Features of 80186, 80286,

80386, 80486
and
Pentium family processors

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80186 Basic Features

 The 80186 contains 16 – bit data bus

 The internal register structure of 80186 is

virtually identical to the 8086

 About the only difference is that the 80186

contain additional reserved interrupt vectors
and some very powerful built-in I/O features


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Important blocks of 80186 are: 

1. The Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
2. Execution Unit (EU)
3. Clock Generator
4. Programmable interrupt controller
5. Programmable Chip Select Unit (CSU)
6. Programmable DMA Unit
7. Programmable counter/timers

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 

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 
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Clock Generator:
 The internal clock generator replaces the external
8284A clock generator used with the 8086
microprocessors. This reduces the component count
in a system

Programmable Interrupt Controller:

 The PIC arbitrates all internal and external interrupts
and controls up to two external 8259A PICs. When
an external 8259 is attached, the 80186
microprocessors function as the master and the
8259 functions as the slave

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Timers:

 The timer section contains three fully

programmable 16-bit timers

 The timers 0 and 1 generate wave-forms for

external use and driven by either the master
clock of the 80186 or by an external clock

 The third timer, timer 2 is internal and clocked

by the master clock
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Programmable DMA Unit:

 The programmable DMA unit contains two

DMA channels, or four DMA channels in
some models

 Each channel can transfer data between

memory locations, between memory and IO,
or between IO devices

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Programmable chip selection unit:

 The chip selection is a built-in programmable

memory and I/O decoder

 It has 6 output lines to select memory, 7 lines

to select I/O

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Power save/Power Down Feature:

 The power save feature allows the system

clock to be divided by 4, 8, or 16 to reduce
power consumption

 The power saving feature is started by

software and exited by a hardware event
such as an interrupt

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0
Refresh Control Unit:

 The refresh control unit generates the refresh

row address at the interval programmed


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80286 Basic Features

 The 80286 microprocessor is an advanced version

of the 8086 microprocessor that is designed for multi
user and multitasking environments

 The 80286 addresses 16 M Byte of physical

memory and 1G Bytes of virtual memory by using its
memory-management system

 The 80286 is basically an 8086 that is optimized to

execute instructions in fewer clocking periods than
the 8086

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 Like the 80186, the 80286 doesn’t incorporate
internal peripherals; instead it contains a memory-
management unit (MMU)

 The 80286 operates in both the real and protected

modes

 In the real mode, the 80286 addresses a 1MByte

memory address space and is virtually identical to
8086

 In the protected mode, the 80286 addresses a

16MByte memory space

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 The clock is provided by the 82284 clock
generator, and the system control signals are
provided by the 82288 system bus controller
 The 80286 contains the same instructions
except for a handful of additional instructions
that control the memory-management unit.

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 
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80386 Basic Features
 The 80386 microprocessor is an enhanced version
of the 80286 microprocessor and includes a
memory-management unit is enhanced to provide
memory paging.

 The 80386 also includes 32-bit extended registers

and a 32-bit address and data bus

 The 80386 has a physical memory size of 4GBytes

that can be addressed as a virtual memory with up to
64TBytes

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 The 80386 is operated in the pipelined mode, it
sends the address of the next instruction or
memory data to the memory system prior to
completing the execution of the current
instruction

 This allows the memory system to begin fetching

the next instruction or data before the current is
completed

 This increases access time, thus reducing the

speed of the memory

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 The I/O structure of the 80386 is almost identical to
the 80286, except that I/O can be inhibited when the
80386 is operated in the protected mode through
the I/O bit protection map.

 The register set of the 80386 contains extended

versions of the registers introduced on the 80286
microprocessor. These extended registers include
EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, EBP, ESP, EDI, ESI, EIP
and EFLAGS

 The instruction set of the 80386 is enhanced to

include instructions that address the 32-bit extended
register set

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 Interrupts, in the 80386 microprocessor, have been
expanded to include additional predefined interrupts
in the interrupt vector table

 The 80386 memory manager is similar to the 80286,

except the physical addresses generated by the
MMU are 32 bits wide instead of 24-bits

 The 80386 is also capable of paging

 The 80386 is operated in the real mode (i.e. 8086

mode) when it is reset

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 The real mode allows the microprocessor to
address data in the first 1MByte of memory
 In the protected mode, 80386 addresses any
location in its 4G bytes of physical address
space.

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

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80486 Basic Features

 The 80486 microprocessor is an improved

version of the 80386 microprocessor that
contains an 8K-byte cache and an 80387
arithmetic co processor; it executes many
instructions in one clocking period

 The 80486 microprocessor executes a few

new instructions that control the internal
cache memory

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  A new feature found in the 80486 in the BIST (built-
in self-test) that tests the microprocessor,
coprocessor, and cache at reset time

 If the 80486 passes the test, EAX contains a zero

 Additional test registers are added to the 80486 to

allow the cache memory to be tested

 These new test registers are TR3 (cache data), TR4

(cache status), and TR5 (cache control)



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

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Pentium Processor basic features

 The Pentium microprocessor is almost identical to

the earlier 80386 and 80486 microprocessors

 The main difference is that the Pentium has been

modified internally to contain a dual cache
(instruction and data) and a dual integer unit

 The Pentium also operates at a higher clock speed

of 66 MHz

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 The data bus on the Pentium is 64 – bits wide
and contains eight byte-wide memory banks
selected with bank enable signals

 Memory access time, without wait states, is

only about 18 ns in the 66 MHz Pentium

 The superscalar structure of the Pentium

contains three independent processing units:
a floating point processor and two integer
processing units
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 A new mode of operation called the System Memory
Management (SMM) mode has been added to the
Pentium. It is intended for high-level system
functions such as power management and security

 The Built-in Self-test (BIST) allows the Pentium to

be tested when power is first applied to the system

 Allows 4MByte memory pages instead of the 4KByte

pages

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Pentium Pro Processor basic features
 The Pentium Pro is an enhanced version of the
Pentium microprocessor that contains not only the
level 1 caches found inside the Pentium, but the
level 2 cache of 256 K or 512K found on most main
boards

 The Pentium Pro operates using the same 66 MHz

bus speed as the Pentium and the 80486

 It uses an internal clock generator to multiply the

bus speed by various factors to obtain higher
internal execution speeds

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 The only significant software difference
between the Pentium Pro and earlier
microprocessors is the addition of FCMOV
and CMOV instructions

 The only hardware difference between the

Pentium Pro and earlier microprocessors is
the addition of 2M paging and four extra
address lines that allow access to a memory
address space of 64G Bytes



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A dual-core processor is a CPU with two
processors or "execution cores" in the
same integrated circuit. Each processor has its
own cache and controller, which enables it to
function as efficiently as a single processor.
However, because the two processors are linked
together, they can perform operations up to twice
as fast as a single processor can.
The Intel Core Duo, the AMD X2, and the dual-
core PowerPC G5 are all examples of CPUs that
use dual-core technologies. These CPUs each
combine two processor cores on a single silicon
chip. This is different than a "dual processor"
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configuration, in which two physically separate
CPUs work together. However, some high-end
machines, such as the PowerPC G5 Quad, use
two separate dual-core processors together,
providing up to four times the performance of a
single processor.
While a dual-core system has twice the
processing power of a single-processor machine,
it does not always perform twice as fast. This is
because the software running on the machine
may not be able to take full advantage or both
processors. Some operating systems and
programs are optimized for multiprocessing, while
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others are not. Though programs that have been
optimized for multiple processors will run
especially fast on dual-core systems, most
programs will see at least some benefit from
multiple processors as well.


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