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Active Transducer

RTDs and thermistors are types of active transducers that produce an analog voltage or current in response to temperature changes. RTDs use platinum, nickel, or copper resistance wires whose resistance increases predictably with temperature. Thermistors are semiconductors with resistance that decreases with increasing temperature. Thermocouples use the voltage produced from joining two different metals at both a hot and cold junction to measure temperature.

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Babasrinivas Guduru
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99 views

Active Transducer

RTDs and thermistors are types of active transducers that produce an analog voltage or current in response to temperature changes. RTDs use platinum, nickel, or copper resistance wires whose resistance increases predictably with temperature. Thermistors are semiconductors with resistance that decreases with increasing temperature. Thermocouples use the voltage produced from joining two different metals at both a hot and cold junction to measure temperature.

Uploaded by

Babasrinivas Guduru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 4

MEASURING
DEVICES
(SENSOR & TRANSDUCER)
ACTIVE
TRANSDUCER
ACTIVE TRANSDUCER
 Also known as self generating transducer.
 Do not require an external power and they produce
an analog voltage or current when stimulated by
some physical form or energy.
 Examples:

 RTD
 THERMISTOR
 THERMOCOUPLE
RTD
 RTD is a Resistance Temperature Detector.
 RTD are temperature sensors that is based on the
principles; metal resistance increasing with temperature.
 RTD are made of materials whose resistance changes in
accordance with temperature.
 It is commonly employ platinum, nickel as resistance
wires elements whose resistance varies with temperature.

A commercial Thermo Works RTD probe


RTD CONT’D
RTD CONT’D
Type of RTD Temperature Resistance
Range oC Coefficient Alpha (α)
Ω/Co
Platinum -184 to 815 0.0039
Nickel -73 to 149 0.0067
Copper -51 t0 149 0.0042
Tungsten -73 to 276 0.0045
A table for RTD that shows the type of material, temperature range,
and the amount of resistance per oC

Nickel and copper wire are less expensive and easier to manufacture
than platinum. The are often used in low-range industrial applications.
RTD CONT’D
 The relationship between temperature and resistance of
conductor in the temperature range near 0°C can be
calculated from the equation:-
Difference between
Resistance of the
operating & reference
conductor at ToC
temperature

Rt = Rref ( 1 + αΔT )

Resistance at the Temperature


reference temperature coefficient of
usually 0oC/ 20oC resistance
EXAMPLE 1

What is the resistance of a


platinum RTD at 70oC if the
resistance at 20oC is 135Ω and if
α70oc= 0.00392
EXAMPLE 1
What is the resistance of a platinum RTD at
70°C if the resistance at 20°C is 135Ω and if
α70°C= 0.00392
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 2
A platinum resistance thermometer has a
resistance of 150Ω at 20°C. Calculate its
resistance at 50°C (α70oC= 0.00392)
SOLUTION
THERMISTOR
 Thermistor or thermal resistors are semiconductors
devices that behave as resistors with a usually negative
high temperature coefficient of resistance.
 This means that their resistance decreases as their
temperature rises.
 It is made by sintering mixtures of metallic oxide, such
as oxide manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper and uranium.
 They are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.
Their wide range characteristics also permit them to be
used in limiting and regulation circuits as time delay.
 Thermistor are much smaller and cheaper. It gives a fast
output response to temperature changes but they have
lower measurement sensitivity compared to RTD.
THERMISTOR CONT’D

Typical thermistor configurations

Electrical symbol of a thermistor


THERMISTOR CONT’D
 The temperature-resistance characteristics of a
thermistor is of exponential type and is given by:

 1 1 
   

RT  Ro e  T To 

Ro = resistance at the reference temperature To (Kelvin)


RT = resistance at the measured temperature T (Kelvin)
β = experimentally determined constant for the given thermistor
material.
0oC = 273 K
THERMISTOR CONT’D

Relationship between R and T (oF)


R decreases as the T increases
EXAMPLE 3
For a certain thermistor, β=3140K and the resistance at
27oC is known to be 1050Ω. The thermistor is used for
temperature measurement and the resistance measured is
2330Ω. Find the measured temperature.
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 4
The circuit below is to be used for temperature
measurement. The thermistor is a 4-kΩ type identified in (
Figure in slide No 9). The meter is a 50-mA ammeter with
a resistance of 3Ω, Rc is set to 17Ω , and the power supply
VT is 15V. What will the meter reading at 150oF be?
A

RT Thermistor

VT
Rc
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 5
At room temperature (25oC), the voltmeter in the figure
below gives a reading of 2 V. The temperature of a material
is measured using the thermistor and the voltmeter now
gives a reading of 4 V. If given that VT is 20 V, β is 4000K,
Rc is 1kΩ and the internal resistance of the voltmeter is
100Ω, what is the temperature of the measured material?

RT Thermistor

VT
Rc V
SOLUTION
THERMOCOUPLE
 Thermocouple normally used to convert temperature to
voltage.
 The construction of thermocouple is shown below:

Temperature
Depends on
being
measured Material
(wire)
Temperature
Difference

Sensing junction Basic construction of thermocouple


THERMOCOUPLE CONT’D
 It consists of a pair of conductor from different type of
materials.
 Both conductors are connected on one side to give a
close loop where the temperature is measured.
 This side is called the hot junction or sensing junction.
The hot junction (sensing junction) is placed in or on the
material being tasted.
 The other side where both conductors are opened is
called the cold junction. It is connected to the voltage-
measuring equipment. This side is maintained in hot and
cold junction gives the magnitude of voltage, V.
THERMOCOUPLE CONT’D
Made – diff. metals or metal alloys covering a wide
range of temperatures (-270oC  2700oC)

Output Voltage of the Thermocouple, Vo

Vo= c (T1 – T2) + k (T12 - T22)

c(mV/oC) and k(mV/oC2) = constants of the thermocouple materials


T1 = the temperature of the ‘hot’ junction
T2 = the temperature of the ‘cold’ or ‘reference’ junction
THERMOCOUPLE CONT’D
EXAMPLE 6
During experiments with a copper-constantan
thermocouple it was found that c = 3.75 x 10-2 mV/oC
and k = 4.5 x 10-5 mV/oC2. If T1=100oC and the cold
junction T2 is kept in ice, compute the output voltage.
(4.2 mV)
SOLUTION
END
OF
PART 2

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