SAT II Math Formula Reference

MATH LEVEL IIC 1.3ver

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS

(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)
(f·g)(x)=f(x)·g(x)
(f/g)(x)=f(x)/g(x)
(f g)(x)=f(x) g(x)=f(g(x))

CHAPTER 2 POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

Linear Functions
2 2
Distance= (x1 -x 2 ) +(y1 -y2 )

Ax1 By1  C
Distance=
A2 B 2

m1  m2
Tan= （mis the slope of l.）
1 m1m2

b  b 2  4ac
x 
2a
b
Sumof zeros (roots)= 
a
c
Product of zeros (roots)=
a

CHAPTER 3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Graphs:
y Af (Bx  C)

A is the amplitude

f
 is the period of the graph
B
 C


B is the phase shift

 sin  csc   1
cos  sec   1
tan  cot   1
sin 
tan  
cos 

cos 
cot  

sin 
Quadrant I II III IV
Function: + + - -
sin,csc
cos,sec + - - +
tan,cot + - + -

Arcs and Angles

s r

1
A  r 2
2

Special Angles
0   3 2
2 2
sine 0 1 0 -1 0
cosine 1 0 -1 0 1
tangent 0 und 0 und 0
cotangent und 0 und 0 und
secant 1 und -1 und 1
cosecant und 1 und -1 und
*und: means that the function is undefined because the definition of the function necessitates division by
zero.
  
or30 or45 or60
6 4 3
sine 1
2 3
2
2 2
cosine 1
3 2
2
2 2
tangent 1
3 3
3
cotangent 1
3 3
2
 secant 2
2 3 2
3
cosecant 2
2 2 3
3

Formulas:

1.sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1
2.tan x 2 1 sec2 x
3.cot 2 x 1 csc2 x
4.sin( A B) sin A  cos B  cos A sin B
5.sin( A B) sin A  cos B  cos A sin B
6.cos(A B) cos A cos B  sin A  sin B
7.cos(A B) cos A cos B  sin A  sin B
tan A tan B
8.tan(A B) 
1 tan A  tan B
tan A  tan B
9.tan(A B) 
1tan A  tan B
10.sin 2 A 2sin Acos A
11.cos 2A cos 2 A  sin 2 A
12.cos 2A 2 cos 2 A 1
13.cos 2A  1 2 sin 2 A
A
14.tan 2A  2 tan
1 tan 2 A
1 1 cos A
15.sin A 
2 2
1 1 cos A
16.cos A 
2 2

1sin A 1 cos A
17.tan A
2 1 cos A
 1 co
18. 
sA

sin A
19. 
1 cos A
1
*The correct sign for Formulas 15 through 17is determined by the quadrant in which angle A lies.
2
Triangles
 sin A sin B sin C
Law of sines:  
a b c
 a 2 b2  c 2  2bc cos A
Law of cosines: b a  c  2ac cos B
2 2 2

c 2 a 2  b 2  2ab cos C

1
Area  bc sin A
2
1
Area of a  : Area  ac sin B
2
1
Area  ab sin C
2

CHAPTER 4 MISCELLANEOUS RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

The general quadratic equation

Ax 2 Bxy  Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0

If B  4 AC 0 and A  C , the graph is a circle.

2

If B  4 AC 0 and A C , the graph is an ellipse.

2

If B  4 AC 0 , the graph is a parabola.

2

If B  4 AC 0 , the graph is a hyperbola.

2

Circle:

(x  h)2  ( y  k)2 r 2

Ellipse:

(x  h)2 ( y  k) 2
if C>A,   1 , transverse axis horizontal
a2 b2

(x  h)2 ( y  k) 2
if C<A,   1 , transverse axis vertical, where a 2 b 2  c 2
b2 a2
Vertices: a units along major axis fromcenter
Foci: c units along major axis fromcenter
Length=2b
c
Eccentricity= <1
a
2b 2
Length of latus rectum=
a
Parabola:

if C=0, (x  h) 4 p( y  k) opens up and down---axis of symmetry is vertical

2
if A=0, ( y  k) 4 p(x  h) opens to the side---axis of symmetry is horizontal
2

Equation of axis of symmetry:

x=h if vertical
y=k if horizontal
Focus: p units along the axis of symmetry fromvertex
Equation of directrix:
y=-p if axis of symmetry is vertical
x=-p if axis of symmetry is horizontal
c
Eccentricity= =1
a
Length of latus rectum=4p
Hyperbola:

(x  h) 2 ( y  k)2
  1 , transverse axis horizontal
a2 b2

( y  k)2 (x  h)2
2
 2
 1 , transverse axis vertical, where c 2 a 2  b 2
a b
Vertices: a units along the transverse axis fromcenter
Foci: c units along the transverse fromcenter

2b 2
Length of latus rectum=
a
c
Eccentricity= >1
a
a b
the slopes of the asymptotes are  (vertical)or  (horizontal).
b a
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
 x a  xb x ab
x0  1
x ba x ab
x 1
x a  a
x
(x ) x ab
a b

x a y a (xy) a
logb ( p  q) logb p  log b q
logb 1 0
blogb p  p
 p 
logb   logb p  logb q
q 
logb b  1
logb ( p x ) x  logb p
log p
logb p  a
log a b
Greatest Integer Functions:

 x   i, where i is an interger and i x  i 1

Polar Coordinates:
x
r  cos y
r  sin x
2
y 2 r 2
De Moivre’s Throrem:
z1 x1 y1i r1 (cos 1  i  sin 1 ) r1cis1
and
z2 x2 y2i r2 (cos  2  i  sin  2 ) r2 cis 2 :
1.z1  z2 r1  r2 [cos(1   2 )  i  sin(1   2 )]
z r
If 2. 1  1 [cos(1   2 )  i  sin(1   2 )]
z2 r2


3.z n r n (cos n 2  i  sin n 2 ) r n cisn
 2 k  2 k  2 k
4.z1/ n r1/ n (cos  i sin ) r1/ n cis
n n n
where k is an integer taking on values from 0 to n-1.

CHAPTER 5 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

n! n(n 1)(n  2)...3  2 1

Permutations:
Circular permutation (e.g., around a table) of n elements= (n 1)!

(n 1)!
Circular permutation (e.g., beads on a bracelet) of n elements=
2
n!
Permutations of n elements with a repetitions and with b repetitions=
a!b!
n!
Pr 
n
 n  r !
 n  n Pr the product of the largest r factors of n!
   
 r r! r!

n 
The number of combinations of n things taken r at a time is denoted by n Cr or C(n,r) or   .
r 

 n   n
   
 r
  n  r 


Binomial Theorem:

Tr 1  n C r a nr b r

Probability:

Independent events: P( A B) P( A)  P(B)

P(A B) 0
Mutually exclusive events:
and P(A B) P(A) P(B)
Sequences and Series
In general, an arithmetic sequence is denoted by

t1 ,t1  d,t1  2d, t1  3d......t1  (n 1)d

n
Sn  (t1  tn )
2
or
n
Sn  [2t1  (n 1)d]
2
In general, a geometric sequence is denoted by

t1 , t1r, t1r 2 , t1r 3 ,..., t1r n1

t1 (1 r n )
Sn 
1 r
t
lim Sn  1
n 1 r
Geometry and Vectors

If V (v1 , v2 ) and U (u1,u2 ) ,

U  V (u1  v1 ,u2  v 2 )

V  (v1 ) 2  (v2 )2

V U v1u1  v2u2

Two vectors are perpendicular if and only if V U 0

Logic:
conjunction (A  B)
disjunction (A  B)
implication (A B), negation, A  B '
If A B is true, then B ' A' is also true.
Determinates:

ac
ad  bc
bd

ax  by c
If  
dx  ey  f

c b a c
f e d f
x , y
a b a b
d e d e

Geometry:
Distance between two points with coordinates
(x1 , y1 , z1 )and  x2 , y2 , z2  


(x1 x2 )2  ( y1 y2 )2  (z1 z2 )2

The distance between a point and a plane:

Ax1 By1  Cz1 D

Distance=
A2 B 2  C 2
Triange:
Heron’s formular:

s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c); a,b, c are the three sides of the triangle,
A= 1
S= (a  b  c)
2
Rhombus:
 1
Area=bh= d1d 2 ;b base, h height, d diagonal
2
Cylinder

Volume=  r h
2

Later surface area= 2 rh

Total surface area= 2 rh 2 r

2

Cone:
The volume of the cone:
1
V   r 2 h
3
1
Later surface area   r r  h  cl
2 2

Total surface area   r r  h   r

2 2 2

Sphere
4
Volume=  r
3

3
Surface area= 4 r
2