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HOA MODULE 2
History of Architecture Classical Architecture and the
Western Succession

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Module 2 Overview
2.1 Greek Architecture
2.2 Roman Architecture
2.3 Early Christian Architecture GREEK
Byzantine Architecture
2.4
2.5 Romanesque Architecture ARCHITECTURE
2.6 Gothic Architecture
2.7 Renaissance Architecture
2.8 Modern Architecture
2.9 Postmodern Architecture

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Greek (800-300 B.C.) Greek (800-300 B.C.)

▪ Delicacy of outline, perfected proportions and refined ▪ Major public buildings were built with limestone and
treatment. marble. locks of stone were held in place by bronze or
▪ Based the different proportions of their construction iron pins set into molten lead.
systems on mathematical ratios.
▪ The first manifestation was a wooden structure of
upright posts supporting beams and sloping rafters.
▪ Completed with sophisticated optical corrections for
perspective.

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AEGEAN PERIOD

Phases ▪ Structures were generally rough and massive.

▪ The capital is ornamented with asquare abacus, and
Aegean, Hellenic, and Hellenistic
a circular bulbous echinus.
▪ Cyclopean walls: large stones without mortar, onclay
bedding.
▪ Megaron: single-storey dwelling with a central room
and porticoed entrance; columns support roof;
thalamus (bedroom).

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Treasury of
Atreus

EXAMPLES
Beginning in the late BronzeAge, the
kings were buried outside the city in
great beehive—or tholos—tombs,
monumental symbols of wealth and
power.

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The Lion Gate

Mycenae, Greece.

Part of the citadel palace of

Agamemnon; Cyclopean walls of
boulders weighing 5-6 tons were eased
into alignment with pebbles.

Section and plan, Treasury of Atreus.

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HELLENIC PERIOD HELLENISTIC PERIOD

▪ Of or pertaining to ancient Greek history, culture and ▪ From the time of Alexander the Great’s death; Greek
art, especially before the time of Alexander the Great. culture was modified by foreign elements.
▪ The temple became the chief buildingtype. ▪ A diversion from religious building types; civic
▪ Columnar and trabeated; Carpentry in marble structures were also built; later will be an inspiration
▪ Materials used were timber, stone, and terracotta. for Roman architecture.
▪ Refinements to correct optical illusion (entasis, ▪ The design and layout of buildings are symmetrical
swelling of columns) and orderly.
▪ Structures were ornamented with sculptures,colors, ▪ Moldings were used for decorations.
and mural paintings. ▪ Entrances faced east.

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Greek Temples
The chief building type of the Hellenic Period.

1) First Temple of Apollo at Thermos, Greece; 2) Plan: Later Temple of Apollo at Thermos.

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Acropolis
"City on the height." In classical Greek architecture, a
city stronghold or fortress constructed on higher
ground than surrounding urbanfabric.

The Acropolis of Athens. (Reconstructed model)

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Temenos
1 Parthenon
3 Erechtheum
4 Statue of Athena Promachos
5 Propylaea The sacred area or enclosure surroundinga classical
6 Temple of Athena Nike
12 Altar of Athena
Greek temple.
15 Odeon of Herodes Atticus
16 Stoa of Eumenes
18 Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
19 Odeon of Pericles

The Acropolis of Athens.

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Parthenon
Propylaea Athens, Greece. Ictinus and Callicrates.
A monumental gateway to a sacred enclosure,
fortification, town or square. Built from 447-438 B.C. in honor of
Athena, the city’s patron goddess.
Used the proportion 2n+1 in determining
the number of columns on the sides of a
temple.

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Naos or cella, principal

chamber; enclosed part of the
temple where the cult image
was kept.
Pronaos or anticum, an open
vestibule before the cella.
Epinaos or posticum, rear
vestibule.
Opisthodomos, a small room
in the cella as for a treasury.

Parts of a Greektemple. Parts of a Greektemple.

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Parthenon
Optical Corrections Planning of Temples
▪ Entasis, a slight convex curve in the Greek and Roman temples are described according to
shaft of acolumn; the number of columns on the entrance front, the type
▪ the stylobate curves upward;
▪ the columns taper toward the top; of colonnade, and the type of portico.
▪ the columns at the corners angle
inwards and are thicker than the
others;
▪ and the column flutes deepen
toward the top.

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Number of columns
▪ 1 - hemostyle ▪ 7 - heptastyle
▪ 2 - distyle ▪ 8 - octastyle
▪ 3 - tristyle ▪ 9 - enneastyle
▪ 4 - tetrastyle ▪ 10 - decastyle
▪ 5 - pentastyle ▪ 12 -dodecastyle
▪ 6 - hexastyle

Terminologies.

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In-antis: anta, columns are

Column arrangement between anta and at front.

Amphi-antis: double anta, at
front andrear.
Prostyle: portico at front only.
▪ Determines the type of colonnade a classical temple Amphiprostyle: porticoes at
has. front andrear.
Peripteral: columns on all
sides.
Pseudo-peripteral: columns
attached to naos.
Dipteral: double line of
columns surrounding the naos
Pseudo-dipteral: like dipteral,
but inner columns are
attached to the naos.

Variations in column arrangement.

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Intercolumnation
The systematic spacing of columns expressed as
multiples of column diameters.
▪ 1.50D Pycnostyle
▪ 2.00D Systyle
▪ 2.25D Eustyle
▪ 3.00D Diastyle
▪ 4.00D Araeostyle

Vitruvius’ Rules for the Diameter, Height, and Spacing ofColumns.

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The Greek Orders

The Greek Orders ▪ Doric
▪ Ionic
An order is one of the predominating styles in ▪ Corinthian
classical architecture. The orders of ancient Greek
classical architecture: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

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DORIC
Characteristics
▪ Oldest, simplest and most massive of the three Greek ▪ Fluted (concave curves) columns
orders. having no base;
▪ Developed in Greece in the 7th century B.C.
▪ Capital: square abacus at top,
rounded echinus at the bottom;

▪ Entablature: plain architrave, a

frieze of triglyphs and metopes,
and a cornice, the corona on which
has mutules on its soffit.

▪ Column: H= 4-6 * column base⌀

Entablature: H=1 3/4 * lower ⌀

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Parthenon
Athens, Greece. Ictinus and Callicrates.

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IONIC
Characteristics
▪ Developed in the Ionian Islands (now western Turkey) ▪ Fluted columns typically had
in the 6th centuryB.C. molded bases.
▪ Used for smaller buildings andinteriors.
▪ Capital: spiral volutes.

▪ Entablature; consists of an
architrave of three fascias, a richly
ornamented frieze, and a cornice
corbeled out on egg and dart and
dentil moldings.

▪ Column: H=9 * column base ⌀; 24

flutes separated by fillets
Entablature: H=2 ¼ * column ⌀

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Temple of
Athena Nike
Athens, Greece. Callicrates.

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CORINTHIAN
Characteristics
▪ Named after the city of Corinth, where sculptor ▪ Similar in most respects to Ionic
Callimachus supposedly invented it afterhe spotted but usually of slender proportions.
boblet surrounded by leaves.
▪ Capital: deep-bell shaped
▪ Similar to the Ionic order in its base, column, and decorated with acanthus leaves
entablature, but its capital is more ornate, carved with and an abacus with concavesides.
two tiers of curly acanthus leaves.
▪ Column: H=10 * column base ⌀

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Temple of
Apollo Epicurius
Ictinus. Bassae.

The Corinthian order used for the first

time; Built of fine-grained, brittle grey
limestone; details in marble, roof of thin
marble slabs.

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Figured columns Figured columns

▪ Caryatid: Also kore, a carved statue of a draped ▪ Atlas, telamon (Gk.) plural atlantes: a massive carved
female figure which functions as a column. statuesque stooping male figure, often serving as a
columnar support for a pediment.
▪ Canephora, canephore, canephorum, kanephoros:
`basket-carrying´; a carved statuesque column of a ▪ Herm, herma plural hermae: a square taperedcolumn
draped female figure carrying a basket, or with a capped with the carved head, bust or torso of a figure,
basket on her head. usually Hermes; originally used by the Greeks as a
boundary marker, later as decoration.

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Erechtheion
Athens, Greece. Mnesikles.

1) Treasury of Siphnos, Delphi, Greece, c.525 BC; 2) Erechtheion, Athens, Greece, 420–406BC, Mnesikles;
3) Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Italy, 1300–1400; 4) Palazzo Valmorana, Padua, Italy, 1566, AndreaPalladio

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AGORA
Civic Buildings Tyre, Lebanon.

A market or meeting place in a Greek

city, the hub of public life where the most
important public buildings weresituated.

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THEATRON
Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus.

Designed for the presentation of plays in

which choral songs and dances were
prominent features.

Open-air, usually hollowed out of the

slope of a hillside with a tiered seating
area around and facing a circular
orchestra backed by the skene, a
building for the actor’s use.
Parts of a Greektheater.

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STOA PRYTANEION
Stoa of Attalos. Athens. Prytaneion of Panticapaeum. Ukraine.

An ancient Greek portico, usually Senate house; A public town hall for the
detached and of considerable length, citizens of ancient Greece, containing
used as a promenade or meeting place state banquet halls and hospitality
around public places. suites.

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BOULEUTERION ODEION
Bouleuterion. Priene. Ephesus Odeon. Turkey.

Council chamber with rows of stepped A roofed theatre building in antiquity,

benches surrounding a central platform. especially one for the performance of
vocal and instrumental music.

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STADION HIPPODROME
Nemea Stadion. Greece. Hippodrome. Tyre, Lebanon.

An ancient Greek elongated sports venue An open or roofed track or arena for
with rounded ends, surrounded on all chariot and horse racing in ancient
sides by banked spectator stands; venue Greece.
for foot racing.

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PALAESTRA GYMNASION
Palaestra, Vaison-la-Romaine. Pompeii Gymnasion.

Wrestling house; A place used for the An ancient Greek centre for sports, with
instruction and practice of wrestling and buildings, playing areas and baths.
athletics.

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Megaron
Residential Buildings ▪ An early Greek dwelling type.

▪ A long rectangular central hall in a

Mycenaean palace complex, which
may have served as atemple.

▪ Parts consists of an open porch, a

vestibule, and a large hall with a
central hearth and athrone.

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Prostas
1 prodomos – porch A Greek dwelling-type entered from the street via a
2 doma – main room passage to an open courtyard, around which all spaces
3 thalamos – rear chamber are arranged; the principal rooms are accessed via a
4 hearth niche-like anteroom or prostas.

Megaron, Dimini, Thessaly (Greece), neolithic period.

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5 court, courtyard Pastas

6 prostas – anteroom
7 prothyron – entrance A dwelling-type from the classical period of northern
8 thyroreion – entrance passage Greece, 423–348 BC, with a courtyard in the centre of
9 pastas – veranda the south side and deep columned veranda or pastas
10 andron – mens' dining room affording access to rooms.
14 room's function uncertain;
bed chamber, living room, storeetc.

Prostas house, house 33, Priene, Ionia (modern Turkey), 200–100BC.

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Peristyle
5 court, courtyard
8 thyroreion – entrance passage
9 pastas – veranda A Greek dwelling-type whose open courtyard is
10 andron – mens' dining room
surrounded by colonnades on all sides, often more
luxurious than a prostas or pastas house.
11 kitchen
14 room's function uncertain;
bed chamber, living room, storeetc.

Pastas houses, Olynthus (Greece), c.300 BC.

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Urban Planning
5 court, courtyard; 8 thyroreion – entrance passage; 9 pastas
– veranda; 10 andron – mens' dining room; 11 kitchen; 12
peristylion – peristyle; 13 hestia, eschara – altar; 14 room's
function uncertain; bed chamber, living room, store etc.

Peristyle house, Maison de la Colline, Delos (Greece), c.200BC.

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Hippodamian Grid System

A acropolis: citadel
A rectilinear town layout in which blocks of dwellings are Bgate
divided up by narrow side streets linked together by C via sacra, sacra via: sacred road
wider mainroads, developed by the Ionian Hippodamus D city walls
of Miletus in the 5th century BC.
E agora: main square

MILETUS, Ionia, Ancient Greece (now Turkey); town plan probably by Hippodamus of Miletus c.450–400 BC.

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G nymphaeum: fountain house,

nymph temple

H temple
Kplateia (pl. plateiai): main street
L steponos (pl. steponoi): side street
M gymnasion: sports hall
N stoa: colonnaded court
Roman
Othermae: baths Architecture
Qheroon (monopteros): heroic shrine
R synagogue (basilica)
T warehouse

MILETUS, Ionia, Ancient Greece (now Turkey); town plan probably by Hippodamus of Miletus c.450–400 BC.

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Roman (300 B.C. - 365 A.D.) Roman (300 B.C. - 365 A.D.)
▪ Ostentation, interiors were elaborately ornamented ▪ Marble, granite, and alabaster were the primary facing
and exteriors remained austere. materials, as well as stucco and mosaics.
▪ Influenced by the Etruscans, and combinedtheir use ▪ Sophisticated building services such as,plumbing,
of the arch, vault, and dome with the Greeks’ columns. heating, and water supply.
▪ The invention and development of concrete led to a ▪ On an urban scale it also produced an impressive
system of vaulting, which demonstrated their array of planningelements.
sophisticated engineering skills.
▪ Placed an emphasis on monumental public buildings.

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The Roman Orders

The Roman Orders ▪ Tuscan

The orders of ancient Roman classical architecture: ▪ Composite
Tuscan or Etruscan and Composite.

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TUSCAN COMPOSITE
The Etruscans’ simplified version of the A classical Roman order, a hybrid of
Doric Order with smooth-shafted Ionian and Corinthian, with fluted
columns, a simple capital, base and columns, a capital with both volutes and
entablature. acanthus leaves, a base and an
entablature with dentils.

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Materials and Methods Opus

Plural opera, “work” (Latin); an artisticcomposition
or pattern, especially as used in relation to Roman
stonework and walling construction.

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Advantages of using concrete

Roman concrete ▪ Strong, cheap, and easy to use.
Combined volcanic ash - called pozzolana - and lime ▪ Doesn’t have to be quarried, cut, or transported unlike
with sand, water, and gravel. real stone.
▪ Can be mixed on the buildingsite.
▪ Can be casted in a mold of virtually any shape.

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1 opus siliceum: polygonal masonry, cyclopean masonry, Pelasgic masonry; 2 emplecton: coursed stone masonry;
7 opus vittatum mixtum, opus mixtum vittatum, banded brick and ashlar; 8 opus listatum, banded brick and rubble;
3 graecorum structura – 'Greek construction'; 4 opus antiquum, opus incertum, opus intercentum,
9 opus reticulatum mixtum; 10 opus reticulatum – 'meshwork'; 11 opus quasi reticulatum; 12 opus africanum –
coursed stone masonry; 5 opus gallicum, murus gallicus: 'Gallic wall'; 6 opus testaceum, opus latericium, opus
'African work'
lateritium, brick-faced concrete

Roman masonry and concretewalling. Roman opus mixtum.

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Arch
A curved structure for spanning an opening,
designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial
compression.
13 opus isodomum, opus quadratum, coursed ashlar; 14 opus pseudoisodomum; 15 opus spicatum:herringbone
brickwork; 16 opus craticium: wattle and daub; 17 opus signinum: rough render; 18 opus caementicium, opus
concretum, opus structile, structura caementic

Roman opus mixtum.

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Parts of anarch. Typologies, round arch.

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Vault
An arched structure of stone, brick, or reinforced
concrete, forming a ceiling or roof over a hall room,
or other wholly or partially enclosed space.

Typologies, pointed arch.

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Civic Buildings

Typologies, vault.

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Imperial Forum
FORUM
Roman Forum, Italy. No streets and no spatial or axial connections between
the spaces; the elements are simply bonded to each
other to create a sequence of open, colonnaded, and
The public square or marketplace of an
ancient Roman city, the center of judicial enclosed spaces.
and business affairs, and a place of
assembly for the people, usually
including a basilica and atemple.

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Forum Romanum
Oldest forum in Rome; Open space, rectangular inshape,
enclosed by different institutional and public buildings,
serving as the city's marketplace and centre of public
business.

Imperial Forums.

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Forum Romanum. View eastward into the ForumRomanum.

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1 tribune – apse, podium

BASILICA 2 navis media – nave
3 aisle
Basilica of Maxentius. Rome.
4 chalcidicum – porch
5 porticus, portico, colonnade
A Roman building-type, rectangular in
shape with an apse at either end, used 6 exedra, apse
as a meeting place, courthouse,
7 epicranitis – moulding
marketplace, and lecture hall.
8 clerestory window
9 coffered ceiling

Basilica of Maxentius (Basilica of Constantine, Basilica Maxentii), Rome, 306–312 AD.

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THERMAE
Thermae of Caracalla.

Establishments that were built for

washing, as well as exercising,
entertaining, and conducting business.

Basilica of Maxentius (Basilica of Constantine, Basilica Maxentii), Rome, 306–312 AD.

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20 vestibulum – entrance hall

21 main entrance
22 apodyterium – changing room
23 palaestra – wrestling area
24 ambulatio – exercise
25 balneum – bathing pool
26 destrictarium – massage
27 laconicum (dry), sudatorium (wet) – sweating rooms
28 schola – conversation
29 caldarium – hot baths
30 heliocaminus – a solar-heated room
31 tepidarium – lukewarm baths
32 frigidarium – cold baths
33 natatio – swimming pool
34 exedrae – libraries and lecture halls
35 xystus – gardens, parks
36 stadium or waterfall
38 aqueduct
39 tabernae – shops, restaurants

Thermae of Caracalla, Rome, 212–216AD. Thermae of Caracalla, Rome, 212–216AD.

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GYMNASIUM
Gymnasium of Hadrian, Ephesus,
Turkey.

Centre for sports, with buildings, playing

areas and baths.

Hypocaust. System of flues on the floor or walls of Roman baths that provided central heating.

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1dromos – running track

2 xyst, xystus – passage, colonnade
3 sfairisterion, sphaeristerium – ball games
4 cryptoportico, cryptoporticus
5 palaestra – wrestling hall
AMPHITHEATER
6 korykeion, coryceum – boxing Colosseum. Rome.
7 ephebeion, ephebeum – main hall and classrooms
8 apodyterion – dressing room
A classical arena for gladiatorial
9 elaiothesion, elaeothesium – oil and lotion store
contests and spectacles consisting of an
10 alipterion, unctuarium – oiling and massage oval or round space surrounded by tiered
11konisterion, conisterium – sanding and powdering seating for spectators.
12 laconicum (dry), sudatorium (wet) – steam bath
13 caldarium, calidarium – hot baths

14 tepidarium – lukewarm baths

15 frigidarium – cold baths

Gymnasium of Hadrian, Ephesus,Turkey.

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1Doric order, 1st storey

2 Ionic order, 2nd storey
3 Corinthian order, 3rd storey
4 Composite order, 4th storey
5 balteus, corona podii – parapet 15 pulvinar – box, loge
6 podium – dignitaries' enclosure, 'ringside' (a) emperor's, (b) consuls' and Vestalvirgins'
7 maenianum primum, ima cavea – first tier 21 porta triumphalis – triumphal gate
8 maenianum media, media cavea – middle tier 22 porta pompae – ceremonial gate
9 maenianum summum, summa cavea – upper tier 23 porta libitinensis – funerary gate
10maenianum summum in lignis – upper wooden tier, 24 porta sanavivaria – gate of life
'peanut gallery' 25 hypogeum, hypogaeum – underground
11 gradus – row of seats spaces
12 praecinctio, precinctio, balteus – horizontal gangway
13 aditus – entrance to cavea
14 vomitorium (pl. vomitoria) – exit, escape route

Superimposed orders; elevation of amphitheatre; cavea, visorium – section through seating Plan of amphitheatre

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THEATRUM
1 logeion, pulpitum – platform
2 proskenion, okribas, proscaenium
– front stage
Pompeii, Italy.
3hyposkenion – lower stage
4 episkenion – upper stage
A Roman theatre building or structure; a 5skenotheke, scaena frons – stage
building or arena with a stage and wall
auditorium for the production and
6 aulaeum – curtain
performance of theatrical works.
7parapetasma, siparium –
secondary curtain

Pompeii, Italy, c.30 AD; Oropus, Greece, c.200 BC.

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8orkhestra, orchestra – choir

9 thymele – altar
10paraskenion, versurae –
secondary stage CURIA
11parados, itinera versurarum –
side entrance
Curia Julia.

12 thyroma – stage door

21prohedria – front seats Senate house; Greek Prytaneion.
22podium – diginitary seating
23 kerkis, kekrides, cuneus –
seating block
24 diazoma, praecinctio – gangway
25 klimakes – steps
26 gradus – seating row

Priene (principle), Turkey, c.350–300 BC;

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TRIUMPHAL
ARCH CIRCUS
The Arch of Constantine, Rome. Circus Maximus.

A large arched monument constructed in In Roman architecture, a long U-shaped

a public urban place to commemorate a or enclosed arena for chariot and horse
great event, usually a victory in war. racing; Greek hippodrome.

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AQUEDUCT
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France

A bridge or other structure designed to

convey fresh water, usually a canal or
channel called “SPECUS” or river
supported by piers and arches, or a
tunnel; from the Latin, aquae ductus,
32 balbides, carceres – starting gates; 33 porta triumphalis; 34 spina – dividing wall; 35 meta prima; 36 meta ‘conveyance of water’.
secunda; 37 quadriga – four-horsed chariot.

Plan, Roman circus.

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DRAINAGE PONS
Cloaca Maxima. Bridge of Augustus, Rimini, Italy.

Main storm drainage system; one of the Simple, solid and practical
world’s earliest sewage system. construction designed to resist the
current of the water.

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FOUNTAINS PALACE
Bridge of Augustus, Rimini, Italy. Palace of Diocletian, Split,Croatia.

▪ striking features of ancient & modern

Rome Diocletian’s Palace is part fortified camp,
part city, and part villa. It is in the form of
a slightly irregular rectangle (175 by 216
Types : meters) protected by walls and gates,
a) “Lacus” or Locus – designed similar with towers projecting from the western,
to a large basin of water. northern, and eastern facades

b) “Salientes” – similar to a large basin of

water with spouting
jets.

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Decumanus
The principal straight axis or street of a Roman
town, encampment etc., generally running east–
west and crossed towards one end by the cardo.

Cardo
Shorter main axis or street in a typical Roman
city, town or military encampment (castrum),
running north to south and crossing the
principal street or decumanus

Palace of Diocletian, Split, Croatia. Pantheon, Rome, Italy.

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TEMPLE
Pantheon, Rome, Italy.

The world's largest unreinforced

concrete dome.
It served as a temple, church, and tomb
for the past centuries.
The building was sited in an area north
of the old city center known as Campus 12 exedra, exhedra – niche; 13 lacunar, coffered ceiling; 14 caisson, coffer;
Martius.
15 oculus, opaion – circular rooflight; 16 dome

Reflected ceiling, floor plan, and section. Pantheon, Rome, 118–126AD

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Domus
Residential Buildings The patrician townhouse; Has party
walls on its flanks and an enclosed back
area, its principal opening to the exterior
is located on the street front.

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Insula
Casa di Diana. Italy.

A Roman masonry and concrete

tenement block for the labouring
classes, often a multistorey structure
with commercial premises and
workshops (tabernae) at street level;
originally the plot of land bounded by
urban streets, on which one was built.

Elements of a typical Romanhouse.

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Villa
On Street Level Villa dei Misteri.
1 taberna – shop or workshop
2 courtyard, light well A large classical Roman country house
with an estate; originally divided into two
parts, the pars urbana, or living area, and
pars rustica or working area.

Casa di Diana – Insula of Diana, Ostia, 130–40 BC.

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4 atrium – court
5 impluvium – pool
12tablinum – reception room and Atrium house
archive
Casa di Trebius Valens.
13 fauces – entrance passage
14 culina – kitchen
A Roman dwelling type in which the
15 lavatrina – washroom building masssurrounds a main central
19 peristylium – colonnaded court space, the atrium, open to the sky.
21 triclinium aestivum – outdoor
dining area

Villa dei Misteri – Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, c.200–100 BC.

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3vestibulum – entrance hall

4 atrium – court
5 impluvium – pool
6 lararium – altar
7 compluvium – opening Vitruvius
8cubiculum – bed chamber
9 triclinium – dining room
10 ala – alcove
11oecus, oikos – dining room
▪ Marcus Vitruvius Pollio;
12 tablinum – reception room and archive ▪ Wrote De architectura (On architecture), known today
13 fauces – entrance passage
14 culina – kitchen
as the “Ten Books onArchitecture”.
15 lavatrina – washroom ▪ firmitas, utilitas, venustas (durability, usefulness, and
16 balneum, balineum – bathroom beauty)
17 porticus – veranda
18exedra, exhedra – reception room
19 peristylium – colonnaded court
20 piscina, fons – pool
21 triclinium aestivum – outdoor dining area
22 coenatio, cenatio – dining room

Casa di Trebius Valens – house of Trebius Valens, Pompeii.

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End of Module 2
Part 1

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