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Degenerate Hyperbola.: Conic Sections Geometric Properties of Curves

1) Conic sections are geometric shapes formed by the intersection of a plane and a cone. The four types are circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. 2) Circles are defined as all points equidistant from a fixed center point, while ellipses are defined as all points whose sum of distances to two fixed foci is constant. 3) Equations of conic sections can be derived geometrically. For example, the standard equation of a circle with center at the origin is x^2 + y^2 = r^2, where r is the radius.

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John Renzo Erfelo
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62 views

Degenerate Hyperbola.: Conic Sections Geometric Properties of Curves

1) Conic sections are geometric shapes formed by the intersection of a plane and a cone. The four types are circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas. 2) Circles are defined as all points equidistant from a fixed center point, while ellipses are defined as all points whose sum of distances to two fixed foci is constant. 3) Equations of conic sections can be derived geometrically. For example, the standard equation of a circle with center at the origin is x^2 + y^2 = r^2, where r is the radius.

Uploaded by

John Renzo Erfelo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Conic Sections - If the cutting plane passes through the

cone axis containing the vertex and two


Geometric Properties of Curves
sides of the cone, we obtain two
- The history of mathematics tells us that intersecting lines. This is known as a
the conics were already studied degenerate hyperbola.
extensively by the ancient Greeks. It was
Conics in the Coordinate Plane
Apollonius of Perga (3rd century B. C.) who
wrote an extensive treatise on these - Ax2 + By2 + Cxy + Dx + Ey + F = 0
curves which he called conic sections. In (General Form) where A&B ≠ 0
fact, he was able to produce 8 books and
Circle
about 400 propositions or theorems on
the subject. Apollonius is credited for - A circle is the set of all points (x, y) in
having given the names ellipse, parabola, the plane whose distance from a fixed
and hyperbola. point is a constant. The fixed point is
- If the plane cuts one nappe called the center, while the distance
perpendicular to the cone axis as in the from the center is called the radius.
figure, the figure formed is a circle. Center at the Origin
- If the plane cuts one nappe at an angle
with the cone axis, the resulting figure is - Drawn in the figure is a circle whose
an ellipse. center is at the origin, C(0, 0), and radius
- If the plane cuts one nappe parallel to the is r. Let P(x, y) be a point on the circle.
side of a cone, the figure formed is a - Then using the distance formula
parabola. between two points,
- Finally, if the plane intersects both r = √(𝒙 − 𝟎)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟎)𝟐
nappes and is parallel to the cone axis, = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
the figure is a hyperbola. Squaring both sides of the equation,
- When the cutting plane crosses the x2 + y2 = r2
vertex, the figure formed is called a - From the given examples, we notice
degenerate conic. There are three the following about the equation of a
degenerate cases of the conic sections. circle whose center is at the origin.
- If the cutting plane passes through the 1. The equation is quadratic in both
vertex perpendicular to the cone axis, we variables x and y.
get a point as shown in the figure. This is 2. The coefficients of x2 and y2 are equal.
known as a degenerate ellipse. 3. There are no x and y terms.
- If the plane cuts through a side of the - From these properties, we obtain the
cones through the vertex, we have a general form of the equation of a circle
single line. This is known as a degenerate whose center is at the origin:
parabola. Ax2 + Ay2 +E = 0
- In general, we have three cases of the where a and b are positive and a ≠ b.
general form of the equation Ax2 + Ay2 +
Principal Axis is the X-axis
E = 0.
- Case 1. When –E > 0, we have a circle - In this case, the constant sum of the
whose center A is at the origin and distances from any point given on the
−𝐸 ellipse to the two foci is 2a. With the
radius r = √
𝐴 principal axis at the x-axis and center at
- Case 2. When E = 0, we have a circle of the origin, the foci are F1(c, 0) and F2(-c,
zero radius, the origin. This is called a 0). The vertices are at V1(a, 0) and V2(-a,
degenerate circle or point-circle. 0), while the y-intercepts are at B1(0, b)
−𝐸
- Case 3.When < 0, there is no circle at and B2(0, -b).
𝐴
all in the xy-plane. -

Center at Point C(h,k)

- Let us now consider a circle with center


at C(h, k) and having a radius r as shown
in the figure.
- Applying the distance formula for two
points C(h, k) and P(x, y), we solve for
the value of r.
r = √(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
Squaring both sides, we get,
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2

The Ellipse

- An ellipse is the set of all points (x, y) in


a plane whose distance from two fixed
points in the plane gives a constant sum.
The two fixed points are called its foci
(plural for focus), and the line that
passes through these points is the
principal axis of the ellipse. The
constant sum is greater than the distance
between the two foci.
- The standard form of the equation of the
ellipse whose center is at the origin is
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2

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