| BLOOD TESTS Normal value and its importanceCOMPLETE BLOOD COUNT NAME DEFINATION NORMAL RANGE Hb or Hbg (hemoglobin) —‘ This is the pratein in your blood men -14 to 17 gm/dl that holds the oxygen. women - 12 to 15 gm/dL White blood cells (WBCs) also called leukocytes or 4,500 to 10,000 cells per leucocytes, are the cells of the microliter (cells/mel). immune system RBC [red blood cell they carry oxygen through your Men-14 to 17. gm/di count) body. They also help filter carbon wornen-12 to 15 gm/dL., dioxide Hct (hematocrit). is the volume % percentage of red It is normally 40% for men blood cell. and 31% for women. MCV (mean corpuscular This is the average size of your red MCW score -80 to 95, volume), blood cells, Platelets. also called thrombocytes are a 140,000 to 450,000 cells/mct component of blood whose function is to stop bleeding by cin and Gost blood vesselKIDNEY FUNCTION TEST Test Name Blood urea Serum Creatinine Serum Uric Acid Serum Sodium Serum Potassium Chloride Total Protein Defination *Urea is the terminal product of protein metabolism, and 1g of protein can produce about 0.3g of urea “Creatinine is a chemical waste product in the blood that passes through the kidneys to be filtered and eliminated in urine. *Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purinenucléotide, andit is a normal component of urine. Sodium is key to controlling the amount of fluid in your body. body needs It for brain and muscles to work the right way, A potassium test is used to measure the amount of potassium in your blood. Potassium is.an electrolyte that’s essential for proper muscle and nerve function. Chloride is an electrolyte that helps keep a proper flue and acid-base balance in body, Albumin and globulin are two types of protein in your body, The total protein test measures the total amount albumin and globulin in your body. Normal value 10-50 mg/dl 0,6-1.1 mg/dl in Women & 0.7=1.3 mg/dl In Men. 2.4-6.0 mg/dl (female) and 3,4-7.0 mg/dl (male). 135-145 mmol /L. Adults: 3.5-5.1 mEq/L or mmol/L, Children; 3.4-4.7 mEq/L or mmol/L (age dependent) 98-106 mmol/L 6 -8.3 grams per deciliter (e/dl),| Liver Function Tests (LFT) Bilirubin Total Conjugated (D.Bilirubin) Unconjugated (1.D. Bilirubin) SGOT (AST) SGPT (ALT) Alkaline Phosphatase Total Protein Albumin Globulin Bilirubin is a reddish yellow pigment made during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Direct bilirubin is the more soluble, less toxic and conjugated with glucuronic acid. Bilirubin that is bound toa certain protein (albumin) in the blood Serum glutaric oxaloacetic transaminase, an enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, an enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found throughout the bady. However, it tends to be most cancentrated in the liver, the bile ducts, bones and placenta. is a biochemical test for measuring the total amount of protein in serum. Protein in the serum is made up of albumin and globulin. is produced in the liver and forms a large proportion of all plasma protein. group of proteins in blood, play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection. O-1 mg/dl 0-0.35 ma/di 0.2-0.65 ma/di 10-40 ju/| 10-40 iu/I 40-112 u/l 6-8.5 gm/I 3.5-5 gm/l 2-3.5 am/ILe aaa aan Lipid profile: Lipid profile (Cholesterol and triglycerides) Test Name Defination Normal Range Total Cholesterol Total cholesterol: This is the total <200 mg/dL amount of cholesterol in your blood. Triglycerides Triglycerides, another type of fatthat 10 to 150 mg/db causes hardening of the arteries HDL This is referred to as “good” cholesterol > 40 to 60 mg/dl Cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol High-density from your blood. lipoprotein LOL This is referred to as “bad” cholesterol. 70 to 130 mg/dL Cholesterol Too much of it raises your risk of heart Low-density attack, stroke, and atherosclerosis. lipoprotein VLDL- VLDL cholesterol is a type of blood fat. less than or equal to 2 to 30 Very Low-Density It's considered ane of the "bad" forms of mg/dl (0.1 to 1.7 mmol/l). Upoprotein cholesterol, along with LDL cholesterol and triglycerides,Le aaa aan Lipid profile: Lipid profile (Cholesterol and triglycerides) Test Name Defination Normal Range Total Cholesterol Total cholesterol: This is the total <200 mg/dL amount of cholesterol in your blood. Triglycerides Triglycerides, another type of fatthat 10 to 150 mg/db causes hardening of the arteries HDL This is referred to as “good” cholesterol > 40 to 60 mg/dl Cholesterol because it helps remove LDL cholesterol High-density from your blood. lipoprotein LOL This is referred to as “bad” cholesterol. 70 to 130 mg/dL Cholesterol Too much of it raises your risk of heart Low-density attack, stroke, and atherosclerosis. lipoprotein VLDL- VLDL cholesterol is a type of blood fat. less than or equal to 2 to 30 Very Low-Density It's considered ane of the "bad" forms of mg/dl (0.1 to 1.7 mmol/l). Upoprotein cholesterol, along with LDL cholesterol and triglycerides,BLOOD SUGER TEST | Plasma giictiea tact. Definition Normal Prediabetes Arandom blood sugar test checks Random your blood glucose at arandom time 79-160 me/dl N/A of day. Fasting, as the name suggests, means refraining from eating of drinking any Fasting. liquids other than water for eight 90to110mg/dL = 110 to 125 mg/dl hours. It is used as a test for diabetes. postprandial blood glucose test 2 hour post- measures blood glucose exactly 2 prandial hours after eating a meal,timed from the start of the meal. Below 140 mg/dl 140 to. 199 mg/dl Glucase Aglucose tolerance test measures Fasting. 60 to 100 mg/dL tolerance test how well your body’s cells are able to absorb glucose(75 gm), or sugar, after 1 hour <200 mg/d you ingest a given amount of sugar. aheur -<140 mg/dL| HbAi1c Blood Test HbAIc HbAtc is a marker that can determine your average blood sugar (glucose) levels over the previous 3-months | HEAT 9 | a Winer it moans ] | 45-64 Excellent | | 6.5-7.0 | Good 7.1-8.0 {O Acceptable | | >8.0 { Poor | Like Medical Information & MCQs By Dr NM Noari ofURINE TEST | Measurement Reference range Color yellow cloudy, dark, or blood-colored. Appearance Clear Cloudy urine may be caused by crystals, deposits, white cells, red cells, epithelial cells or fat globules. Specific gravity (g/ml) 1.005-1.030 Increases in specific gravity - dehydration, diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweating, urinary tract/bladder infection, glucosuria , renal artery stenosis ... PH 5.0-8.0 A high (alkaline) pH can be caused by severe vomiting, a kidney disease, some urinary tract infections, and asthma. Protein (mg/dl) Negative Protein may be present in the urine because of acute inflammation or kidney stone disease, or as a sign of kidney damage. Glucose (mg/dl) Negative when blood sugar levels rise well above a target range- which can occur in type 1 and type 2 diabetes-the kidneys often release some of the excess sugar from the blood into the urine, Ketones (mg/dl) Negative High ketone levels in urine may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a complication of diabetes that canCARDIAC BLOOD TESTS Test Definition Normal Range Creatine CPK-MB test is a cardiac marker used to 5 to 251U/L. phosphokinase-MB assist diagnoses of an acute myocardial (cPK-miB) infarction. Troponin A troponin test measures the levels less than troponin T or troponin | proteins in the 0.01 ng/mL blood. These proteins are released when the heart muscle has been damaged, such as occurs with a heart attack. C-Reactive Protein CRP seems to predict the chance of Test Result Risk and Heart Disease —_—shaving cardiovascular problems at least ‘aa 00 (low Risk ‘as well as cholesterol levels. mg 1.0-29mg Intermediate Greater than — High LE aan rn _—eann>THYROID FUNCTION TEST HORMONES TRIIODOTHYRONINE (13) THYROXINE (T4) THYROID- STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) DEFINATION NORMAL RANGE Abnormally high levels mest 75 -200 ng/dL commonly indicate a condition called Grave's disease.This is an autoimmune disorder associated with hyperthyroidism. A high level of T4 indicates an 4.5-11.5 ug/dt ‘overactive thyroid (hyperthyraidism). Symptoms include anxiety, unplanned weight loss, tremors, and diarrhea. is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to 0.3 - 5.0 U/mL produce (T4), and then (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body,Blood Tests for Infertility | It helps control a 5-20 IU/L (THIRD DAY OF woman's menstrual cycle MENSTRUAL PERIOD) and the production of FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone LH Luteinizing Hormone Level Prolactin Ovarian Reserve (AMH) Test Anti-Mullerian Hormone eggs. In women, luteinizing 5—20miuU/ ml hormone (LH) is linked to 25-40 miU/ml (24-36 ovarian hormone hours before ovulation) production and egg maturation: In women, a prolactin Non pregnant females: 2to test is done to find out 29 ng/mL. why they are not Pregnant females: 10 to 209 menstruating, or why ng/mL. they are having infertility problems or abnormal nipple discharge The level of AMH in a woman's blood is generally a good indicator of her ovarian reserve. High (often PCOS) Over 4.0 ng/ml Normal Low normal range LowBlood Tests for Infertility Vitamin 812 Vitamin 812, also called cobalamin, is a water- 300-900 pg/ml soluble vitamin that has a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system via the synthesis of myelin (myelinogenesis), and the formation of red blood cells. Vitamin D Vitamin D is a nutrient essential for proper 20 nanograms/milliliter growth and formation of teeth and bones. A to 50 ng/mL vitamin D test measures the level of 25- hydroxyvitamin D and/or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D jin the blood to detect a deficiency or excess. Serum Calcium —_All cells need calcium in order to 8.5-10.2 mg/dL work. Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. It is important for heart function, and helps with muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting Bone density A bone density test is the only test that can AT-score -1.0 or above test diagnose osteoporosis before a broken bone is normal bone density. A occurs. This test helps to estimate the density of T-score of -2.5 or below is your bones and your chance of breaking abone. _a diagnosis of osteoporosis aSEMAN ANALYSIS | The average volume of semen produced at 15—S mL Volume Ejaculation. Concentration sperm per milliliter 50 to 150 million {sperm count) Motility How many moving sperm are present. Low 50-60% motility can also indicate hormonal problems or a varicocele. Morphology What percentage of sperm are normally more than 50 percent shaped? While semen is initially thick, its ability to Itshould take 15 to 30 Liquefaction liquefy, or turn to a watery consistency, minutes before semen helps sperm to move. If semen does not liquefies. liquefy in 15 to 30 minutes, fertility could be affected PH level APH level higher than 8.0 could indicate the between 7.2 - 7.8 donor has an infection aaaTumor marker | Tumor marker Associated tumor types Alpha fetaprotein(AFP) Hepatocellular Carcinoma, germ cell tumor CAiS-3 Breast Cancer CA27-29 Breast Cancer CA19-9 Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer CA-125 Mainly ovarian cancer, but may also be elevated Like Medical in endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung Information & MCQs cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer, By Dr NM Nooti in endometriosis Calcitonin medullary thyroid carcinoma Human chorionic ganadotrapin(hCG) gestational trophoblastic disease, germ cell tumor, choriocarcinoma,Table of differences between the various types of parasites that cause malaria Plasmodium | T¥Pe that type causes malaria tropical pees malaria tertian vivax malaria a quartan malariae malaria tertian Ovate malaria endemic areas South America and Asia seizures | Involvement and severity Very serious Irregular It can cause death if not Crisis treated quickly and effectively. Grave, but with a delayed onset, Moderate, less frequently. Moderate, less frequently.Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C It is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faeces of an infected person. The disease is closely associated with unsafe water or food, inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene. HBsAg (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It indicates current hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis Cis an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.During the initial infection people often have mild or no symptoms. Occasionally a fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, and yellow tinged skin occurs.HIV -1 & HIV-2 HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS), in serum, saliva, or urine. Such tests may detect antibodies, antigens, or RNA. The CD4 T-cell count is not an HIV test, but rather a procedure where the number of CD4 T-cells in the blood is determined. ACD4 count does not check for the presence of HIV. It is used to monitor immune system function in HIV-positive people. Anormal CD4 count can range from 500 cells/mm3 to 1000 cells/mm3. In HIV-positive people- CD4 count below 200 cells/pL