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Physics IP Project

This document summarizes total internal reflection, which occurs when light travels from an optically denser medium to a less dense one at an angle greater than the critical angle. It defines total internal reflection and the conditions required. It also discusses the relationship between refractive index and critical angle, and applications of total internal reflection such as prisms, mirages, brilliance of diamonds, and optical fibers.

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Himanshu yadav
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116 views

Physics IP Project

This document summarizes total internal reflection, which occurs when light travels from an optically denser medium to a less dense one at an angle greater than the critical angle. It defines total internal reflection and the conditions required. It also discusses the relationship between refractive index and critical angle, and applications of total internal reflection such as prisms, mirages, brilliance of diamonds, and optical fibers.

Uploaded by

Himanshu yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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"Total Internal Reflection"

Name : Devang Khambhayta


Std : XII-Science
Subject :Physics
Roll no. :
School : Shree Swaminarayan Gurukul
Salvav-Vapi
Submitted to : Roshan adarkhi
CONTENTS

1.Certificate
2. Introduction
3. Total Internal Reflection
4.Conditions for Total Internal reflection
5.Relation between refractive index () and
critical angle (C).
6.Applications of Total Internal Reflection
7. Uses
8. Bibliography
Certificate
This is to certify that the investigatory Project Report
entitled “Total Internal Reflection” submitted by
Devang Khambhayta student of Class XII is original
and has been completed by him under my
supervision and is completed in all respect for CBSE -
2019-2020.

Mr.Roshan adarkhi external


(physics lecturer) examiner

Signature Signature
Introduction

Whenever a ray of incident light travels from one medium to


another, its path is changed i.e. it gets refracted.

If the ray travels from denser medium to rarer medium, it suffers


deviation away from the normal at the point of incidence. As the
angle of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction also keeps
on increasing. At a certain angle of incidence, called the critical
angle, the refracted ray grazes along the surface of separation i.e.
angle of refraction becomes just go. If the angle of incidence is
further increased, no refraction takes place. Instead such a ray gets
reflection inside the medium itself. This phenomenon is called
total internal reflection.

Refraction :
The phenomenon of bending of light when it come from one
medium to another medium is called refraction.

Reflection :
The phenomenon in which a ray comes from one medium and
bending of that ray in same medium i.e. Total Internal Reflection
takes place called reflection.
Total Internal Reflection
Total internal reflection is the phenomenon of reflection of light which
occurs when a ray of light traveling in a denser medium is incident at the
interfere of the two media at an angle greater than the critical angle for
that pair of media.
Consider a surface xy separates the rarer medium a from the denser
medium b. A ray of light OA from the object O in denser medium incident
normally on the surface of separation, gets refracted into the rarer
medium as such along AL. Another ray of light incident along the oblique
path OA, is refracted away from normal along the path A1B1 in rarer
medium. As the angle of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction
also goes on increasing, till for a certain angle of incidence C, called the
critical angle. When angle of incidence is greater than critical angle then
total internal reflection takes place.

Conditions for Total Internal Reflection


1. The ray incident on the interface should travel in optically denser
medium.

2. The angle of incidence should be greater than the critical


angle for the given pair of media
Introduction
Relation between refractive index () and critical angle (C)
When refraction takes place at point C, it follows that the
refractive index of medium a w.r.t. medium b is given by
ba =
ab =
if i = c (critical angle)
r = 90o
ab =
Refractive index is inversely proportional to sin of critical angle.

Its relation with polarizing angle :


According to Brewster’s Law, when light is incident at polarizing
angle at the interface of a refracting medium, the refractive index
of the medium is equal to the tengent of the polarizing angle.
If P is polarizing angle and u, the refractive index of the refracting
medium, then u = tan P.
Applications of Total Internal
Reflection
1. Totally Reflection Prism :
To deviate a ray of light through 90o and 180o.
A right angled isosceles prism can be used to cause total internal
reflection. In such a right angled prism when a ray of light is
incident normally to its face AB, it passes into prism as incidence
is 45o. But for glass ( = ), the value of critical angle is about
41.8o. Since the value of incident angle is greater than the critical
angle for glass, the ray of right suffers total internal refection. As
a result, it gets incident on the force AC at 90o and comes out of
the prism as such. It follows that the path of the ray of right was
been deviated by the prism through 90o.
The path of a ray undergoing a deviation of 90o due to one internal
reflection but in same way and by same process due to two internal
reflection, a ray can be deviated through 180o. This arrangement
is used in prism-binoculars.
Advantages of Totally Reflecting Prism over the Silvered
Plane Mirror.
• A reflecting prism does not require any silvering.
• A silvered plane mirror always absorbs some light. In a good
mirror, the reflection of light about 90-95%. However, in a
reflecting prism, almost 100% reflection is secured.
• Due to imperfect and non-uniform silvering of the mirror,
the image obtained with a mirror is oftenly not of a good
quality.
2. Mirage :
It is an optical illusion observed in desert in a hot day. The object such as
tree is observed inverted and observer gets an impression that there is a
pool of water. This phenomena is known as mirage.

Due to intense heat, the surface of earth becomes quite hot and the
temperature of air near the surface of earth is max. The temp of the other
layers of the air goes on decreasing as one goes up. Dimity as well as
refractive index of air increases slightly for higher layers. Thus a ray of
light traveling from point O of a tree passes through air of gradually
decreasing refractive index and is therefore refracted more and more
away from the normal and accordingly the angle of incidence goes on
increasing. At a layer, when the angle of incidence becomes greater than
the critical angle, total internal reflection takes place. Then the ray of light
starts traversing layers of increasing refractive index and goes on bending
more and more towards the normal. Ultimately, when the ray reaches the
eye of the observer, it appears to be coming from the point I. Hence the
inverted image of the tree produces the impression of reflection from a
pool of water.
3. Brilliance of Diamonds and Other Precious
Stones :
Diamond shines very brightly because it has a very high refractive
index and very low critical angle i.e. = 2.47 & C = 230 . Due to
low critical angle, a diamond cut so as to have a large number of
faces, such that a ray of light entering it from one face undergoes
repeated total internal reflections from other faces. As a result, the
faces through which the light emerges, shine very brilliantly.
4. Optical Fibres :
In 1870, John Tyndall, a British physicist demonstrated that
light could be made to follow curved path along a thin stream
of water coming out of a water tank. This effect was made
use of an illuminated fountains. The light follows curved path
it suffers a series of total internal reflections.
Optical fibres commits of thousands of strands of a very fine
quality glass or quartz of refractive index about 1.7 or so.
The thickness of a strand is about 10-6 cm. The strands are
coated with a layer of some material of lower refractive
index (m=1.5).

When light is incident at a small angle at are end, it gets


refracted into strands and gets incident on the interface of
the fibres and the coating. The angle of incidence being
greater than critical angle, the ray of light undergoes total
internal reflections. Each fibre act as a pipe and such a
bundle of fibres can be used to convey images along paths of
any shape. The optical fibre does not bend light. Instead,
light follows the zin-zag path through the fibres.
Uses of optical fibre cable
i) Optical fibres are used inn the field of communication and the
computers.
ii) The optical fibres are used for making medical investigation.
iii) The optical fibre sensors have been used to measure
temperature and pressure.
iv) The optical are used for transmitting the optical signals and the
two dimensional pictures.
v) The optical fibre in the form of photometric sensors are used
for measuring the blood flow in the heart.
vi) The optical fibre in the form of refract meters are used to
determine the refractive indices of liquids.
vii) Optical fibre are used in telephone and other transmitting
cables.
viii) Optical fibre are used in transmission and reception of
electrical signals by converting them first into light signal.
5. Looming :
It is an optical illusion observed in the cold countries. In
which observers get an impression that object is placed in
air.
Bibliography

1. Modern’s abc of Physics.


2. Pradeep’s Fundamental Physics.
3. Dinesh a to z in Physics.
4.www.google.com

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