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1. An AC circuit allows alternating current to flow in a regular pattern that changes direction periodically. The voltage and current values change continuously over time in a sine wave pattern. 2. In an AC circuit, the voltage and current can be represented by their magnitude and direction. They may be in or out of phase with each other depending on circuit properties like resistance, inductance, and capacitance. 3. Sine waves are commonly used for AC voltage and current because they produce low losses in transformers and machines, cause less interference, and result in less circuit disruption.

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67 views

Research Paper

1. An AC circuit allows alternating current to flow in a regular pattern that changes direction periodically. The voltage and current values change continuously over time in a sine wave pattern. 2. In an AC circuit, the voltage and current can be represented by their magnitude and direction. They may be in or out of phase with each other depending on circuit properties like resistance, inductance, and capacitance. 3. Sine waves are commonly used for AC voltage and current because they produce low losses in transformers and machines, cause less interference, and result in less circuit disruption.

Uploaded by

annie
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Angelo A.

Gardiola

2.1 BSCPE

AC Circuit is a path for the flow of alternating current. The alternating current (AC) is used for family and
commercial purposes. In an AC circuit, the value of the magnitude and the direction of current and
voltages is not constant, it changes at a regular interval of time. It travels as a sine-wave completing one
cycle as half positive and half negative cycle and it is a function of time (t) or angle (θ=wt).

So that the current and voltages are represented by magnitude and direction. The alternating quantity
may or may not be in phase with each other depending upon the various parameters of the circuit like
resistance, inductance, and capacitance. The sine-wave alternating quantities are voltage and current
which differ according to the sine of angle θ.

As of today for electric power, in all over the world the sine-wave voltage and current are selected
because of the following reasons are given below.

1. The sine-wave voltage and current produce low iron and copper losses in the transformer and rotating
electrical machines, which in turns improves the efficiency of the AC machines.

2. They provide less intrusion to the nearby communication system.

3. They manufacture less disruption in the electrical circuit.

Alternating Voltage and Current in an AC Circuit

The alternating voltage is a voltage that changes its polarity and magnitude at regular interval of time.
The alternating current is the direction of the current is changed and also the magnitude of current
changes with time. When an alternating voltage source is connected across a load resistance as shown in
the figure below, the current through it flows in one direction and then in the opposite direction when
the polarity is reversed.

Alternating Current Circuit Diagram


To see the waveform of the alternating voltage with respect to the time and the current flowing through
the resistance (R) in the circuit is shown below.

We all know there are such various types of AC circuit like AC circuit containing only resistance (R), AC
circuit containing only capacitance (C), AC circuit containing only inductance (L), the combination of RL
Circuit (RL), AC circuit containing resistance and capacitance (RC), AC circuit containing inductance and
capacitance (LC) and resistance inductance and capacitance (RLC) AC circuit.

For the various terms which are frequently used in an AC Circuit are the following below:

1. Amplitude ( also known as peak value or maximum value) is the maximum displacement of points on a
wave, which you can think of as the degree or intensity of change. This maximum displacement is
measured from the equilibrium position.

It shows amplitude
and wavelength, which is the
distance between two successive
like points on a wave. Also, as we can see at the diagram above is that the equilibrium position. It is the
straight line represented by the x-axis. It represents the shape of the medium when there is no wave, or
when the water is still and undisturbed in the case of ripples in water. This can aid us to find out another
way to state the definition of amplitude, which is the vertical distance from a peak to the equilibrium
position or from the equilibrium position to a valley. Amplitude is used to describe the peak value of
such quantities as the level of sound waves, and power and voltage in electrical and electronic systems.

It is also the magnitude or intensity of the signal waveform measured in volts or amps.

2. Alternation is also known as One half cycle. The span of this alternation is 180 degrees electrical.
3. For the one set of positive and negative values completes by an alternating quantity or it goes through
360 degrees electrical, it is one complete Cycle.

4. Instantaneous Value is the value of voltage or current at any instant of time.It is denoted by (i or e).

5. Frequency is the number of wave cycles passing a point per unit time. Moreover, it is the number of
oscillations per second in the wave. A shorter wavelength is the higher frequency and a longer
wavelength is the lower frequency. However the wavelength and frequency are so related, amplitude
and frequency are independent characteristics of a wave. Both parameters can be changed, but changing
only one does not affect the other. Changing frequency does not preserve the amplitude of the wave,
and changing the amplitude does not preserve the frequency. There is also no way to know the
amplitude of a wave from the frequency or to determine the frequency simply by knowing the amplitude
of the wave. Let see the diagram below:

It is also the reciprocal of the time period, ( ƒ = 1/T ) with the


unit of frequency being the Hertz, (Hz).

6. Time Period is a ceratin time taken in seconds by a voltage or a


curent to complete one cycle. It is denoted by (T). Also known as
Periodic Time of the waveform for sine waves, or the Pulse
Width f or square waves.

Relationship Between Frequency and Periodic Time

7. Wave Form is the shape obtained by plotting the instantaneous


values of an alternating quantity such as voltage and current
along the y axis and the time (t) or angle (θ=wt) along the x axis
is called waveform.
The diagram above is most common periodic
signal waveforms that are used in Electrical
and Electronic Engineering are the Sinusoidal or
sine-wave Waveforms. Although, an alternating AC waveform may not always take the shape of a
smooth shape based on around the trigonometric sine or cosine function. AC waveforms can also take
the shape of either Complex Waves, Square Waves or Triangular Waves.

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