biggest disadvantage to overhead projectors is the cost of the materials
required to operate them. Transparencies cannot be reused unless you're using dry-
erase markers, and can become stained over time if they are not cleaned properly. New
markers must be periodically purchased as well because they run out of ink. Finally, the
bulb in the unit will need to be replaced every couple of years, and they are significantly
more expensive than standard light bulbs.

VI. HEALTH EFFECTS OF USING PROJECTOR

The potential hazard from projected light. The laser from the projector is diffused through
phosphor so that it travels from the lens to the projection surface ad diffused light. This means
only diffused light reaches the eye's retina, just like a conventional lamp. As a result, the
potential hazard from projected laser light is considered to be equal with a conventional light
source.
Heat
When you use an overhead projector, the internal lamp causes it to heat up. The casing
is designed to absorb the heat, but you may still find it hot to the touch. The projector
may also have exposed parts that can burn you if you touch them. Some parts of the
machine have insulated tabs or coverings for you to grasp. If you put the projector away
before it has a chance to cool after use -- especially in an enclosed area with other
things such as a closet or storage room -- it may pose a fire risk to objects that end up
touching the projector.
Toxins
Due to the excessive levels of heat generated by overhead projectors, metal and plastic
parts inside the machine may melt, releasing toxic chemicals into the air through the
ventilation openings. This may cause adverse effects on you or others near it.
Symptoms may include skin irritation, headaches and dizziness, even under low levels
of chemical concentration. If you notice symptoms during or shortly after you use an
overhead projector, you should have a qualified serviceman inspect it.
Electricity
Spilling a liquid such as water or coffee on an overhead projector creates a great
electrical shock hazard. Other electrical risks exist regarding the power cord. If the cord
touches a hot part of the projector, it may damage the cord and expose electric wires. If
you need to use an extension cord, use one that has an equal or greater amperage
rating or the projector will not receive enough power. If you take the machine apart, you
may run the risk of not reassembling it correctly. Doing so could cause it to generate
electric shocks when you use it again.
Cleanliness
An excess build-up of dust inside the projector may also cause it to overheat and catch
fire. Remove surface dirt from the stage, projection mirror and projector base using a
soft cloth. Use overhead cleaner to remove dirt and stains from the stage glass and
projector lens. Projector manufacturers recommend that you not attempt to clean certain
parts of the machine, such as the underside of the stage glass, that require you to take
it apart.

VII. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO THE HAZARDS OF USING

PROJECTORS
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES
Hazard Distance (HD)
Hazard Distance is the distance until the exposure level decays to the RG2 level. HD
depends on the brightness of the projector and the throw ratio of projection lens. When
staring into the light within the hazard distance, there is a risk to the eyes from direct
radiation. (RG3 area) Staring from a position beyond the hazard distance is considered
safe. (RG2 area)
Restriction Zone (RZ) based on the HD
Within the hazard distance, users should install the projector at a height that will prevent
observers’ eyes from being within the projection light. Although the Restriction Zone is a
safeguard area without projection light, it is still necessary to take care by preventing
people entering the RG3 area. It is recommended a clearance of at least 1m is kept
around the outer perimeter of the light passing area (OSA).And regarding vertical
direction (VSA), it is necessary to secure additional clearance when considering the
installation environment.

VIII. CONCLUSION
The potential hazard of using laser-based projectors with diffused light is equivalent to that of a
conventional projector using a lamp light source. However, international safety standards
specifically suitable for laser projectors have now been developed. Regarding the risk group, it is
necessary for the user to understand the potential hazards of light exposure - but by setting
installation conditions as described in part VII, it is possible to avoid the risk of light exposure.

Prepared by:
De quinia, Emmy A. & Kang, Alyanna G.
X- Aquarius