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Genera Study

- The complainant discovered an unauthorized debit transaction of Rs. 44,000 from his ICICI bank account on November 16, 2010. - An unknown person added themselves as a payee named "ICICI Secure" and fraudulently debited the funds. - The complainant was notified of the transaction by ICICI's transaction monitoring department and immediately requested to stop the payment, but the funds had already been debited. - A complaint was filed with ICICI customer care and an FIR was also registered with the local police regarding the fraudulent transaction. - The complainant is requesting ICICI to reverse the transaction and refund his money.

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Prabhat Kumar
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52 views

Genera Study

- The complainant discovered an unauthorized debit transaction of Rs. 44,000 from his ICICI bank account on November 16, 2010. - An unknown person added themselves as a payee named "ICICI Secure" and fraudulently debited the funds. - The complainant was notified of the transaction by ICICI's transaction monitoring department and immediately requested to stop the payment, but the funds had already been debited. - A complaint was filed with ICICI customer care and an FIR was also registered with the local police regarding the fraudulent transaction. - The complainant is requesting ICICI to reverse the transaction and refund his money.

Uploaded by

Prabhat Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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History of India

The Indus Civilization: Its Origin, Nature and Decline


In 1921 with the discovery of Harappa, the world realised that India
was civilized much before the Aryans came to India in 1500 B. C.

Civilization developed in and around Indus valley area and hence


called Indus Valley Civilization.

Civilization larger than that of Mesopotamia and Egypt

Known for Uniform town planning with efficient drainage system


grid pattern streets and large Structures made of burnt bricks.

• Trade with as far as Mesopotamian

Origin
Indus Valley Civilization gradually evolved out of the Pre-
Harappan Village Cultures between 3500 B.C. To 2500 B.C.
Resulted in Settlements in Sindh, Rajasthan and Baluchistan
Mundigak in southern Afganistan grew into a township of
impressive proportions with massive defensive walls and
square bastions of semi-dried bricks.
A large building with rows of pillar s has been identified as a
palace.
Another large structure looks like a temple.
An increasing quantity of pottery was decorated with a red ship
and black paint, there was a growing use of naturalistic
decoration showing birds, ibex, bulls and pipal trees
• Female figurines of the Zhob mother goddess type are found
• Semi precious stone as Lapis Lazuli and Steatite show their
contacts with Iran and central Asia since these stones are not
available locally
Damb Sadaat, in the Quetta Valley
• Large Houses having brick walls have been discovered
• Distinctive figurines of terracotta, both female and animal
forms have been found.
• Amoung the animal figurines the humped bull with painted
decoration is noteworthy.
• Painted pottery
• Use of Clay seals and copper objects
Rana Gundai
Finely painted pottery with freizes of humped bulls in black,
upon a buff to red surface.
Zhob Goddess figurines and those of hundred bulls

• In Anjira, Togan, Nindowari and Balakot, ( Central and


Southern Baluchistan) – Impact of Persian Gulf showing
humped bull and Pipal motifs on the pottery.
• Amri, in Sindh, had habitation in houses of Stone and mud
bricks
• Kot Diji has a massive defensive wall built around. The
• In Mehrgarh, various kinds of beads of stone and seals
• At Eahman Dheri exhibits extraordinary regularity of plan. It
appears to be a well laid out oblong, regularly laid out, straight
narrow lanes, are visible.
• At Tarakai Qila, in the Bannu Area evidence of fortification.
Massive samples of seeds and grains with varieties of wheat
and barley, lentils and a field pea. Presence of Grain
harvesting. A huge factory for making stone tools was
discovered
• In Punjab, Harappa has also yielded a Pre-Indus phase
beneath its urban phase.
• In Kalibagan, in north Rajasthan, evidence of early harappan
period as people lived in mud bricks, bangle of copper and
several flat axes. Ploughed field surface with furrows in two
directions. Knowledge of Double cropping at this early stage
itself.
Nature
An Extensive Civilization
With an area of 1,299,600 sq. Kms with Harappa Ghaggar
Mohenjodaro axis representing the heartland of the Harappan
Civilization.
Harappa and Mohenjodaro stand out as twin capitals of the
Harappan State
Lothal was the most important sea outlet in the Rann of Kutch.

• An urban civilization with town planning, grid pattern streets,


elaborate drainage system, use of burnt bricks, large structures.
• Mohenjodar, Harappan and Kalibagan show certain
uniformities in their planning.
• The uniformity suggest presence of a centralised and efficient
administrative administrative mechanism.
• On the west side there was a citadel built on high podium of
mud bricks. It contained large structures, which might have
functioned as adminstrative and ritual centres.
• The lower city in the east contained residential areas.
• In Mohenjodaro and Harappan the citadel was surrounded by
brick wall
• At Kalibagan a wall surrounded both the citadel and the lower
city.
• The grid pattern streets in which they cut each other at right
angles, thereby, dividing the whole city into rectangular
blocks.
• In Mohenjodaro there were no homogenous horizontal units.
The alignment of streets and buildings in one part of
Mohenjodaro is quite different from the rest of the areas.
• Usual building material was brick both burnt and sun dried.
• Many of the lanes and streets had brick drains, covered over
by bricks or sometimes stone slabs.
• The street drains were equipped with manholes and sometimes
flowed into soakage pits.
• All large houses had private wells.
• Presence of stairways
• Presence of Class division
• Presence of Shopping area and crafts workshop

• Presence of Great Bath at Mohenjodaro, which was originally


finished with timber treads set in bitumen.
• The bet of the bath was made watertight with bitumen and
gypsum mortar
• Water was supplied from a large well
• There was a highly corbelled drain disgorging water too.
• The bath was surrounded by porticoes and set of rooms may
be for ritual bathing.
• Great Granary of Mohenjodaro consisted of twenty seven
blocks of brickwork criss crossed by ventilation channels
• Presence of loading bays from which the grains were raised in
the storage .
• Harappa has two rows of six grainaries. The total area was
about 800 sq. M.
• Area for threshing grains
• Agricultural economy and surplus production
• Economic Life
Presence of Wooden Plough
The famous King Sargon of Akkad (2350 B.C.) in Mesopotamia
boast that the ships of Dilmun, Magan and Meluhha were
moored at his capital
The weights followed a binary system in the lower denominations
1, 2, 4,8, to 64 then going to 160 and then in decimal multiples
of 16, 320, 640, 1600, 3200 etc.
Made of chert, limestone, steatitle cubical in shape were based
upon a unit of foot of 37.6 and a unit of cubit of about 51.8 to
53.6 cms.
Such uniform system of weights and measures indicates attempts
by the central authorities to regulate exchange among
Harappans and Non-Harappans
At Lothal a terracotta model of a ship and possibly a dockyard.
Inland transport by bullock carts and rivers by boat.

• Polity
• Presence of Decision making body for running the municipal
system
• The Granaries indicate presence of authority
• The tools, weapons, bricks indicate uniformity of design
• Presence of monumental structures like temples, palaces
• Presence of seals
Religion
The Harappan Civilization provided a firm foundation to
Hinduism
Diety surrounded by wild animals which Marshall identified with
God Pasupati, God of Beasts
Worship of Phallic Emblem of Lord Shiva, It it is true thatn
Saivism can legitimately be claimed as the oldest living
religion of world
Dear Sir,
 
I am Rakesh Ranjan Kumar having corporate salary account in ICICI bank (GK-1, New
Delhi, 002901524515) from last five years. On 16-Nov-2010 a fraudulent debit transaction was carried out
on account by an unknown person. This transaction was for amount Rs 44,000 . The person who carried
out this fraud had added himself in list of payees as "ICICI Secure"

I came to know about this transaction when I got a call from icici transaction monitoring department. I told
them  that  no such transaction had been  carried out by me  requested them to stop the transaction,  but
my account had  already been debited by  Rs. 44,000 . I have logged a complained  at icici bank
customer care (Complaint number: - SR158088125) and also filed a  FIR  at  local Police station , Mayur
Vihar Phase 1 .

Please reverse this transaction and help me get my hard earned money. 

Regards,
Rakesh

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