CHAPTER-II

POLICE-PUBLIC RELATIONSHIP – THEORETICAL

DIMENSIONS

India was a colony of British Empire. The British established the police
organization in India with the aim of maintaining and expanding empire. The structure of
the police has practically remained unchanged though the country became independent
nation and undergone tremendous changes at all levels. Indian society since independence
has changed beyond recognition and after the advent of cable TV, mobile phones, internet
based computer technology etc. the transition has accelerated manifold. The
transformation is more pronounced and visible in matters related to social institutions that
have manifested in break-up of joint family system, coming into open issues related to
dowry, domestic violence, sexual performances of people leading to crime, high stake
gambling, live in relationship etc. Nature of crime has become highly complex due to
changed priorities of political parties, falling standards of bureaucratic contribution to
administrative processes; emergence of politico-criminal syndicates, lack of sensitivity by
practitioner in hitherto noble professions like medicine, education etc. in such a
rubberless society, police is finding it more and more difficult to retain its image of a
performing force as police cannot prevent crime and can act only after the offence has
been committed that too without any support from public, victims or witnesses. 1Though
police is an important instrument of every state authority which asserts its sovereignty
and independence, its relevance as a major organized civil force to ensure status due or on
orderly transition in evolving society is paramount. India is passing through one of the
darkest phases in its history after independence. Forces of violence and disruption have
become active in different parts of the country. Deteriorating economic situation has
further companied the political crisis. In this critical juncture, when the country is
convulsed by lawlessness of unprecedented magnitude; the importance of the role of the
police in the society can’t be over-emphasized.2 But it has failed to fulfill the need and
aspiration of the people of India. Compared to police in developed countries police in
India work very hard and undergo lot of hardships.3 Everyone aggress that a healthy
relationship between the police and the public has still to be established. The people

39
aspire to receive a different type of behavior towards them from the police rather than
cherished as the agents of the ‘rulers’. This expected relationship between the police as an
organization in welfare state and the public has to be of trust, understanding and mutual
regard in place of arrogance, lack of Co-operation, exploitative attitude and apathy
towards other’s feelings or point of view. That by including a change in the attitude and
functioning of the police, the public attitude will also change is not the best way to tackle
the situation. 4
A healthy police-public relationship is vital to secure the desired measure of
public involvement in the police operations to make it acceptable to society. The very
basis of the law and order in the society is public support, without the support of the
public no government can maintain law and order in the society. The same offices to the
relationship between the public and the police, no policeman can succeed unless he gets
public support. Police and public relations are often discordant and unpleasant. People
approach the police station only when they are victims of crime. When they felt upset and
badly jolted and rattled than they expect relief and eventual justice. It is a painful
commentary on the times that more often than not, as victims of crime, people find their
hopes dashed. People are against the police is understandable because they does not
understand the complexities and the infirmities of the process – from registration of a
crime to its eventual prosecution. This is because most of our policemen are trained and
are expected to be generalists. They lack the skills for authentic detection and thorough
investigation. With cases dragging on for years, sometimes by design, officers get
transferred, evidence is destroyed and prosecution loses out in the process of attrition.
The weakness of police-public relations in many parts of the country is today perhaps the
greatest obstacle to affective policing. The law of land and various regulations provides
the basis, upon which police operate but in general do not determine what police should
do. This means that policing is a discretionary activity. The powers of police combined
with the discretionary nature of policing initiate the action of the police which are easily
seen as threatening and unjustified and people perceive them cruel and against the
interests of society. This difficult nature of policing means one of the “most important
regulating factors is that the police must secure public approval for their actions” (Pike
1985).

40
 Police and society themselves, have a vital bearing on their expectations and
hence it affect the relationship of both. The developments in policing nationally can
provide us with important lessons for the improvement in police-public relations. The
area of police-public relations has been of major concern in the country for over few
years, because improved police-public relations will not only lead to greater levels of
personal security, but have a significant role to play in the resolution of public conflicts
and the development of more harmonious relations between various groups of public in
the society. Community Policing is an affective philosophy for making cordial relations
among police-public and is being tried by the police all over the world and police in India
is also working on this concept.

Police-Public Relationship

There is often a concern for the police public relations, community policing,
people-friendly police and a lot of variety on this theme. The objective has been to woo
the people, so that police becomes acceptable, popular and effective. When there is good
police-public relations, police have a better understanding of the public’s concerns
(especially those that are crime related), and citizens are more inclined to report crime
that occur to the police, provide tips/intelligence to law enforcement, willingly serve as
witnesses, and are happy to participate in jury trial. By extension, police also become
more proactive, thereby preventing crimes before they occur or minimizing there impact,
instead to simply reaching to calls for service. Good police-public relations prevent the
possibility that the public thinks that police are simply a mechanism for intelligence
collection.When there are poor police-public relations, the police typically lack a basic
understanding of community problem, goal, and desires, and the community, particularly
those citizens who are experiencing high rates of crime, poverty, and homelessness,
perceive police as an occupying and out-of-touch force that does more harm than good. In
these situations, police department primarily assume a reactive mode of response to
community problems.

In sum, police-public relations refer to the on-going and changing relationship

between the police and the communities they serve. This includes issues of cooperation,
race, relations,fear of police, violence and corruption.

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Meaning of Police-Public Relationship

In fact police-public relation is a new concept and a relatively new area of study.
Police-Public relationship is a major issue that had caught the attention of enlightened
police throughout the world. A review of the most important societal aspect of policing,
viz., interaction between people and police is the subject matter of this study. This
interaction between people and police determines to a very large extent how acceptable
the police are and how people view the whole government system itself.

Police are a part of community. It is the community that maintains the police and
to serve the community the police exist. Good police public relations therefore, play a
vital role in any society and more so in a democratic society like ours where the police
need the continuous support, respect and approval of the citizen for their functioning.
Accordingly, a good community police relations programme which aims emphasizing the
mutual interdependence of the two in the maintenance of law and order as well as in the
prevention and detection of crime is a necessity. Good program aims at developing
natural respect and understanding between the police and the people and promotes an
atmosphere conducive to greater public cooperation and eventual police effectiveness.5

Concept of Police-Public Relationship

The concept of police-public relationship has gained a secure level of acceptance

in the law enforcement establishment, this acceptance alone is a sign of progress, it is
only a first step toward implementation, it is much easier to agree with the reasonableness
and justice of a proposal than to implement it and live with the consequences of its
implementation.6Like most other originations in this pattern, which mighttrying to explain
their programs and activates the public, for whose benefit these are intended. In a manner
of speaking, this was just selling the police to the public in a planned effort to influence
public opinion through socially acceptable performance, based on mutually satisfactory
two-way communication.7

According to Radelet, Police-Public relations to mean, “the reciprocal attitude of

the police and the public to the expected and performed tasks of the police, and to involve
general public relations, community services and community participation.”8

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 The British Institute of Public-Relations explained public relations as “the process
of establishing and maintaining mutual understanding and appreciation between an
organization and its public, through affective two-way communication.”9

In this context, it is relevant to cite also the terse statement of William J. Boop,
made a century and a half later that “police cannot operate affectively without the willing
cooperation and support of the public it serves.”10

Although the police have either assumed or have been assigned responsibility of
dealing with many more complex social problems, it folly to think that they alone can
solve any of them. In reality, the police are only able to provide limited specialized
attention to the most crucial problems, usually in a crisis reactive fashion real solution
require much broader efforts by many segments of the community. Even affective crisis
reactions often require the involvement of non-police resources. In turns of citizens
involvement, public relations and community relations activities provide a definite
contrast.

Historical Background of Police-Public Relationship

The present police set-up, as is well known, is what we inherited from the British
rulers from the time of the country’s independence. Since then no worthwhile changes
have been made in either its organization or working methods obviously, the British had
organized the police to serve their colonial interest and evidently it cannot be suitable for
a country which is committed to a democratic way of life and which has adopted the
‘Rule of Law’ as the guiding principle of administration.The bases for the police-public
relationship, as it exists today, are the Indian Police Act of 1861, which was enacted as a
result of the recommendations made by the Indian Police Commission of 1860. The
original recommendations were whittled down for political reasons as a result of
conspiracy.

Consideration of economy over-looked the interest of the general public and

police force was only provided for the elitist section of society. In the process, the rural
population was sadly neglected. We thus find large tracts of inaccessible areas controlled
by a police station and 10-12 constables. The village police system had even during

43
British rule, become completely ineffective and after independence, in some states it had
been abolished all together.

In India, the police was organized in its present shape during the British colonial
days and therefore, there are allegations that the police in India continues to be essentially
a colonial or ruler appointed police. The ruler appointed police, as its vary name implies,
looks after mainly the interest of the ruler whether he be a monarch or a dictator or a
selfish political leader. Its important function is that function of the government which
protects its existence against unlawful attack. 11 In such a context, it becomes more
important for the police to protect the government rather than the public. All these may
ultimately lead to the use of the police as a powerful instrument of oppression against the
people. No real friendship was possible during the British period between the public and
the police because the police being agents of the foreign power, were used by them for
oppression and suppressing popular movements.

Police-public relations were far from ideal. Apart from courtesy, rectitude of
conduct and a high degree of integrity were very essential for getting public cooperation.
The causes of distrust were the harshness of the police, their rough manners and their lack
of courtesy. The behavior of the police in pre-partition days with the public was very
arrogant and discourteous as it suited those times, and thus some hatred was caused in the
public mind against the police, that impression still lingers on. Mutual trust and
confidence between the police and the public for the maintenance of law and order was
lacking because of the over-bearing attitudes of the police varying on harassment and the
avoidable inconvenience to which the witnesses etc., were put. The police and public
were never allowed to come near to each other by the foreign rulers and that had resulted
the present situation. There was not the desired degree of mutual trust and confidence
between the police and the public. This distrust was engendered on account of occasional
delays in the registration of cases and the harsh treatment given to the complaints and
suspect. However, the public was as much responsible for this distrust and their own
attitude was rather prejudicial and biased against the police. There was no mutual trust
and confidence between the police and the public. The roots of mistrust lay in the remote
past when the police were considered to be an instrument of oppression. Every act of the
police was viewed with suspicion. The main causes of distrust were historical; the
44
ignorance of the general public in their civic duties after independence; the use of third
degree methods, discourtesy and impoliteness.

People Friendly Police

It is difficult to think of any department of the civil administration whose dealings

with the public may not bring the police into contact with greatly varied segments of
society at some stage or other. In the street, the policeman meets political group fighting;
the drunk; the gambler; the smuggler; the motorist in a hurry; the injured run over by a
speedy automobile; hawkers encroaching the rite of passage; sexual assault; the armed
criminal chased by the public etc. so our society has to pay increasing attention in the
building up of people friendly police and equip them with all that is necessary for them to
carry out the vital duties impartially and efficiently within the rule of law.

‘People friendly Police’ has not been succinctly defined; whatever has been
written, it can be deduced that people friendly police behaves with the public in a friendly
manner. It is participative in approach and involves the people in its operational working.
It keeps them at the Centre stage.It is democratic in nature and has corroborative
approach. It works in a fair and non-discriminatory manner. It promotes transparency in
its working and its incorruptible. It shows alacrity to the people in need by extending
prompt help thereby standing true to the message: “we are always with you”.

The police by the very nature of their origin need to be a people’s police that is a
body of law enforcing civilians which grows out of the people themselves and enjoy the
active support for the guidance of the erring individuals and the protection of society and
maintaining its integrity. There job is not only to protect and to help their fellow people
but also to protect their fellow people against the government or against any other
authority if the government or that authority acts illegally.

Characteristics of ‘People Friendly Police

1. People friendly police adopts participative approach and involves people in crime
detection.
2. Impartial treatment is meted out to all sections of society by the people friendly
police.

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 3. It has a humanistic approach. It is supportive, sympathetic and caring and
approaches all human beings compassionately.
4. People friendly police responds promptly to the citizens complaints and comes
into action very swiftly.
5. People friendly police is trustworthy and the people bank upon it.
6. Since people friendly police is not frightful, people approach it without any
inhibitions.12
Community Policing
The concept of “Community Policing” means, community taking initiatives in
identifying the issues of crime and order in their area with police playing the role of
facilitators for enabling the community to attend to those issues. Sir Robert Peel
established the London Metropolitan Police in 1829, he then set out some specific
principles, “…the police are the public and the public are the police” is one of them,
which could be considered as seed of community policing. 13 Now this strategy is being
tried by police all over the world and the police in India started these initiatives at local
police station, district and state level and many of these have successfully brought the
police-public together.
Community policing is a philosophy which support the systematic use of partnerships
among police and the community to address the conditions such as crime, social disorder
and fear of crime. The success of community policing depends upon the partnership
among police and the community so the police must develop positive relationships with
the community. Northport police department schedules “coffee with a cop” session to
promote the harmony and confidence between police and community relations.14
There are many definitions of community policing out which few are mentioned
below:
Wikipedia describes Community policing as “a policing strategy and
philosophy based on the notion that community interaction and support can help
the police to control crime, with community members helping to identify suspects,
and bring problems to the attention of police.”15Although thisdefinition is a very
limited in its scope as public are expected to interact and support the police. The
current study is conducted to assess the role of the citizens in identify their
problems and issues and also to solve them with the help of police.

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 Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) has referred it
as “normal policing of a society in consultation, cooperation and partnership with
the community at large”.16According to bureau the objective of community
policing are “To minimize the gap between police and public to such an extent
that the policemen become an integrated part of the community they serve and
they earn the acceptance and trust of the community leading to impulsive co-
operation from people in crime prevention and security in local area and resulting
in a lasting partnership between the police and the community”.17 As for the
mission of community policing the Bureau recommends “To prevent and detect
crime, maintain order and ensure safety and security of the community in
partnership with the people and to provide the community efficient, transparent
and responsive law-enforcement machinery which perpetuates the rule of law”.
UtarakhandPolice website describesCommunity policing as “A
collaborative effort between Police and Community to identify problems of crime,
disorder and involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to
these problems. This concept brings the police and community into a closer
working relationship and calls for greater responsibility on citizens”.18 While
emphasizing the collaborative approach of community policing, the above
definition makes a point about greater responsibility of the citizens. It is an often
observed phenomenon all over the world that citizens are quick to criticize law
enforcement agencies without accepting any responsibility on their part. Through
community policing role of citizens gets highlighted leading to their active
involvement in policing related issues instead of passive criticism by them.

Community Policing Scenario of the State Police Organizations in India:

There are surviving examples of true community policing in the following states. Despite
initial public support, many of the experiments failed to survive, probably for want of
institutional support or individual commitment.

1. Jammu & Kashmir: A pilot project has been launched in Jammu city on
community-oriented policing. The objective of the project is to encourage public
interaction and establish stronger bonds between police and the public and to
involve the citizens in crime prevention and detection. Police-Public squads will

47
 be set for each colony under this project. A group of 10 houses from a block will
be assigned to a constable. Sub Inspector designated as beat police officer will be
allotted four such blocks. Weekly meetings will be organized between the beat
officer and the volunteers and the SHO will head the meeting fortnightly. The
block staff will carry out crime prevention duties, such as surveillance of
strangers/suspicious persons, verification of antecedents of hawkers/servants,
collection of information regarding drug trafficking, eve-teasing etc.
2. Kerala: The Crime Prevention Committees were formed at the Police station
level in 1998. These committees provide platform for the local public and police
to discuss crime problems locality-wise to control crime. The volunteers are called
for monthly meetings with the police in Trivandrum city to devise strategies to
control crime and to foster good police-public relations. The Kerala Police has
also launched a program named Student Traffic Education. The people can call
the police on toll free telephone number and share information about crime and
criminals without disclosing the caller’s identity on Crime Stopper facility of
Kerala Police.
3. Bombay City Police in Maharashtra: Mohalla Committees were set up to
provide a platform for t19he people of different communities to meet, plan and
work together to solve common problems by the Bombay City Police. The local
police have taken initiative in holding street plays on socially significant themes,
organizing cleanliness drives and medical checkup camps. Libraries and study
rooms have also been established in some locations to promote communal
harmony. Joint patrolling with citizen participation in crime prone areas is another
highlight. From May, 1998 an "Alert Citizens Program" has been successfully in
operation, enabling people to pass on information to the police in confidence.
4. Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Pradesh Police has been experimenting on various
community policing program, such as, Friends of Police (Police MitraYojna),
Village Defense Societies (Gram RakshaSamities), Neighborhood Watch Scheme,
Family CounselingCenters, Drug De-addiction Centers, Friends of Children
Scheme (BalaMitraYojana), Special Police Officers, Traffic Safety Week

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 Programmes, Students Traffic Education - Programmes, Sports
Programmesorganised for Youth, and Career CounselingCenters.

Police-Public Relationship the Present Scenario:

In British period the police was made only to reach the colonial interest. This
made the police functioning very brutal and unfriendly. It was not easy to faith on such
police by the public. Thus, the old police style was no longer required in independent
India. But the public has the same attitude to the present as was in British period. The
government and police collectively made many efforts to create harmonious relations
between police and public. The present scenario of police-public relation can be assessed
with the help of following analysis made on the basis of information collected from the
police and the public of Haryana with the help of interview schedule under the present
study.

Public Expectations Vs Police Style

Police image in a society depends on the degree of equanimity it has with

public expectation. For police, the public is not a homogeneous entity. It is
composed of many diverse and at times opposite interest. The expectations of the
public are changing with time. There is a challenge in front of the police to meet
these expectations. Community policing will go a long way in meeting the
changing expectations of the public.Public opinion is depicted by the pictures
inside the brains of the people. Police should have capacity to gauge changing
aspirations of people. Expectations are changing over a period of time aspiration
of people change.20

In present time, public distrust and enmity of the police are very great.
Lack of cooperation from the public is a major handicap for efficient policing.
Several attempts have been made to study the state of the “Public image of
Police”. These surveys reveled a number of important factors in regard to the
worsening of the police-public relations. Partisan law enforcement and political
interference is the day-to-day working of the police is mainly responsible for the
loss of public confidence and respect of the police.

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Role of Police in Maintaining Public Order

Maintenance of law and order is a state subject and state government and
union territory administration exercise overall control over the police
organizations. In the later phase of British regime the police were primarily
concerned to suppress the national movement for independence. But after
independence the duties and responsibilities of the police have been diversified.
According to some writers the police and their functioning play a vital role in
maintaining political stability and continuity of the country since
independence.21It is true that the police have to have co-operation and support
from the general public for execution of their duties. In the present study, the
sampled police personnel have been asked as to whether the success of the police
depends upon the public support which shown in table (2.1)

Table -2.1

Opinion of Police Personnel about Dependence of Police Success on Public

Support
S.No. Does Police Success Depend upon Public Number Percentage
Support?
1. Yes 174 87.0
2. No 9 4.5
3. Can’t Say 17 8.5
Total 200 100

Table 2.1 depicts that an overwhelming majority 174 (87%) of respondents

said that the success of police depends on public support whereas only 9 (4.5%)
respondents were not agree with the statement and 17 (8.5%) did not express their
views.

Prevention of Crime
The police play a major role in the preservation of the fabric of human
societies. A study of the growth of human societies shows that slowly emerging
out of the ‘state of nature; man had to take steps for the formation of some sort of
government and the government thus formed had to frame rules, laws and
regulations for promoting the welfare of the people and restraining the activities of

50
the lawless elements. The police was the agency through which the enforcement
of laws and maintenance of internal peace and order was done by the government.

For this task of law-enforcement the police have to wage a constant battle
against crime and the criminals, a task which is difficult, hazardous and
unbelievable thankless. The prevention and detection of crime constitutes the case
of police functions.22Today, democratic countries are haunted by the specter of
rising crime and lawlessness. There is crisis about public security and at the centre
to enforce laws and maintain order. People seem to feel that the police are not able
to provide adequate protection to them. In the present study, all the sampled
people has been asked about confidence and trust in police and their opinion about
this is shown in table (2.2)

Table -2.2
Opinion of Public about the Trust in Police
S.No. Confidence and Trust of People in Police Number Percentage
1. To great extent 11 02.9
2. To considerable extent 139 36.6
3. Not at all 230 60.5
Total 380* 100
*A total of 380 respondents came into with the police

Table 2.2 illustrate that majority 230 (60.5%) of people do not have trust
in the police whereas 150 (39.5%) people said they have trust in police. It can be
said that people hardly trust police.

There are studies to show that even when the number of police has been
reduced in some area due to budgetary crisis even than strikes and crime rate have
remained unaffected. During the police agitation in 1978 in Orissa’s Rourkela
(where this writer “SankarSen” was the Range DIG), policemen were not on the
roads for nearly a week and the authorities had to organize night patrolling
through citizen’s groups and Home Guards. However, there was no increase of
crime during this period. Indeed, there was a decline.It is increasingly felt that in
the battle against crime, the police require active support and cooperation of the

51
public. Empirical researches demonstrate that arrests and better detection by the
police, common indication of efficient police performance, do not have any
significant impact on reduction of crime. It may sound strange, but it is a fact that
crime rate not affected by the success of the police in solving crime.Consequently,
police leaders and administrators have to think of using leaders and administrators
proactively for meeting the challenges of crime. The police have to think of ways
and means of preventing it. According to OstromElaner, crime prevention is an
activity in which the public must also be actively engaged. They must become Co-
producers of crime prevention seriously and purposively, the police will have to
break with past practices and adopt new strategies.23

Human Rights and Police

Police as the law-enforcement agency have a duty to see that they do
everything to see that the people in a democratic society enjoy their rights freely
free. Man has certain rights which are universal, inalienable, inherent, and
fundamental and basic, the enjoyment of which is the foundation of freedom,
justice and peace in the world. But history of mankind hitherto shows that man
has not been allowed to enjoy these rights by diverse means of administrative,
political, social economic, cultural, fiscal exertions of don’ts. The police, the
coercive weapon of the governments in power have a lot of power invested on
them. The improper use or the misuse of power and authority by the police has
been found to be causally responsible for the denial of some of these inalienable
rights of man in the past and even today. In doing so, some police officers do not
understand that they are violating the human rights of the people for whose
welfare and protection the service is created and maintained.24 It has also been
observed during this study that police use to violate fundamental rights of people,
i.e., being a citizen of this country, everyone has right to get register their
complaint as and when they victimized at first instance but it has been found that
police generally not register the complaint of people which is shown in the table
(2.3)

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 Table - 2.3

Opinion of Public about the Registration of Complaint by Police at First

Instance
S.No. Registration of Complaint by Police at First Number Percentage
Instance
1. Yes 84 38.7
2. No 127 58.5
3. Can’t Say 6 02.8
Total 380* 100
*A total of 380 respondents came into with the police
The sampled people were asked as to whether the police register the
complaint at first instance or not and the responses are interpreted in table (2.3).
127 (58.5%) people said no, 84 (38.7%) said yes and 6 (2.8%) opined can’t say
about it.

The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 came into existence on 28th
September, 1993. The Act provided for the constitution of a National Human
Rights courts for better protection of human rights and for matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto.

The Act defined “Human Rights” to mean the rights relating to life,
liberty, equality and dignity guaranteed by the constitution of embodied in the
International covenants and enforceable by courts in India. Among the
fundamental rights, there are a number of rights relating to person had to his life,
liberty and security. He should be free from police atrocities, torture, inhuman and
cruel punishment. The protection of human right Act, 1993 clarifies that
“International Covenants” means the International covenant on civil and political
rights and the International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights
adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 16th Dec. 1966.

The commission is empowered to conduct inquiry on a petition presented

to it by a victim or any person on his behalf, into complaint of –
1. Violation of human right or abetment thereof; and
2. The negligence in the prevention of violation by a public servant’

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 After the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission a
number of complaints of human rights violations have been received and most of
them were against police. In one case the commission has recommended that an
amount of Rs. 50,000 to be paid to one Mohan Lal who died in police custody.25

Weaker Sections and Police

Different social classes, often hostile, take their personal problem to the
policeman. Socio-economic conflicts in the countryside are increasing and the
police are required to intervene to prevent fragment of our society and preserve
our democratic way of life.

A large majority of weaker sections of Indian society normally consists of

individuals whom the accident of birth deprives of reasonable availability of
money, power and social esteem for the generation of opportunities, so very
essential for individual security and social competition.26

Most disappointing has been the political development in which political

parties became increasingly split by factionalism and fomented caste and class
struggle. In place of nation unity, caste, religious, tribal and linguistic bodies
multiplied violence spread from the field of politics to be depths of society-
agrarian, caste and class relations, inter-communal relations, students and teacher
relations, family affairs, employees and employer relations, police and public
relations took a very toll of life, property and values. The nation character mean
while, underwent contortion. We keep on wailing that liberty growing and order
declining. In several matters ministers are themselves involved in instigating
communal and caste riots while sermonizing the police to deal firmly with them.
When things go wrong they blame the police and, as a face saving device, transfer
or suspend the officers.

Most of these people live below the poverty line. Politically they are a
subject class, who suffer exploitation that surrounds them. The point of view of
weaker sections about police conduct, behaviour and performance may have
emotive overtones and exaggeration of facet which emanate from a frustrated
existence; yet, it is a point of view, a subjective experience, which even very

54
many policemen do not deny. To members of weaker sections of society in India,
the world has not changed much and even if it has changed, it has brought fresher
tensions to their already wearied existence. Because their perception of police has
not changed, naturally their evaluation of police behavior, conduct and
performance cannot change. An efficient and honest policeman, being a rare
commodity is an inconceivable phenomenon for the poor and the down-trodden in
India. Even if he does the opposite of what these people believe, they will call it a
gimmick and will be panicky, if he persists genuinely in helping them quite
contrary to their expectations and exploitation of a traditional image.27 To check
atrocities on Dalits and crime against weaker sections of society. A special police
cell headed by inspector rank official had been constituted in Kaithal, Haryana.
The cell will remain active round the clock to redress grievances of Dalits and
other weaker sections.28 Towards the protection of minorities and weaker section
India’s government assumed an attitude of moral obligation. Indian constitution
provided several safeguards for them. The entire social order of this country is
changing, many areas we find a restless, moving and ever-growing population,
resulting in new tensions, new conflicts and new demands. Against this
background, policemen in the country have a tremendous responsibilities; on the
one hand, to recognize the quality of man without regard to caste creed or religion,
and the other, to do their part to destroy the image that the police are the
oppressors of the rights of minority groups.

The police must think about the future in terms of social equity and justice.
Their thinking would profit, if they come out of their shell and concerned
themselves with their role and human relations. Continued deprivation amidst
plenty and failure in the redress of grievances breed widespread militancy. A
police administration which fails in its task to ensure justice is likely to be
bypassed.

Policemen themselves are fully aware how important it is for them not
even to be suspected of any bias. The situation in the past when police were stern
and authoritative to the poorer and weaker sections has been radically altered.
Different social classes make use of the police in varying way; minority sections

55
often still generally hostile, approach the police seeking redress of their
grievances.

Handling Crowds by Police

The crowd has been called by the psychologists as a direct contact group.
The people with a variety of motives converge to form a crowd; but once the
crowd has been formed the interaction between these individuals forms new
patterns of behavior. In any crowd in which there is critical concentration of
people who are likely to engage themselves in illegal behaviour; troubles are very
likely to occur. The police have to take steps to remove the trouble- makers from
the scene, particularly at the early “milling stage” when such participants to find
out if there are like-minded individual present in the crowd.

Experience over the years shows that for affectively dealing with crowd
disorders it is necessary to counter-act its sense of power and anonymity. The
sense of power and omnipotence can be counter-acted by a show of force. A
massive display of police strength has the definite advantage of minimizing. The
sense of power in the crowd and discouraging those joining it with the intension of
committing offences.

Though there are some experts who advocate low profile techniques
because show of force may have the affect of antagonizing and inflaming the
crowd, it has been generally found that the show of force tactic has a deterrent
effect on the crowd and it is better to err on the side of exhibiting too much force
but never on the side of too little.29

Senior Citizens and Police

Senior citizens are also an important part of our society. To help senior
citizens and prevention of crimes committed upon them is also an important issue
for police.In India elderly constitutes persons in the age group sixty years and
above the problem of elder abuse and crimes committed upon senior citizens have
increasingly assumed alarming rate in India. At the state, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Kerla and Punjab have a high old age dependency ratio.30 The most

56
frequent crimes committed upon this vulnerable section of the society are home
burglary, purse snatching, financial exploitation, legal exploitation, real estate
fraud, telemarking fraud and health fraud etc.

So it the duty of the police to protect senior citizens. The national policy
on older persons as formulated by the government of India had focused on the roll
police to control crimes against elderly persons. It has been pointed out that police
will be directed to keep a friendly vigil on older couple and on old single person
living alone and promoted mechanisms of interaction with neighborhood
association.

In continuation of its overdrive to ensure the safety of senior citizens, the

Delhi police organized health camps in association with a private hospital offering
free checkups to the elderly in south west Delhi on 18th July, 2004. Senior
Citizens came out and shared their problems with police and Resident welfare
Association; senior citizens used this opportunity to familiar with their neighbors.
The health camp also provided free health services to the family members of
police personnel.

The Delhi police also published in the newspapers the precautions to be

taken by the senior citizens to ensure their security. One of the important
precautions to be taken was to get their servants verified and not to allow any
visitors to stay with him.31 The Mumbai police have started an elder helpline
1090. Senior citizens can call up this helpline when they require help in any
difficult situation.32 The Chennai City police have been creating a data base of
aged couples and old women stating alone in houses. The name, age, address and
details of the relatives of all senior citizens in Chennai City are recorded and
maintained in the police data base. The policemen keep strict vigil and maintain
affective night patrol.33 In Haryana, Gurgaon police is also provide help line
number 0124-2221559 for senior citizens.34 In Fridabad, senior citizen citizens
help line number is 2226264. To curb crimes arising out of family disputes, the
police will involve the senior citizens of different area to help, to resolve the
‘conflicts’ within families and the community at large. In this direction Haryana

57
police (on Tuesday, 24 September 2013) set up a first-of-its kind community hub
in Punchkula. The community hub has been set-up especially for senior citizens,
women and children. The DGP Vashist said, “The initiative to set-up a police
community hub has been taken to bridge the gap between the police and the
people. The police community hub would strengthen the cooperation of people
and the police and also help resolve conflicts without the intervention of the
police.”35

Women and Police

Women are the backbone of any society and need to be loved, nurtured,
respected and celebrated in the trust form as a mother, daughter, sister, lover and a
wife.But there is discrimination by gender in culture and institutions of almost
every country. Many of the world’s great religions give an inferior status to
women and place them in positions which given men rights over them.
Discrimination has become a part of society’s values spilling into other fields and
activities. In India the ancient Indian scriptures had on important role to play in
lowering the image of woman in Indian society. According to Manu, the ancient
Hindu law-giver, the woman reduces man and leads astray not only fools but even
learned men. Manu’s laws epitomize complete submission of woman to man and
they are still the sanctioned code of conduct for women. AdiSankaracharya, the
great founder of Hindu Adavita Philosophy, called woman as the “gateway to hell
and poison in the shape of nectar.”36

In Present, the state of police credibility with women is hardly better. In

recent year, atrocities on women have received wide attention of the national press
and legislative forum. All discussion or references to crimes against women,
police comes out in bad light. In the first place, women victims of crimes are
deterred from approaching the police to seek relief due to lack of confidence in
getting sympathetic response. Expect in major urban centers, where we have
working woman and other articulate groups, women hardly go to the police for
redressed. A large number of cases of atrocities upon women in rural areas and
small towns go unreported. More importantly there are instances of policemen

58
themselves committing crimes like molestation and rape against women who
came in contact with police either as victims or accused. Unfortunately, such
incidents of sex crimes against women by policemen at the lower level appear to
have become more frequent in recent time. May be, more such cases are coming
to light now on account of growing consciousness among women public, whatever
may be the actual incidence of such cases, any case of this nature tends to widen
the gap between the police and its women public.37 It is fact that a large number of
cases is not registered in India and this is more so where offences against women
are concerned. There is very often unfortunate delay in disposal of cases involving
crime against women in courts of law.

If a woman goes in police station for registration of FIR by herself, she is

abused and not heard. Some social workers said that foul language was used and
uncomfortable comments might be passed when a woman visited the police
station. The women were discriminated against because they belonged to a
particular area (in this case an area where most residents where from the minority
community) and the police made derogatory comments.38

Urban and Rural Area and Police

In traditional India, a village was a political unit and the tribal and caste
Panchayat were responsible for administration of justice and settlement of dispute.
Regional units covering a number of villages were also existence to deal with
inter-village disputes. A tribal Panchayat not only had the judicial power but also
was beset with some ritual obligations. Most important part of this judicial system
was that the public was also a part and parcel of the system. They could assemble
in the place of justice to give witness and also to put their views.39

In Present, in rural area the police are generally involved in tackling

general criminal cases like theft, robbery, murder, etc. but in urban area the police
not only provide security and protection to the public but also are involved in
some welfare activities. In big cities the police direct the traffic, provide security
during big sporting event, control the political procession and striker, tackle
communal riots, terrorist and other anti-social activities etc. The state government

59
also has to depend on the police for tackling various political movements in
different states; another vital function of the police is to provide security to the
VIP. During natural calamities like flood, drought, etc., large number of police
personnel is harnessed for welfare activities.40

The rural police are also a good auxiliary to the normal police Force. They
have hardly any police powers but have proved useful in many ways. Attached to
the police station for operational purposes, they have served as sources of
intelligence as well. In some part of country the rural police set-up is more
independent of the police and is a parcel of the revenue department. Yet by and
large the rural police are known to dance attendance on the uniformed police
Force. Often times, they have even to provide money for appointment of their
substitutes, whenever they fail to show up. Allied to this is the new village
volunteer force tagged on to the panchayats, which perform a police function and
are an admirable auxiliary. They can aid in setting up village resistance groups to
fight against criminals particularly organized bandits. This large mass of untrained
or ill trained heads, available for police work should be given some training or as
to make them really useful.41

There also is a good deal of divergence in the patrol patterns in the urban
and rural area. In the rural sectors the work is done by the village chowkidars part
time police territorials. In several area where the panchayat system has come to
stay, able bodied young men in the village in the age group 18 to 40 are also
utilizedin an entirely honorary capacity. However, in certain disturbed area or
where insurgency has come to the fore, armed police units go about on a roving
commission, generally in rather unplanned manner. In all the rural police station,
the S.H.O. is held responsible for law and order maintenance which is achieved
through a variety of deployments, almost entirely of the rural police. Armed police
patrols are only an addendum to this arrangement. The more after S.H.O. prepare
a chart of patrolling in advance. In this scheme village volunteer forces may be
included. The pattern is of dividing the volunteers and others irregulars into
groups for different job-performance allied with an alarm system- These charts

60
cannot work for any length of time, however energetic and wide awake the S.H.O.
may be. The common failure is the lack of a check system, and the absence of any
method of punishment including fines in case of default. In contrast, the urban
areas have uniformed police patrol even though this is a generally neglected
sector. Police constables usually move singly in patrol work but in some cases
they go about in batches of 2 to 3 men. In eastern India a system of patrolling in
bunches of three has been followed in where one constable stands at a street
oozing which two others go singly in opposite directions for covering a pre-
designated area. The constable performing the duties cover the entire exercise in a
period of six hours in two hourly beats. There is also a system of patrolling by
constables rightly, blowing whistles at intermittent intervals as reassurance of the
police presence. Often times these patrols may be performed on cycles. For the
last two three decades, some cases of mobile patrols to towns with W.T (Wireless
Transmission) communication have also been in evidence, but cases in which
constables go round with walkie-talkie set are indeed rare. Generally there is no
separately patrolling Division in the police forces located in the cities and the
bigger township. The patrolling police stations for other parties are in evidence
some occasions and they usually loaf around aimlessly. All this adds to the
possibility of stray shooting by armed policemen of which the instances are
constantly and the increase. The average standard of responsibility displayed by
these functionaries of law is not very high and such patrolling has therefore been
hardly affective. There is need for a comprehensive plan of action, as the work of
patrolling is squared within the ambit of the police department. 42

Political Inference and Police

In democratic society, each department of the government including the
police is ultimately accountable for its performance to the people. In our country it
has been constitutionally laid that the public service is accountable to the elected
representatives of the people at the forums of parliament and state legislature
through the minister/ministers concerned. While the ultimate accountability is to
the people, the police have a proximate accountability to the law of the land,
which in essence is the expression of its will.

61
 The changing structure of society has left its profound impact on politics.
These groups, as our experience shows, seek to introduce the practices of
totalitarian forms of government, and the police, as guardians of the established
system of government are objects of attacks by such group. The overriding
problem of the future is that of the protection of police from political attacks.

The phenomena of political interference appears to have assumed larger

dimensions particularly after 1967 when the continued stability of the elected
government in some states get disturbed and a period of political instability
started. Increased political interference in such a context meant the increased
division of the police personnel into different cliques and group with different
political leanings. A police force which does not remain outside politics but is
constantly subjected to influences and pressures emanating within the system from
the politicized police personnel themselves will in turn seriously disturb the
stability of the elected political leadership in the state itself and thereby cause
serious damage to the fabric of our democracy. This danger has to be realized with
equal seriousness and concern by the politician as well as by the police. The
police personnel have been asked about political interference in police functioning
and their opinion are shown in table (2.4).

Table -2.4
Opinion of Police Personnel about Political Interference in Police
Functioning
S.No. Public Cooperation in Police Investigation Number Percentage
1. Yes 142 71
2. No 21 10.5
3. Can’t Say 37 18.5
Total 200 100

The sampled police personnel were asked about the political interference
in functioning of the police.Table 2.4 presents their view. As many as 142 (71%)
police personnel said yes political interference was there. It was neglect by 21
(10.5%) police personnel and 37 (18.5%) did not opine on the issue of political

62
interference. Our hypothesis that there is political interference in the function of
police has been proved.

There is sharp rise in corruption and criminality amongst politician, many

of whom with a record of criminal offences emerged from the backstage and
entered the political stream as M.Ps. and M.L.As. A direct result of this is the
phenomenal rise of gangsterism and mafia rule and growing nexus between
politicians and gangsters. These developments destroyed orderly rule, paralyzed
the rule of law, balkanized the political system and threatened the survival of
democracy. Politics has played havoc in our educational institutions. All students
unions are politicized and operate at a political level. Elections to students unions
are fought with guns and bombs. Admissions to universities are forced at gun
point. Eve teasing and molestation of women students and even sex abuse, on the
campus are not uncommon. Vice-chancellors and teachers beaten up confined for
long hours and even killed. The police are frequently called to maintain order
inside the campus, students in many places in the north-east states and in Punjab
and Kashmir joined militant organizations.

Communal riots and Police

Our society is on the threshold of widespread violence as never before.
Communal riots are increasing in number and no state is free from them.
Insurgency and terrorism in their most diabolical and dangerous form have taken
root. Laws have to be enacted to deal with these new crimes. Gangsterism,
smuggling and gun running call for appropriate action by the people. There is
large scale of unlicensed firearms, in circulation causing unnecessary killing of
innocent people. In the countryside the villagers feel so insecure that they keep
awake whole night, not knowing when they will be attacked by criminal gangs.
Most disturbing development calendar; politicians hiring criminals to liquidate the
rivals.

The public look to the police for protection. The man whose entire family
has been wiped out by dacoit gang or communal riots or the man whose daughter
has been raped wants to know what the police are doing, and why the persons

63
involved are not convicted and sent to jail. Working under pressure, anxious for
his self image as the protector of society as such for his career prospects,
frustrated by the breakdown of the judicial system, alienated from the public who
are critical of him, short of moral authority and charged with the function of
enforcement the policeman sinks into brutality.

Technological Challenge and Police

The twenty first century is the era of science and technology, which has
changed the way we live and has affected mankind in all facets of life. The
advances in science and technology have also placed superior tool in the hands of
the criminals, who consequently become more lethal, more precise and more
difficult to catch. The police leadership has not only to constantly sensitize itself
and its ranks, about the latest sophisticated tools in the hands of the criminals so
that intelligence can be collected about them and investigations can be suitably
geared but also that suitable initiatives are taken to continuously upgrade the
equipment available with police so that it can affectively match those available
with the criminals, and also utilize the same in an optimum manner in discharging
its multifarious duties in different aspects of policing. Modernization grants given
by the government can be affectively put to use only of the right equipment is
acquired and put to right use. This calls for a complete involvement of higher
level police leadership in constantly planning for the future.

The police department in state needs reforms in all areas mention above to
deal with the organized crime and to maintain the law and order in the modern
society. And it is also required to establish harmonious relation of police with
public. In the present study, sampled police personnel has been asked about the
need of reforms in the police to meet out the need of modern era and their opinion
is shown in table (2.5).

64
 Table - 2.5
Opinion of Police Personnel aboutNeed of Reforms in Police
S.No. Need of Reforms in Police Number Percentage
1. Yes 179 89.5
2. No 07 03.5
3. Can’t Say 14 07.0
Total 200 100
If ‘Yes’ mention the priority areas of reform
a) Police Acts and Rules 48
b) Fixed duty time 148
c) Service conditions 71
d) Increasing the strength of police force 178
e) Training 101
f) Better infrastructural facilities 88
g) Police-public rapport creating exercises 112
h) Delegation of powers to the lower level officers 87
i) Adoption of scientific methods of investigation 172
j) Functional style of the police 47

The table (2.5) depicts that 179 (89.5%) sampled police personnel were in
favour of reforms in police. 14 (7%) have expressed their views on the issue and
only 7 (3.5%) said that there is no need of reforms in the police department.

Out of 179 personnel, (178) police personnel said that there is need of
increasing the strength of police force; (172) said adoption of scientific methods
of investigation; (148) said fixed duty time; (112) said police-public rapport
creating exercises; (101) said training; (88) said better infrastructural facilities;
(87) said delegation of powers to the lower level officers; (71) mentioned poor
service conditions; (48) wanted improvement in police Rules and Acts; and (47)
said functional style of the police are the major area of reforms in the police.

On the whole, it can be said that the most desired areas of reform are
relating to increasing the strength of police and adoption of scientific methods of
investigation so the Government should take action in this regard and should
initiate the process of recruitment to increase the police strength.

65
 Cyber crime is a generic term that refers to all criminal activities done
using the medium of computers, the internet, cyber space and World Wide Web.
The internet is fast becoming a way of life for millions of people and also a way
of living because of growing dependence and reliance of the mankind of these
machines. Internet, though offers great benefit to society, also present
opportunities for crime using new and highly sophisticated technology tools.
Today email and websites have become the preferred means of communication.
This includes not only educational and informative material but also information
that might be undesirable or antisocial. Increase in cyber crime rate has been
documented in the news media. The increase in the incidence of criminal activity
and the possible emergence of new varieties of criminal activity pose challenges
for the police.43 Hacking is a type of cyber crime. It means unauthorized attempts
to bypass the security mechanisms of an information system or network.
Spreading virus of worms, Identity theft, email spoofing, and data theft are also
some types of cyber crime.

There is not really a fixed definition for cyber crime. The Indian law has
not given any definition to the term ‘cyber crime’. In fact, the Indian panel code
does not use the term cyber crime at any point even after its amendment by the
Information Technology (amendment) Act, 2008, the Indian cyber law. Cyber law
is a term used to describe the legal issues related to use of communications
technology, particularly ‘cyberspace’, i.e. the internet.

The I.T. Act 2000, as amended by the I.T. (Amendment) Act, 2008 is
known as the cyber law. It has a separate chapter XI entitled ‘offences’ in which
various cyber crimes have been declared as penal offences punishable with
imprisonment and fine.44

Police Image in Public

Police image in a society depends on the degree of equanimity it has with

public expectation. For police, the public is not a homogeneous entity. It is
composed of many diverse and at time opposite interests.Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
candidly speaks about the police image thus “the Duties that the police have to

66
perform are of great importance. Even more important is the measure of tact,
which they use in performing them. Normally, a country can well be judged by the
quality of its police force. Is it well trained and disciplined and do its work
tactfully and yet firmly when the occasion demands? I think that our police force,
by and large, does its work well and is competent. This does not mean that
everything is well with it. There is much to do and much to improve. In the
present study, all the sampled police personnel have been asked about the image
of the police and their opinion is shown in table (2.6)

Table -2.6
Opinion of Police Personnel about Present Image of Police
S.No. Satisfied with the Image of Police Number Percentage
1. Yes 44 22
2. No 120 60
3. Can’t say 36 18
Total 200 100
If ‘No’ indicate the reason.
a) Police-Public discord 94
b) Hostile relation with politicians and political parties 98
c) Harsh disciplinary control 46
d) Poor pay and working conditions 93

The table (2.6)reveals that 120 (60%) police personnel were dissatisfied
and 44 (22%) were satisfied with the present image of police and 36 (18%) have
not expressed their views about the image of police. Out of 120 (60%) dissatisfied
personnel, (94) indicated police-public discord; (98) hostile relation with
politicians and political parties, (46) harsh disciplinary control; and (93)mentioned
poor pay and working conditions, the major reason behind the poor image of
police.

On the whole, most of the personnel felt that the image of the police is
very poor so the department and the Government should try to improve the image
of police.

67
 We must lay stress on those essential qualities, which are necessary in a
police force. It is by integrity, efficiency and tact that the police are to be judged.
A heavy responsibility rests on the police force, as they represent, in the most
oboes form, the power of the state. Those who have the power have to be very
careful is using that power. A policeman should always endeavor to get the good
will of the people he serves. Their good will is a test of his work. Indeed, without
the good will and cooperation, His work will not bear much fruit.
So far as we have been able to gauge public feeling on this paint, the
relationship between the public and the police is not friendly. The general trend of
opinion is that the public hate the police and that the police act harshly and
oppressively towards the public. Here and there we have evidence that there is
some improvement in this matter but it is not very appreciable. In the present
study, all the sampled people has been asked about the image of the police and
their opinion is shown in table (2.7).

Table -2.7
Opinion of Public about Performance of Duties Honestly by Police
S.No. The Police Performs their Duties Honestly to Number Percentage
the Satisfaction of Public
1. Yes 80 21.1
2. No 268 70.5
3. Can’t say 32 08.4
Total 380* 100.0
*A total of 380 respondents came into with the police

The sampled respondents were asked as to whether the police perform its
duties honestly to the satisfaction of public or not.The responses are interpreted in
table (2.7). As many as 268 (70.5%) people said police did not perform their
duties honestly to the satisfaction of the public; whereas merely 80 (21.1%)
people said they perform their duty honestly and 32 (8.4%) did not express their
views.

The maintenance of law and order in democratic society depends

upon the police and public relation and their mutual confidence, but the mutual
trust and confidence between the two do not exist. This distrust was engendered

68
on account of occasional delays in the registration of cases and the harsh treatment
given to the complaints and suspects. However, the public was as much
responsible for this distrust and their own attitude was rather prejudiced and
biased against the police. Almost all the political parties today painted the police
as black as possible. Every act of the police was viewed with suspicion. The
causes of distrust of the public for the police were the discourteous and dishonest
behaviour of the police delay in doing justice; non-observance of law and
procedure by them, the resort of third degree methods and the inability of the
police to give adequate protection to the public from anti social elements.

In this chapter, an attempt is made at analyzing police-public relationship

from theoretical perspective. An attempt have also been made to analyze the
concepts and notions like police people friendly police, community policing, and
community policing present scenario in the context of police administration at a
theoretical level in the state. Efforts to establish cordial relations among police
and public made by almost all the state in India has also tried to study.

69
 References

1. Sabarwal, P.C., Does Public Evaluate Police Performance on the Same Parameters
as Police Does; The Indian Police Journal, October-December, 2002, p. 62.
2. Sen, Sankar, India Police Today, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, 1994,
p.141.
3. Patel, Hasmukh, Work Restructuring in Police Organisaitons, The Indian Police
Journal, October-December-2005, p. 88.
4. Kiesler, Charles A, Collins, Barry E. and Miller Norman, Attitude change: A
Critical Analysis of Theoretical Approaches, John Wiley &Sons, 1969, pp. 33-38.
5. Roa, MohanP, Police Expectations and Field Realities, Academy Journal, Vol. 57,
No. 1, January-December. 2006, p 38.
6. www.2.ivcc.idu/jauch/policecommunityrelations.
7. Culip Scott M, Center, Allen H, Affective Public Relations, P. R. Society of
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8. Redelet, Louis A, Police and Community, Glence Publishing Co. Inc. California,
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9. Black, Sam, Practice of Public Relations, P.R. Society, ELBS Publications, UK,
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Indian Police Journal Vol, LV No.2, April-June, 2008, p. 28.
13. Braiden, Chris, Enriching Traditional Police Roles,Police Management: Issues
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14. http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20150122/news/150129851?tc=arRetrieve
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15. Wikipedia Web site , December, 2014
16. Bureau of Police Research and Development , A Model for Community Policing
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17. Ibid, p. 62
70
18. Uttarakhand Police web site visited on 03 December 2014.
19. Community Policing Experiments in India, Common Wealth Human Right
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20. Tewari, Anand Kumar, Changing Public Expectations and Community Policing,
The Indian Police Journal, Vol. LIV 3, July-Sept, 2007, p. 73.
21. Gupta, Pranab Kumar Das, Role of Police inChanging Society in India:
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September, 1986, p. 200.
22. Sen, Sankar, Crime, Society and the Police, Decision, July-September, 1986, p.
193,
23. Sen, Sankar, Crime, Police Losing Battle Against Crime,The Sunday Tribune,
Chandigarh, June 20, 2010, p. 10
24. VadacKumchery, James, Human Rights and the Police in India, APH Publishing
Corporation, New Delhi, 1996, p. 1.
25. Ibid. pp. 15-16.
26. Sharma, P.D., Police, Polity and Justice, Research Publications, New Delhi, 1999,
p. 35.
27. Sharma, P.D., Police, Polity and Justice, Research Publication, New Delhi, 1999,
p. 118
28. Police forms special cell, Haryana Plus, The Tribune, Friday June 18, 2010, p. 2.
29. Sen, Sankar, Indian Police Taday, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, 1994,
pp.33-34.
30. Government of India, National Human Development Report, Planning
Commission, Oxford University Press, March 2002, p. 92.
31. Tewari, Anand Kumar, Changing Public Expectations and community policing,
The Indian police Journal Vol. LIV No.-3, July-Sept.-2007, p. 73.
32. Mumbai Police website (www.mumbaipolice.org)
33. See www.hinduonnet.com/2005/05/04/stories2005-050407460-300htm.
34. Gurgaon.haryanapolice.gov
35. Senior Citizen to Help Police Curb Crimes due to Family Disputes, Express News
Service, Panchkula, Wednessday, September 25, 2013, p. 3

71
36. Sen, Sankar, Op.cit. p. 159.
37. Sahai, S.B., Police and Public, Decision, July-September, 1998, pp. 173-174.
38. Raghavan Vijay, Registration of First information Reports by Police: An Agenda
for change, The Indian Police Journal Vol-LVII-No.-1, January-March, 2010,
p.67.
39. Gupta, Pranab Kumar Das, Op. Cit. p. 200.
40. Ibid, p. 201.
41. Nath, Trilok, Indian Police Administration, sterling Publishers Private Limited,
1983, p. 214.
42. Ibid,pp. 131-132
43. Muthukumaran B, Cyber Crime Scenario in India, Criminal Investigation
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44. Website, www.csi-india.org.

72