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LETTER C. Social Evolution PDF

Hunting and gathering societies depended on their environment for survival through hunting, fishing, and gathering. Pastoral societies were able to produce surpluses through domestication, allowing them to settle and trade. Agricultural societies used technology to cultivate crops, producing even greater surpluses that led to social stratification and towns. Industrial societies began large-scale factory production during the Industrial Revolution, shifting social power to industrialists and workers.

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137 views

LETTER C. Social Evolution PDF

Hunting and gathering societies depended on their environment for survival through hunting, fishing, and gathering. Pastoral societies were able to produce surpluses through domestication, allowing them to settle and trade. Agricultural societies used technology to cultivate crops, producing even greater surpluses that led to social stratification and towns. Industrial societies began large-scale factory production during the Industrial Revolution, shifting social power to industrialists and workers.

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Puyatnako
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© © All Rights Reserved
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SOCIAL

EVOLUTION
HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES

 Survive by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants


 Depended upon their immediate environment
 Nomadic
 Anyone even women can hunt but with a little Division of
labor
 Little surplus food
 TRIBAL (sacrificed their individuality for the sake of the
larger tribal culture)
PASTORAL SOCIETIES

 Domestication
 Able to produce a surplus of goods – STORAGE ---
SETTLE IN ONE PLACE --- STABILITY ---- trade of
surplus goods between neighboring pastoral
communities.
 OTHERS are ENGAGE in nonsurvival activities (
Traders, healers, spiritual leaders, craftspeople, and
people with other specialty professions)
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

 Rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants


 Mobile due depletion of the land's resources or dwindling
water supplies
 Able to produce a surplus of goods – STORAGE ---
SETTLE IN ONE PLACE --- STABILITY ---- trade of
surplus goods between neighboring pastoral communities.
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES

 Use technological advances to cultivate crops


(especially grains like wheat, rice, corn, and barley) led
to increases in food ---- greater surplus ----- towns
became center of trades ---- SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION ---- CONFLICT WITH OTHER
COMMUNITY -----
 Farmers turned nobility provided warriors with food
in exchange for protection against invasion by enemies.
FEUDALISM
Ownership of land
In exchange for military protection, the lords
exploited the peasants ----- SLAVERY -----
CAPITALISM
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

 Production of goods in mechanized factories began as


the Industrial Revolution.
 Cultural diversity increased ---- Social power moved
into the hands of business elites and governmental
officials, leading to struggles between industrialists
and workers ----- BUREAUCRATIC form
POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Society is being shaped by the human mind, aided by


computer technology
TYPES OF SOCIETIES
 MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY: -
PREINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES (sharing the
same values & tasks they become united)

 ORGANIC SOLIDARITY: -INDUSTRIAL &


POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES -
impersonal social relationships - job
specialization…interdependence
German Sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies
distinguished 2 ideal types of societies based
on the structure of social relationships and
the degree of shared values among societal
members.

GEMEINSCHAFT and GESELLSCHAFT


GEMEINSCHAFT

 Members know each other & relationships


are close.
 Activities center on family & community.
 There is a strong sense of solidarity.
 Pre-Industrial societies; rural villages
GESELLSCHAFT
 Social relationships based on need rather
than emotion.
 Relationships are impersonal & often
temporary.
 Individual goals more important than
group goals.
 Urban societies , Post Industrial Society

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