DETAILED PROJECT REPORT

SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT

For
GARHI HARSARU GRAM PANCHAYAT

Supported by

Prepared by

TARU Leading Edge, New Delhi

July 2016
List of Abbreviations

BCM Billion Cubic Meter

COI Census of India
DPR Detailed Project Report
FGD Focussed Group Discussion
Ft Feet
GP Gram Panchayat
GOI Government of India
HH Households
IEC Information Education and Communication
MDWS Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
NBA Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan
NCR National Capital Region
NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
PLA Participatory Learning Action
PPP Public Private Partnership
PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal
RRC Resource Recovery Centre
SBM Swachh Bharat Mission
SC Scheduled Caste
SLSSC State Level Scheme Sanctioning Committee
SLWM Solid and Liquid Waste Management
TSC Total Sanitation Campaign
VWSC Village Water and Sanitation Committee
WPR Workforce Participation Rate
 1. Introduction

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Gramin) was launched in October 2014 with an objective to bring about
improvement in the cleanliness, hygiene and the general quality of life in rural areas. Solid and Liquid
Waste Management (SLWM) is one of the key components of the programme.
The problem of waste has reached a state of crisis. Mountains of waste accumulated on our wetlands,
clouds of smoke from burning it, oceans of waste floating in our rivers and canals, groundwater that has
turned red and yellow from leachate pollution are all saying to us loudly and clearly: “You cannot
ignore us anymore! You need to get your act together now!!”

Where and why did we go wrong? It is important to answer this question in order that we arrive at a
sustainable solution. This report will provide the basic information that anybody dealing with waste
should have. It helps us understand the nature of waste, the history of waste and waste management, the
different solutions already tried out and their results, and the need to turn to Zero Waste Management
(ZWM). True ZWM goes beyond managing waste already generated to preventing waste generation

A pilot initiative was launched and Action Research Framework was prepared in this regard
implemented by TARU and supported by IWP/GWP Prepared under Water & Climate Resilience
Program of GWP- South Asia with a „hypothesis Integrated Water Resource Management is one of
the best approaches to ensure safe and sustainable water in the village‟.

In the first phase of action research, village Garhi Harsaru in Gurgaon was selected which was water
stressed and considered as peri-urban area. The village was assessed qualitatively as well as
quantitatively for its water resources, SLWM systems and other related systems. It was found in the
study that no SLWM system existed in the village. In this regard, SLWM DPR is prepared with
solutions that have been mapped with the community.

Key Indicators of Garhi Harsaru Gram panchayat

Total population: 8000 approx. (Baseline Distance from State Capital (Chandigarh):
Survey) 318 Kms
Villages: 1 (Garhi Harsaru) Distance from Delhi: 50 Kms
Distance from Gurgaon Block HQ: 12 kms

Methodologies followed for preparing DPR

To understand and assess existing SLWM and to develop the DPR, following activities were
carried out:
Exhibit 1: Methodologies followed for preparing DPR

Activities Stakeholders Tasks

2. Assessment of Existing SLWM Systems

2.1 Existing Solid Waste Management System
At present, there is no collection and disposal mechanism. The figure below
shows the current waste generation and the present methods used for disposal of
the waste. The Garhi Harsaru Gram Panchayat does not have any infrastructure to
collect and transport the waste and there is no specified location for the waste
disposal.
Majority of the respondents dump their biodegradable waste (68.04%) and
nonbiodegradable (67.71%) waste in dustbins which is ultimately thrown in the
open fields. A very less proportion of households (1.48%) dispose bio-degradable
waste in a safe manner. Safe disposal of bio-degradable waste includes disposing
solid waste in an identified place, composting, burying, re-using in the garden and
having the GP collect the waste and feeding it to the cattle.
As far as the volume of waste generated is concerned, there is no specific
measured data that is available. The national waste generation average can be
taken as a basis for designing a management solution for solid waste disposed
from the area.

Exhibit 2: Existing Solid Waste Management System in Garhi Harsaru Gram Panchayat
Waste Generation Collection and Disposal
Transportation
Total estimated Solid Waste  Currently there is no Current Disposal methods
Generated: scientific system to
 1.5 – 2 tonnes per day daily collect and/or  Vegetables & Food
(based on an estimate transport the solid Waste:
of 250g per person waste generated Given to livestock,
per day)  Once in 2 to 3 reused in field
months, waste is
Types of Solid Waste: collected from the  Plastics: Thrown
roads/drains and outside in the open
transported to an
 Biodegradable: area, fields, drains or
open area outside burnt
Animal waste,
vegetable waste the village
 This process is
 Non-Biodegradable:
contracted out by the
Plastic bags, papers,
glass GP

Solid Waste Sources:

 HH, Weekly markets,

Schools/Anganwadis,
 Shops, etc.

Exhibit 3: Solid Waste Management Facility within Households

 Source: Baseline Survey conducted for the Gram Panchayat of Garhi Harsaru (N=607)

The above figure shows the absence of a systematic solid waste handling
method due to which the following issues are being faced

• Accumulation of waste at open spaces, street sides/drains, leading to

environmental degradation
• Unhygienic conditions prevailing in the area leading to various health and
sanitation related diseases

2.2 Existing Liquid Waste Management System

At present, there is a very inconsistent drainage system present in the gram
panchayat. A majority of the households as inferred from the baseline data
discharge the waste water from the households to be released onto public
streets/broken storm water drains. Due to flow of waste water into public areas, it
has become a major source of bad odour, disease in the panchayat.

In the absence of systematic liquid waste handling methods, following issues are
being faced:

• From few houses, the waste water flows directly into the streets which is
leading to puddles forming in front of the households
• The discharges from the toilets/bathrooms are mostly let on to the storm
water drains which are either broken or choked
• The waste water gets collected at various points of the village due to
nonfunctioning drains and blockages in it at different points
 The Garhi Harsaru GP lacks the basic infrastructure across the whole value chain
of SLWM. Thus, there is an urgent need to bring in the improved, efficient and
sustainable SLWM system for clean and green GP as well as there is need to
connect all the houses to the waste water management system.

Exhibit 4: Liquid Waste Management Facility

Liquid Waste Management in Garhi Harsaru

Gram Panchayat

Don’t Know In Drains HH Soak Pit Others Streets

Source: Baseline Survey conducted in the Gram Panchayat (N=607)

3. Proposed SLWM System

 The solutions have been proposed based on the inputs given by the Gram Panchayat and the
baseline survey findings and existing situation assessment.

Ideally, domestic waste should be collected within 12 hours‟ intervals every day. If kept
beyond 24 hours, it generates unpleasant odours and attracts flies. Beyond 24 hours, foul
smell generates and further beyond 48 hours ends up in bad odour and begins to stink and
after 72 hours along with the bad odour formation of maggots take place which is the prime
reason for nuisance of domestic flies in and outside homes. Thus to achieve 100% ZWM,
collecting garbage every 12 hours is strongly suggested to all concerned.
THE PRIMARY SYSTEM AS KEY POINT TO ZERO WASTE IS IMMEDIATE
COLLECTION OF ANY DOMESTIC WASTE AND SEGREGATION AT SOURCE.

ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT (ZWM) SOLID & LIQUID RESOURSE

MANAGEMENT (SLRM)

Waste is viewed as a „Resource‟ if

Handling of waste stored for more than 24 collected within 12 hours of generation.
1
hours and above

There will be bad smell, stink, Maggots, Everything looks odorless, Fresh Raw
2 Material.
House flies, etc…
The process begins with systematic
The process focus is mainly on management collection of waste and transportation.
3 Hence it becomes easy for management at
after collection of waste.
the collection point.
We are forcing our own people to lift 2 or 3
days old waste and ask them to handle very We are not exposing our people to dirt and
dirty thing & stinking material. 5 stinking materials. They are handling fresh
items.

Volunteers/Workers are uncomfortable to 6 Volunteers / Workers are happy to work

work here. here.
It takes longer period of time to segregate
and process waste items. In this process Here, it is a very easy to process being fresh
many items become unfit for usage. 7
material is handled.

If collection does not happen in a day it is not Strict compliance to collection schedule
collected for the next 24 hours or more 8 ensures no stinking waste at any time.

Garbage dumping, burning happens There is no chance of dumping of burning of

9
frequently. waste
 Recyclable items are dirty and not looking
fresh or neat. We will get less income. Everything looks fresh, clean and neat and
11
can fetch moderate income.

This compost and vermi-cast has highly rich

This manure has less NPK (Nitrogen, NPK (Nitrogen
15
Phosphorous & Potassium) values. Phosphorous and Potassium) values.
ZWM involves additional man power, number Through SLRM, we are getting more
of days for processing, leachate problem and 16 income through vermi-wash, Earthworms,
less income. vermi-cast etc…
All materials are managed within the centre
vast area of dumping yard is required saving land area and avoiding pollution

Expenses incurred on waste management are

very high on transportation, engaging heavy Transportation cost is marginalised and
vehicles, dumpers, dumper placers etc. 18 scope for income generation is high, due to
decentralised method.

3.1 Salient Features of the Model

• Complete thrust on awareness and behaviour change

• Basic infrastructure to aid and sustain the behaviour change envisaged
• Systematically collect & transport segregated solid waste with dedicated service delivery
team
• Complete community and Gram Panchayat ownership to execute, manage, monitor,
evaluate proposed SLWM system
• Complete transparency and accountability with management & reporting system and having
a dedicated monitoring committee consisting mainly of local villagers
• Self-sustainability of operation and maintenance is ensured with the help of user fee
collection and waste by-products. The monthly expenditure for the project can be met from
the user fee collection itself if it is made mandatory and everybody adheres to it from the
first month itself. Keeping in mind the practical constraints in this maintenance support
should be given to the GPs which has to be a part of the SLWM budget. The monthly
subscription collected by the service delivery team is accounted for by the SLWM
Committee and will be used towards paying the wages for the workers involved in the
system.
The long-term benefit of this model:
The long-term benefit of this project will be:

• This proposed project will comprise of systematic waste collection in Residential areas
Shops, composting of organic waste, recycling of inorganic waste and scientific disposal of
non-recyclable waste.

• Establishing the principle of cost recovery from Waste.

• Spreading the concept and practice of converting waste to wealth.

• Civil society can be transformed as informed and sensitized by means of motivation and
involving them in similar projects and initiatives in their own territory.

• Creating employment and enterprise opportunities in Green Industry especially among Self
Help Groups (Both Women & Men).

• Education and involvement of Youth in general and students in particular in

environmental governance.

• A well designed Information system, Info-bank and access through internet.

3.2 Proposed Solid Waste Management System

The SOLID AND LIQUID RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MODEL is based on the

sustainable hierarchy of waste management which lays more focus on Reduction to Recycling
based on decentralized concepts.

Exhibit 5: Hierarchy of Sustainable Solid Waste Management

This hierarchy can only be achieved by way of DECENTRALISATION of Waste

management. This model is a culmination of awareness to systemized and scientific
management. Fool proof monitoring and effective documentation are key pillars which will
take us to the objective of ZERO WASTE.

The key components of the proposed SWM system are shown in Exhibit 6 below:
Exhibit 6: Proposed Solid Waste Management system for Garhi Harsaru Gram Panchayat

Note: The photos and diagrams of the components shown are just basic representation of the original
components to be provided in the Gram Panchayat
As shown in Exhibit 6 above, dustbins (2 nos.) will be distributed to HHs to ensure source segregation,
and segregation will further be ensured by compartmentalized community dustbins and transportation
vehicles. The HHs will dump their waste in the community dustbins which will be collected by service
delivery team from these community dustbins and will be disposed-off to resource recovery centre.
Exhibit 7 below outlines detailed specifications of resource recovery centre.

Exhibit 7: Key specifications of the Resource Recovery Center

Description Volume Description Volume

Total Building Area 2000 square feet Flooring Cement Flooring
Height Of The Building 15 Ft Side Walls 4ft Brick Walls On All
Sides*
Vermi Compost Tanks Tanks of capacity 54 Iron Mesh 9 Ft
Inside The Centre cu. Ft (4x3x4.5 Ft)

Waste Handling Capacity 4000 kgs /day Roof GI-Sheet Welded with Side
Mesh
Gate Iron Gate 4 Ft Height
3.3 Proposed Liquid Waste Management

The system for liquid waste management is broadly based on the system of soak pits
traditionally adopted for building toilets in rural areas but with certain modifications to allow
for disposal of household waste water

The model envisages clusters of houses such that for every 10 houses, a soak pit is built to
allow water only from the 10 houses to flow into. The water from the houses flow in to these
soak pits via underground channels and fall into the soak pit. The water will gradually soak
into the sides of the pit and filter down to the ground water table.

Community Soak Pit

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of process flow for community soak pit

The soak pit being constructed will be 2m in diameter and 10m in depth. After analyzing the
soil conditions around the village, it was found that the soil is porous and loamy. This kind of
soil has a low soaking capacity due to which this soak pit will have a longer depth than
traditional community soak pits.
3.4 Proposed Institutional Structure

Accountability, Monitoring and sustainability of the initiatives are of extreme importance in

order to sustain the activities initiated as part of the SLWM. For this purpose, Exhibit-13
outlines the proposed institutional structure for sustainability of the proposed SLWM system:

Exhibit 8: Proposed Institutional Structure for proposed SLWM System

All members of the Gram Panchayat

Gram Panchayat The overall responsibility to oversee the
service and assets

Already existing members

Village Water and Sanitation The existing committee will provide
Committee guidance to the SLWM committee and act as
the liaison between the panchayat and the
district

Sarpanch, Gram Sewak and few ward

members or representatives, existing leaders
and one member from the service delivery
Solid and Liquid Waste team will form an SLWM committee.
Management Committee
It will monitor the service delivery team on
daily basis and provide support and guidance
on day to day operations

1 Supervisor and 19 Safaikaramcharis They

will collect, transport and dispose the waste
Service Delivery Team daily. Maintenance of the drains and
periodical cleaning of the assets
SLWM committee will be separately formed as there is no Nigrani Committee in the
panchayat. They will play the role of monitoring the SLWM project as well as work towards
sustaining ODF status of the gram panchayat.

Service Delivery Team is the most important part of the structure as it has to run the whole
system on the daily basis. The team will be identified once the construction of the Resource
Recovery Centre is completed. The service delivery team will have specific responsibilities.
Few of those are:

 Every day collection of waste from the common dustbins and maintenance of the dustbins,
transportation of the waste collected to the resource recovery centre and its maintenance;
 Daily segregation and packing of the non-degradable items and composting of the
biodegradable items;
 Kitchen garden and eco park maintenance;
 Maintenance of the drains and periodical cleaning of filter bed and chamber
 Maintenance of all accountability registers and reporting on a daily basis to the SLWM
committee
Additionally, service delivery team will offer certain value added on call services. Few of them
are:

 Setting up Animal Waste compost beds (execution or training)

 Individual soak pit construction (where needed especially for black water)
 Sale of sanitation related products (6 months after the initiation of project based on
demand)
Besides these responsibilities to maintain transparency, the attendance registers, collection
registers, volume registers, sales registers and feedback/ suggestion register will be maintained.
3.5 Proposed Awareness Campaigns

In order to sensitize the villagers to encourage using these SLWM services a series of
awareness campaigns will be conducted covering; personal hygiene and sanitation,
safeguarding water source, HH level segregation, cleanliness and maintenance of drains, open
spaces etc.

The figure below shows that more effort has to be put in for the awareness campaigns in the
area as a majority of the people do not wish to participate in the initiatives. This could be due
to various factors. Hence a considerable amount of time has to be spent in making them
understand the initiative and its importance.

Exhibit 9: Waste Management Programs

HHs willing to participate in waste HHs willing to pay for waste management
management program program

Yes No Yes No

Our current linear resource flow uses huge amounts of raw materials and generates huge
amounts of waste. This will lead our society to resource depletion. SRM is about redesigning
this resource flow so that most of what is generated as waste can be reused as raw material for
further production. This resource flow is more sustainable and will take us closer to goal of
„zero waste‟. This requires focused actions before and after production.

Pre-production Actions
• Reducing Production (consumption): Producing and consuming only as much as
needed.
• Redesigning Production processes: Producing using cleaner processes and packaging
using less material.
 • Production of safe and recyclable materials: Avoiding the use of toxic and
nonrecyclable materials, so that maximum resource can be recovered with least harm
to the environment.
Post-production Actions
• Reuse: What is produced should be reused as many times as possible. Eg. Bottles,
containers, bags, etc.
• Recycle: Recycling those materials that cannot be reused. Eg. Organic waste into
compost, PET bottles into polyester fibers, glass bottles into glass panes, cotton rags
into paper, etc.
These will be some of the key inputs in terms of awareness programs and advocacy
initiatives. There will a scheduled and systematic awareness building initiatives.
The awareness campaign and the entire initiative will follow the hierarchy of sustainable
waste management. It is important for a larger group to understand the importance of having
systems in place for waste management. This objective of ZERO WASTE cannot be obtained
unless the hierarchy is understood.
4. Sustainability and Implementation of the Project
The SLWM project is envisaged to have both physical and financial sustainability. It is imperative to
ensure that the behavioral modifications and new practices established are also sustained

4.1 Physical Sustainability

• A set of rules and regulations with respect to disposal of garbage inside the village
will laid down and every resident will be oriented about the same.
• The periodical awareness programs and information materials will be supplied so that
the old and also the new residents are aware of the practices
• A new monitoring committee will be set up which will constantly monitor the work
of the implementation team as well as the compliance of the residents
• Periodical documentation reports of the project and newsletters related to progress
will be released to ensure that all the residents are aware of the progress of the project

4.2 Financial Sustainability

By financial sustainability it is envisaged that the project will generate an income which
breaks even the monthly recurring expenditure of the project. It is expected that the
project can attain self-sustainability over a period of about 18 months and it will start
earning revenue to meet a substantial part of the revenue expenditure after the seventh
month of its implementation.
The Revenue can be generated in many ways but the volume of revenue depends on
various factors including the consistency and the nature of garbage generated.

1. Sale of compost (organic markets, farmers and individuals – Direct and/or Online
marketing)
2. Sale of Recyclables (Plastics, papers, bottles and other items) – Directly to the
factories will be profitable
3. Other service fees for the service delivery team
4. User fee collection (It is important to note that most of the residents at this stage
are not in favour of this user fee – Source – Baseline survey data).

The Financial sustainability can be worked out only after a substantial period of
implementation which will give a clear picture of the cooperation and the attitude of the
villagers towards such a project.
5. Costing and Finances
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE (Non Recurring)
Unit
S.
Particulars Quantity Price Total Cost (in Rs.)
No.
(Rs.)
Solid Waste Management

Construction of waste collection 2000 As discussed with contractor

1. centre sq.ft post finalization of DPR
12,00,000 (approximately)

2. No. of dustbins installed

Common dustbins of 100 500
kg capacity (including
2.1 school, anganwadi and 160 80,000
panchayat
building)
Dustbins for households green 135
2.2.1 colour (10 litres) 1551 2,09,385

Dustbins for households red colour 175

2.2.2 (15 litres) 1551 2,71,425

System for collection, segregation

3.
and disposal of household garbage
Workers Uniforms, safety 3000
3.1 equipment; hand gloves, canvas 20 60,000
shoes, first aid kits etc.

3.2 Packing materials for a year ** 1 15,000

15,000
Tools required (Shovels,
3.3 1 set 15,000
Brooms etc.)
Waste Collection Vehicles 2,00,000
3.4 4 8,00,000
(Battery operated vehicles)** (approx..)
Other SWM Activities,
Lump
4. Landscaping and 30,000
Sum
Beautification
Sub Total for Solid Waste
Rs.26,80,810
Management
Liquid Waste Management

Community Soak Pits 150 40000 60,00,000

Sub Total for Liquid Waste Rs. 60,00,000

Management
 Rs. 86,80,810*
Total Cost for Solid and Liquid Waste Management
*The cost is an estimate and is subject to change as per quotations provided by vendors before starting
construction
** The actual rate of vehicles will be given as per quotations by corresponding vendors RECURRING
COSTS

Unit
S. Total Cost (in
Particulars Quantity Price
No. Rs.)
(Rs.)
Solid Waste Management

20 7000 140000
1 Salary for the workers
2 Safety tools and equipments LS 5000 5000

Water and Electricity charges at the 5000

3 RRC LS 5000

4 Stationaries and monitoring tools LS 2000 2000

5 Vehicle maintenance LS 3000 3000

TOTAL 1,55,000

5.1 Implementation Plan

During implementation phase, the key responsibilities of the consultant team is to facilitate
and support in; (i) the setting up of complete infrastructure facilities, (ii) recruitment and
training of the service delivery team, (iii) ensuring that the SLWM system and monitoring
structure is in place. Furthermore, the key responsibilities of Panchayati Raj Department and
the district administration shall include facilitation and support in; (i) approval of DPRs, (ii)
release of funds for the project implementation, (iii) periodical visits at project site to provide
feedback.

Fund Position of the Village

The discussions with the Gram Panchayat show that they will receive some funds which can
be utilized for the implementation of Solid and Liquid Waste Management initiatives.
However, utilization of other funds to compensate the remaining amount is a very critical
point of discussion. This entire project is aimed at providing a long term and sustainable
solution to the initiatives.