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Fold Classification PDF

The document discusses different classifications of folds based on their geometry. It describes Ramsay's classification scheme which categorizes single-layer folds into three classes based on the relative curvature of the inner and outer surfaces. Class 1 folds have greater inner curvature, Class 2 folds have equal inner and outer curvature (similar folds), and Class 3 folds have greater outer curvature. It also discusses how folds can interact mechanically when layers are close together and how superposition of folds can produce complicated structures commonly seen in metamorphic rocks.

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81 views

Fold Classification PDF

The document discusses different classifications of folds based on their geometry. It describes Ramsay's classification scheme which categorizes single-layer folds into three classes based on the relative curvature of the inner and outer surfaces. Class 1 folds have greater inner curvature, Class 2 folds have equal inner and outer curvature (similar folds), and Class 3 folds have greater outer curvature. It also discusses how folds can interact mechanically when layers are close together and how superposition of folds can produce complicated structures commonly seen in metamorphic rocks.

Uploaded by

csreejith
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GG303 Lecture 27 8/19/05 1

FOLD CLASSIFICATIONS

I Main Topics
A Fold nomenclature
B Ramsay's classification schemes
C Interference of folds
D Superposition of folds
II Fold nomenclature and classification schemes
A Anticlines, synclines, antiforms, synforms, and monoclines
B Kinks: folds with sharp, angular hinge regions
C "Tightness" of folds
D Classification by orientation of axial plane and plunge of fold axis
E Symmetrical folds vs. asymmetrical folds
III Ramsay's classification scheme; single-layer folds in profile
A Relates the curvature of the inner and outer surfaces of a fold.
B Dip isogons: lines that connect points of equal dip
Fold class Curvature (C) Comment
I Cinner > Couter Dip isogons converge
1A Orthogonal thickness on
limbs exceeds thickness at
hinge; uncommon
1B Parallel folds
1C Orthogonal thickness on
limbs is less than thickness at
hinge
2 Cinner = Couter Dip isogons are parallel
Class 2 = similar folds)
3 Cinner < Couter Dip isogons are diverge
Class 1C (or 1B) folds commonly are stacked with class 3 folds.

Stephen Martel 27-1 University of Hawaii


GG303 Lecture 27 8/19/05 2

IV Mechanical interaction of folds (See Fig. 9-57 of Suppe)


A Layers far apart will not interact as they fold
B Layers of similar properties that are close together will tend to fold as
a single fold
C Layers "near" each other will interact
V Superposition of folds
A Can produce highly complicated geometries
B Common in metamorphic rocks
C "Demonstration" of z- and s- folds (parasitic)

References
Compton, R.R., 1962, Manual of Field Geology: Wiley, New York, 378 p.
Ragan, D.M., 1973, Structural geology: Wiley, New York, 208 p.
Ramsay, J.G., 1967, Folding and fracturing of rocks: McGraw-Hill, New York, 568 p.
Ramsay, J.G., and Huber, M.I., 1987, The techniques of modern structural geology, volume 2:
Folds and fractures: Academic Press, New York, 700 p.

Stephen Martel 27-2 University of Hawaii


GG303 Lecture 27 8/19/05 3

Stephen Martel 27-3 University of Hawaii


GG303 Lecture 27 8/19/05 4

Stephen Martel 27-4 University of Hawaii


GG303 Lecture 27 8/19/05 5

Stephen Martel 27-5 University of Hawaii


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Stephen Martel 27-6 University of Hawaii


GG303 Lecture 27 8/19/05 7

Stephen Martel 27-7 University of Hawaii

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