SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1

Semester 1 2018/2019

CHAPTER 7
MATRICES

7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO)

7.2 Determinant of a Matrix
 Determinant
 Minor, Cofactor
 Properties of determinants
7.3 Inverse Matrices
 Inverse Matrices using ERO
 Adjoint Method
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
Semester 1 2018/2019

CHAPTER 7
MATRICES

7.4 System of linear equations

 Gauss Elimination Method
 Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method
 Inverse Matrix Method
 Cramer’s Rule
7.5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.0 Matrix Algebra

Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers

which called elements arranged in rows and
columns. A matrix with m rows and n columns is
called of order m×n.

aij indicates the element in the ith row and the jth
column.
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO)
• Important method to find the inverse of a matrix and to solve
the system of linear equations.
• The following notations will be used while applying ERO.

1. Interchange the ith row with the jth row of the

matrix. This process is denoted as Bi ↔ Bj.
2. Multiply the ith row of the matrix with the scalar k
where k ≠ 0. This process is denoted as kBi.
3. Add the ith row, that is multiplied by the scalar h to
the jth row that has been multiplied by the scalar k,
where h ≠ 0, and k ≠ 0. This process can be
denoted as hBi + kBj. The purpose of this process
is to change the elements in the ith row.
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO) (cont)
Example 1
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7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO) (cont)
Example 1 (cont)

Notes: If the matrix A is transformed to the matrix B by

using ERO, then the matrix A is called equivalent
matrix to the matrix B and can be denoted as A~B.
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7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO) (cont)

The rank of a matrix is the number of row

that is non zero in that echelon matrix or reduced
echelon matrix. The rank of matrix A is denoted as p(A).

What is echelon
matrix and
reduced echelon
matrix?
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO) (cont)
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO) (cont)

How can we get

echelon matrix and
reduced echelon
matrix?

Using ERO of course! And

the operation is not
unique.
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO) (cont)

Given
Example 2

obtain
a) Echelon matrix
b) Reduced echelon matrix
c) Rank of matrix A
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO) (cont)

a) Echelon matrix
Example 2 (cont)
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7.1 Elementary Row Operations (ERO) (cont)

b) Reduced echelon matrix

Example 2 (cont)

c) Rank of matrix A
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix
 A scalar value that can be used to find the inverse of a matrix.
 The inverse of the matrix will be used to solve a system of linear
equations.
The determinant of a matrix A is a scalar value and
denoted by |A| or det(A)

Definition
I. The determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix is defined by

II. The determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix is defined by

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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)

Definition
The determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix can be calculated by its
diagonal.

III. The determinant of a n × n matrix can be calculated by

using cofactor expansion. (Note: This involves minor
and cofactor so we will see this method after reviewing
minor and cofactor of a matrix)
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)

Minor
If

Definition
then the minor of aij, denoted by Dij is the
determinant of the submatrix that results from
removing the ith row and jth column of A.
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)

1) Find the minor D12 for matrix A

Example 3

Solution
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)

2) Given
Example 3 (cont)

Solution
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)

Cofactor

Definition
If A is a square matrix n × n, then the cofactor of aij
is given by
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)

1) Find the cofactor A23 for

Solution
Example 4

2) Find the cofactor of a11 and a32 for

Solution
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)

Cofactor Expansion
If A is an n × n matrix

Definition
The determinant of A (det(A)) can be written as the sum
of its cofactors multiplied by the entries that generated
them.
a) Cofactor expansion along the jth column.
b) Cofactor expansion along the ith row.
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)

Cofactor Expansion
a) Cofactor expansion along the jth column.

Definition
a) Cofactor expansion along the ith row.
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)
1) Compute the determinant of the following matrix

Expanding along the third row

Example 5

Solution
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)
2) Compute the determinant of the following matrix
Example 5 (cont)

Expanding along the second row

Solution
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7.2 Determinant of a Matrix (cont)
2) Compute the determinant of the following matrix
Example 5 (cont)

Expanding along the second column

Solution
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7.3 Inverse Matrices
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7.3 Inverse Matrices (cont)
Inverse Matrix

Definitio
If A and B are n × n matrices, then the matrix B is the inverse

n
of matrix A (or vice versa) if and only if AB = BA = I

Finding Inverse Matrices using ERO

STEP 1:

Using ERO
Write AI in the form of augmented matrix (A|I).

STEP 2:
Perform ERO until we get the new augmented matrix (I|B).

STEP 3:
Therefore A−1 = B.
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.3 Inverse Matrices (cont)
1) Compute the inverse of the following matrix

STEP 1:
Example 6

STEP 2:
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7.3 Inverse Matrices (cont)
Example 6 (cont)
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7.3 Inverse Matrices (cont)
Example 6 (cont)

STEP 3:
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7.3 Inverse Matrices (cont)

Adjoint of a Matrix

Using ADJOINT Matrix

The adjoint of a square matrix A is the
transpose of cofactor matrix which can be
obtained by interchanging every element aij with
the cofactor cij and denoted as

If |A|≠ 0, then A−1 exists. Therefore the inverse

matrix is,
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.3 Inverse Matrices (cont)
Finding Inverse Matrices using Adjoint Matrix

Using ADJOINT Matrix

STEP 1: Calculate the determinant of A.
i. If |A| = 0, stop the calculation because the inverse does not exist.
ii. If |A| ≠ 0, continue to STEP 2.

STEP 2: Calculate the cofactor matrix [cij].

STEP 3: Find the adjoint matrix A by finding the transpose of the

cofactor matrix [cij], that is

STEP 4: Substitute the results from STEP 1 to STEP 3 in the formula

 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.3 Inverse Matrices (cont)

1) Compute the inverse of the following matrix

Example 6

STEP 1: Calculate the determinant of A

 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.3 Inverse Matrices (cont)

STEP 2: Find the cofactor matrix

Example 6 (cont)
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.3 Inverse Matrices (cont)
Example 6 (cont)

STEP 3: Adjoint of A

STEP 4: Find A−1

 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.3 Inverse Matrices (cont)

Calculate the inverse of the following matrices by using

i. Elementary Row Operations (ERO) Methods.
ii. Adjoint Method.

a) b)
Exercises

c)
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7.4 System of Linear Equations

 A system of linear equations with m linear equations

System of Linear Equations

and n number of variables can be written as,

 A solution to a linear system are real values of x1, x2, x3,

…, xn which satisfy every equations in the linear
systems.
 If the solution does not exist, then the system is
inconsistent.
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
Semester 1 2018/2019
7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
Semester 1 2018/2019
7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)

Gauss Elimination is a method of solving a linear system

Gauss Elimination Method

Ax = b by bringing the augmented matrix

to an echelon matrix

Then the solution is found by using back substitution.

 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)

Solve the following system by using Gauss

Elimination method

a) b)
Example 7

c) d)
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)

Gauss Elimination is a method of solving a linear system

Ax = b by bringing the augmented matrix

Gauss-Jordan Method
to a reduced echelon matrix

Then the solution is found by using back substitution.

 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)

Solve the following system by using Gauss-Jordan

Elimination method
Example 8
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)

Solve the following system by using

a) Gauss Elimination Method.
b) Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method.
Exercises
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)

Inverse Matrix
If A ≠ 0 and Ax = b represents the linear equations
where A is an n × n matrix and b is an n × 1 matrix,
then the solution for the system is given as
x = A−1b

ERO Adjoint
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)

Solve the following system by using inverse matrix.

Example 9
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7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)

Given the system of linear equations Ax = b,

where A is an n × n matrix, x and b are n × 1

Cramer’s Rule
matrices. If |A| ≠ 0, then the solution to the
system is given by,

for i = 1, 2, …, n where Ai is the matrix found by

replacing the ith column of A with b.
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)

Solve the following system by using Cramer’s rule .

Example 10
 SSCE 1693 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1
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7.4 System of Linear Equations (cont)

Solve the following system linear equations by using

i. Inverse Matrix Method.
ii. Cramer’s rule.
Exercises
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7.5 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors

Let A be an n × n matrix and the scalar λ is called an
eigenvalue of A if there is a non zero vector x such that

Definition
Ax = λx
The scalar λ is called an eigenvalue of A
corresponding to the eigenvector x.
Eigenvalues
The eigenvalues of an n × n matrix A are the n zeroes of
the polynomial P(λ)= |A – λI| or equivalently the nth
roots of the nth degree polynomial equation
|A – λI| = 0.
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7.5 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors (cont)
Determine the eigenvalues and eigenvector for the matrix

Step 1: Write down the characteristic equation.

Example 11

|A – λI| = 0
Step 2: Find the roots/eigenvalues
P(λ) = |A – λI| = 0
Step 3: Use the eigenvalues to find the eigenvectors using
formula
Ax = λx