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Crystal System

This document discusses a presentation on crystal systems and Bravais lattices. It was uploaded on July 11, 2018 by Qasim Qayyum Kashif from Lahore University of Management Sciences. There are 14 possible Bravais lattices that result from combining the 7 crystal systems with the 4 lattice centering types. A Bravais lattice is a 3D lattice that tiles 3D space without gaps or holes.

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49 views

Crystal System

This document discusses a presentation on crystal systems and Bravais lattices. It was uploaded on July 11, 2018 by Qasim Qayyum Kashif from Lahore University of Management Sciences. There are 14 possible Bravais lattices that result from combining the 7 crystal systems with the 4 lattice centering types. A Bravais lattice is a 3D lattice that tiles 3D space without gaps or holes.

Uploaded by

joseph
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Crystal System - Bravais Lattices

Presentation · July 2018


DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11512.14083

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Roll No 04
BS (Hons.) Chemistry
6th Semester Morning
Solids are one of the four fundamental states of matter and,
unlike liquids or gases, they have a definite shape that is not
easy to change.

Solids

Amorphous Crystalline
An amorphous solid is any non-crystalline solid in which the
atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice
pattern.

Such solids include:

• Glass
• Plastic
• Gel
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose
constituents, such as atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a
highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice
that extends in all directions.

Such solids include:

• Metals
• Salts
• Ordinary ice
Crystallography is the study
of atomic and molecular
structure.

Crystallography is the
experimental science of
determining the
arrangement of atoms in the
crystalline solids.
The smallest group of atoms which has the overall symmetry of
a crystal, and from which the entire lattice can be built up by
repetition in three dimensions.
There are 3 unit cell lengths a, b, and c and three unit cell angles
𝛼, 𝛽, and 𝛾. These six parameters of the unit cell called
dimensions or crystallographic elements.

The unit cell lengths a, b, c may


assigned along x, y, z axis but angles
𝛼, 𝛽, and 𝛾 have to be decided
accordingly.

• Angle 𝜶 between lengths b and c.


• Angle 𝜷 between lengths a and c.
• Angle 𝜸 between lengths a and b.
Crystals are composed of three-dimensional patterns. These
patterns consist of atoms or groups of atoms in ordered and
symmetrical arrangements which are repeated at regular
intervals keeping the same orientation to one another. By
replacing each group of atoms by a representative point a
crystal lattice is obtained
A crystal system may be identified by the dimensions of its unit
cell along its three edges or axes, a, b, c and three angles
between the axes 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾.

There are seven crystal systems.


Sr. No. Crystal System Axes Angles Examples

𝐹𝑒, 𝐶𝑢, 𝐴𝑔, 𝐴𝑢, 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙


1. Cubic 𝑎=𝑏=𝑐 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 = 90°
𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑟, 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑

2. Hexagonal 𝑎=𝑏≠𝑐 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 90° , 𝛾 = 120° 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒, 𝑍𝑛𝑂, 𝐶𝑑𝑆, 𝐼𝑐𝑒, 𝑍𝑛

𝑆𝑛, 𝑆𝑛𝑂2 , 𝑁𝐻4 𝐵𝑟


3. Tetragonal 𝑎=𝑏≠𝑐 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 = 90°

4. Rhombohedral 𝑎=𝑏=𝑐 𝛼 ≠ 𝛽 ≠ 𝛾 ≠ 90° 𝐵𝑖, 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 , 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 , 𝐾𝑁𝑂3

𝐼𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑢𝑟,


5. Orthorhombic 𝑎≠𝑏≠𝑐 𝛼 = 𝛽 = 𝛾 = 90°
𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 , 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4

𝑆𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟, 𝑆𝑢𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑢𝑟, 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑥,


6. Monoclinic 𝑎≠𝑏≠𝑐 𝛼 = 𝛾 = 90° , 𝛽 ≠ 90°
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 . 10𝐻2 𝑂

7. Triclinic 𝑎≠𝑏≠𝑐 𝛼 ≠ 𝛽 ≠ 𝛾 ≠ 90° 𝐻3 𝐵𝑂3 , 𝐾2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 , 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 . 5𝐻2 𝑂


Lattice Centring Types
Base Body Face
Simple
Centred Centred Centred
▪ August 1811 - March 1863
▪ French Physicist
▪ 1848
▪ 14 unique lattices in
three-dimensional crystal
system.
A Bravais Lattice is a three dimensional lattice. A Bravais Lattice
tiles space without any gaps or holes. There are 14 ways in
which it can be accomplished.

Bravais Lattices contain:

• Seven Crystal System


• Four Lattice Centring Types
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