SAINT LOUIS SCHOOL

Solano, Nueva Vizcaya

Telefax #: (078) 326-7458
[email protected]
PAASCU Accredited: Level 1
---o0o---

THE CELL MEMBRANE AND CELL

TRANSPORT

Also Laboratory Report

Presented to the Senior High School Department
SAINT LOUIS SCHOOL, INC.
Solano, Nueva Vizcaya

in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

BIOLOGY

Cadalina, Kyle Christian L.

Grade 12 – Saint Pope John Paul II

Mrs. Empress Pedelou Soriano

Biology Adviser
 11 November 2019

I. ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment is to provide information on how different kinds of
materials demonstrate the principle of the cellular transport systems when exposed to different
conditions. Multiple tests were conducted to identify the changes of each individual materials on
corresponding experiments and to identify what cellular transport system each experiment
undergone.
Each data were carefully taken before the subjects were projected to corresponding
experiments. After each materials successfully undergone with their corresponding experiments,
data was again collected to associate the current data to the previous data. The result from these
from these experiments will help identify if a pattern can be concluded or predicted.

II. INTRODUCTION

Cell membrane, also called plasma membrane, thin membrane that surrounds every
living cell, delimiting the cell from the environment around it. Enclosed by this cell membrane are
the cell’s constituents, often large, water-soluble, highly charged molecules such
as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and substances involved in cellular metabolism. Outside
the cell, in the surrounding water-based environment, are ions, acids, and alkalis that are toxic to
the cell, as well as nutrients that the cell must absorb in order to live and grow. The cell membrane,
therefore, has two functions: first, to be a barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and
unwanted substances out and, second, to be a gate allowing transport into the cell of essential
nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products.

Cell transport systems are the entry and exit points of the cell membrane. They control
the movement of materials across cell membranes. Cell transport includes passive and active
transport. Passive transport does not require energy whereas active transport requires energy
to proceed. Passive transport proceeds through simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and
osmosis. The first transport system under passive transport is simple diffusion wherein certain
substances can go through the cell membrane without any challenges. Facilitated diffusion is
the second type of passive transport in which ions/molecules cross the semi permeable membrane
because permeases present in the membrane facilitate the transport. The third type is
osmosis wherein there are movement of water from hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution
through a semi permeable membrane. The cell membrane being permeable to water allows to and
fro movement of water molecules along the concentration gradient.

It is important to understand the basic principles on how cells function in order to fully
understand and grasp the whole concept of an organism. By understanding these principles we
can therefore understand how our body work in a microscopic level.

III. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the activity, the following objectives should have been
accomplished;
 1. Test the different experiments according to their own respective procedures.
2. Record the results of each test procedure.
3. Define, analyze and interpret results of each test procedure.
IV. HYPOTHESIS

A. Naked Egg Experiment Part I

If the eggs will be submerged in vinegar, which is acidic, the egg shell
which is made up of calcium carbonate will react to the acid and will be converted
into carbon dioxide until the egg shell is completely dissolved or the acid in the
vinegar is neutralized. Then the byproduct of the reaction between the vinegar and
the calcium carbonate shell, which is water, can travel through the semipermeable
layer of the egg through osmosis to try to balance the concentration from both
within and outside the cell, making the eggs grow or shrink in size

B. Naked Egg Experiment Part II

If the principle of osmosis is used to analyze what will happen if the two
eggs will be submerged in fluids with different concentration. Then the egg
submerged in the high concentration fluid will shrink due to the egg releasing
additional fluids to try to balance the concentration outside the cell and the egg
submerged in low concentration will grow due to the egg absorbing the fluid outside
the cell to try to balance the concentration of the fluids within the cell

C. Potato Experiment with Sugar Solution

If osmosis will try to neutralize a fluid with higher concentration by

distributing the fluids with low concentration, then the liquid outside the potato will
go through it’s semipermeable layer to add the amount of fluid in the basin of the
potato in attempt to neutralize the fluid with higher concentration.

D. Osmosis in Artificial Membrane

If osmosis will try to neutralize a fluid with higher concentration by

distributing the fluids with low concentration, then the liquid inside the ice candy
bag will go through it’s semipermeable layer to add the amount of fluid in the
beaker in attempt to neutralize the fluid with higher concentration, staining the
starch solution in the process

E. Potato Experiment with Salt Solution

If osmosis will try to neutralize a fluid with higher concentration by

distributing the fluids with low concentration, then the liquid inside the potato will
go through it’s semipermeable layer to add the amount of fluid in the beaker in
attempt to neutralize the fluid with higher concentration, making the potato strips
smaller in the process.
 F. Potassium Permanganate Diffusion

If heat can give energy to particles, then hot water will provide energy to
the particles, making them move faster, thus increasing the rate of diffusion of the
potassium permanganate and if potassium permanganate is exposed to cold water
the result will be in vise versa.

G. Onion Skin with Salt Solution

If osmosis will try to neutralize a fluid with higher concentration by

distributing the fluids with low concentration, then the liquid inside the cell will go
through it’s semipermeable layer to add the amount of fluid surrounding the cell in
attempt to neutralize the fluid with higher concentration, making the cells shrink in
the process.

V. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. NAKED EGG EXPERIMENT PART I

Materials: Two raw eggs Two Beakers

Vinegar Weighing scale

Method:
Two thoroughly-washed eggs in fresh condition was individually placed in two
different beakers after being separately weighed. Both eggs were submerged in vinegar
and was left for 2 whole days.

B. NAKED EGG EXPERIMENT PART II

Materials: Honey Two Beakers

Distilled Water Two Naked Eggs

Method:
After the shell of the egg was dissolved, both eggs were washed carefully and
placed in 2 clean beakers. The first egg was submerged in distilled water and the other
egg was submerged in honey. The eggs in each beaker was left for observation for a
day.

C. POTATO EXPERIMENT WITH SUGAR SOLUTION

Materials: Potato Graduated Cylinder Spoon Petri Dish

Knife Sugar Distilled Water Pin
 Method:
A decent-size potato was pealed and cut on both ends to make it vertically
stable. A cavity was carved-out on the middle part of the potato to form a basin. A
sugar solution was made by adding three tablespoons of sugar in a 25ml water. The
potato was placed in the center of a petri dish containing half of its volume with water.
The sugar solution was poured inside of the potato, not filling it completely, and was
marked to identify the level of the solution. The experiment was left untouched for a
day to fully portray the result.

D. OSMOSIS IN ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANE

Materials: Iodine Solution Ice Candy Bags Dropper

Starch Solution Beaker Spoon

Method:
With the use of a dropper a 10ml of iodine solution was sealed in an ice candy
bag and was placed in a solution consisting 3 scoops of starch that was mixed in a 70ml
water The set up was left for a day.

E. POTATO EXPERIMENT WITH SALT SOLUTION

Materials: Potato Salt 6 Flask Weighing Scale Ruler

Method of:
18 rectangular strips of potatoes was measured and recorded in terms of the
geometrical measurements (in centimeters) 6 flasks was also prepared which contains salt
solutions but each solution varies in the amount of salt added The first flask contains 1
gram of salt and keeps progressing to a higher level by 1g intervals up to the last flask
contains 6 grams of salt. 3 strips of potatoes were placed in each beaker and was left for 3
hours

F. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE DIFFUSION

Materials: Potassium Permanganate Crystals Two Beakers

Hot and Cold Water Two Observation Glass

Method:
Prepare 1/2 gram of potassium permanganate crystals on each observation glass
and prepare two beaker. One beaker containing the cold water and the other beaker
containing the hot water. Drop the potassium permanganate crystals on the exact same
time and observe what will happen.

G. ONION SKIN WITH SALT SOLUTION (PLASMOLYSIS)

Materials: Onion Skin Salt Solution Microscope Methylene Blue

 Glass Slide Cover Slip Dropper
Method:
Two separate salt solutions was made In the first solution, 2 tablespoons of salt
was dissolved in a 100 ml of water while in the second solution, 5 tablespoons of salt
was dissolved in a 100ml of water. Both solutions are mixed with methylene blue. Two
glass slides containing a portion of an onion skin were added with different solutions
respectively and was observed under the microscope after being left undisturbed for 30
minutes.

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Naked Egg Experiment Part I

TABLE 1. NAKED EGG EXPERIMENT RESULTS

WEIGHT (g) GROSS APPEARNCE
BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER 5 DAYS
EGG 1 48 g 74g Hardbound Dissolution of egg shell
egg shell Egg becomes larger
EGG 2 48 g 74g Hardbound Dissolution of egg shell
egg shell Egg becomes larger

Figure 1.1 Naked Egg Experiment Figure 1.2 Naked Egg Experiment After Being
Soaked in Vinegar for 2 days

DISCUSSION
Two eggs were submerged in the same vinegar solutions but in different beakers for two days.
The whole area of each egg were covered by vinegar and during those two days, the egg shells
were slowly dismantling and the insides of each eggs was readily becoming solid, specially its egg
yolks. After 2 days, the majority of the egg shells were rubbed off and the once known hardbound
solid shell was now transparent .

B. Naked Egg Experiment Part II

TABLE 2. NAKED EGG EXPERIMENT PART II RESULT

 INITIAL WEIGHT WEIGHT AFTER 1 WEIGHT AFTER 1
OF EGGS DAY – DISTILLED DAY - HONEY
WATER

EGG 1 74 74 -
EGG 2 74 - 41

Figure 2.1 Naked Egg Experiment Part 2

Figure 2.2 Naked Egg Experiment – Soaked with Figure 2.3 Naked Egg Experiment – Soaked with
Distilled Water Honey

DISCUSSION
The initial state of the eggs that were previously submerged in vinegar was now again
submerged with two different solutions. The 1st egg was placed in a beaker filled with distilled
water while the 2nd egg was with honey. Both eggs were left undisturbed for a day and the results
now varies from one another. The egg that was soaked in honey decreased its weight from 74 g to
41 g while the egg that was soaked with distilled water stayed the same.
 C. Potato Experiment With Sugar Solution

TABLE 3. POTATO EXPERIMENT WITH SUGAR SOLUTION RESULTS

INITIAL FINAL (after 16 hours)
LEVEL OF SUGAR SOLUTION Quarter Full Completely Full

Figure 3.1 Potato Experiment with Sugar Solution Figure 3.2 Potato Experiment with Sugar Solution
after 16 hours

DISCUSSION
The potato that was carved up with a basin in its middle demonstrated osmosis. Two
different solutions were used in this setup where the sugar solution was placed in the basin while
the water was placed outside in the petri dish. The potato was filled with sugar solution quarter to
full and left undisturbed, after 16 hours the potato was filled up to it’s rim.

D. Osmosis In Artificial Membrane

TABLE 4. OSMOSIS IN ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANES

AFTER 5 MINUTES AFTER 1 DAY

DESCRIPTION Color is slowly leaking out of the solution has turned
the ice candy plastic completely blue-black
Figure 3.1. Osmosis in Artificial Membranes

Figure 3.2. Osmosis in Artificial Membranes After

1 Day

DISCUSSION
The iodine solution that was placed in an ice candy plastic was concealed through means
of tying the edge of the plastic. It was soaked within the starch solution that is basically made up
of 70mL of water and 3 scoops of starch. The starch solution that surrounds the iodine solution
turned dark violet due to a particular reaction that occurred between the two substances.
After 16 hours, the whole area where the iodine solution was submerged became
completely dark violet. The starch particles have been hardened at the bottom of the beaker in
which it was no longer dissolvable by the solvent.

E. Potato Experiment With Salt Solution

TABLE 5. POTATO EXPERIMENT WITH SALT SOLUTION RESULTS

POTATO STRIPS
SALT
WAT

(mL)
ATO
BEA
KER
POT

LENGTH LENGTH WIDTH WIDTH HEIGHT HEIGHT

ER

(g)

(before) (after) (before) (after) (before) (after)

1a 4.33cm 4.3cm .93cm 1.1cm 4.33cm 4.3cm
1b 4.33cm 4.4cm .93cm .9cm 4.33cm 4.4cm
1 1c 100mL 1 g 4.33cm 4.3cm .93cm .8cm 4.33cm 4.3cm
2a 4.03cm 4.0cm .6cm .6cm 4.03cm 4.0cm
2b 4.03cm 4.1cm .6cm .6cm 4.03cm 4.1cm
2 2c 100Ml 2 g 4.03cm 4.0cm .6cm .6cm 4.03cm 4.0cm
3a 4.3cm 4.3cm .77cm .8cm 4.3cm 4.3cm
3b 4.3cm 4.2cm .77cm .7cm 4.3cm 4.2cm
3 3c 100Ml 3 g 4.3cm 4.4cm .77cm .8cm 4.3cm 4.4cm
4a 4.13cm 4.2cm .7cm .7cm 4.13cm 4.2cm
4b 4.13cm 4.1cm .7cm .7cm 4.13cm 4.1cm
4 4c 100mL 4 g 4.13cm 4.1cm .7cm .7cm 4.13cm 4.1cm
5a 4.17cm 4.1cm .8cm .10cm 4.17cm 4.1cm
5b 4.17cm 4.0cm .8cm .7cm 4.17cm 4.0cm
5 5c 100mL 5 g 4.17cm 4.4cm .8cm .7cm 4.17cm 4.4cm
6a 4.17cm 4.4cm .77cm .8cm 4.17cm 4.4cm
6b 4.17cm 4.3cm .77cm .9cm 4.17cm 4.3cm
6 6c 100mL 6 g 4.17cm 3.8cm .77cm .6cm 4.17cm 3.8cm

DISCUSSION
Figure 4. Potato Experiment with Salt Solution

Six different setups are found in this

experiment in which each setups contain a 1 gram
interval concentration of solutions per flask. In this
scenario, the salt played the role of the solute which
varies from the 1st flask up to the last that ranges 1
gram of salt up to 6 grams of salt. Table 5 shows both
the raw data and the results that had been gathered
from the procedure done. It was recorded that the
potatoes had an inconsistency when it comes to its
sizes. It is undeniable that the exposure of the
potatoes in the salt solutions made them shrink. The
potatoes that are submerged in the solution with a
higher concentration of solute became shorter than those of with a lower concentration of solute.

F. Potassium Permanganate Diffusion

TABLE 6. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE DIFFUSION RESULTS

WATER TEMPERATURE SPEED OF DIFFUSION COLOR
Hot Fast Dark violet
Cold Slow Gradient of light to dark violet

Figure 6. Potassium Permanganate Diffusion

DISCUSSION
In the same period of time, two similar amounts of Potassium Permanganate were poured
into two different beakers which contains two different water temperatures. The Potassium
Permanganate in the hot water diffused faster compared to the Potassium Permanganate in the cold
water. The color of the solution in the hot water was darker than the other solution with a colder
water temperature. These rapid changes that were observed falls under simple diffusion.

G. Onion Skin With Salt Solution (Plasmolysis)

TABLE 7. ONION SKIN WITH SALT SOLUTION (PLASMOLYSIS)
AMOUNT OF SALT 2 SPOONFULS OF SALT 5 SPOONFULS OF SALT
+ 100ML WATER + 100ML WATER
SIZE OF ONION CELLS AFTER Lesser degree of shrinkage Greater degree of
30 MINUTES shrinkage
 Figure 6.1 Onion Experiment with Figure 6.2 Onion Experiment with
Salt Solution (more salt) Salt Solution (less salt)
Before and After Respectively Before and After Respectively

DISCUSSION
Under the observation through the microscope, the onion skin was carefully examined in
terms of its appearance after exposing two similar setups that only varies by the concentration of
salt in each solution. The 1st scenario includes 2 tablespoons of salt in a 100ml water while the 2nd
case includes 5 tablespoons of salt in a 100 ml water. Equal amounts of Methylene Blue were
added in both solutions for staining. Separate sheets of onion skin were placed in their respective
glass slides with cover slip, with each specimen administered with the different solution and was
observed under a microscope. The specimen under observation was left undisturbed for about 1
hour. It appears that the solution with a greater amount of salt affects the onion skin more to also
shrink in size than the one with a lesser salt included.