Assignment 3: Class Work

Bangladesh University of Professionals

PhD Program, Fall 2019

1 Case Study: A poverty reduction program

Eleven upazilas of Barisal division in Bangladesh are under the coverage of project XYZ which
aims to promote food security by combining activities to promote household food production,
improved access to and quality of basic health and nutrition services. A baseline study for the
XYZ is planned to focus on three districts {Patuakhali, Bhola and Barisal. The overall objective
of the baseline study is to establish pre-intervention values for key indicators. Specifically, the
study intends to determine sources, diversity and scale of household income, current
occupations of household heads, household expenditures, including food expenditure. Where
appropriate, data/results will be disaggregated by household heads' gender, age etc. to see
whether there is any relationship.
The data are given in the File:

Baseline_HH_data_example.sav

2. List of Variables

The variables listed are given at the end of this document.

1. q10, Sample Household ID

2. q17, HH head male or female?
3. q18, How old is HH head?
4. q19, Has HH head ever been married?
5. q20, HH head’s Educational Status
6. q21, HH head’s Main Profession
7. q178, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)Livestock:B1.1: Cows / Oxen / Buffalo
8. q179, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)Livestock:B1.2: Goats/Sheep

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9. q188, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)ProductiveB3.6: Power tiller/tractor
10. q192, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)ProductiveB3.10: Trees
11. q199, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)AppliancesB4.6: Television/VCD Player
12. q220a, Amount of the cultivable homestead land (in decimal)? - Own land amount (in
decimal)
13. q226a, Amount of the fishing pond (in decimal)? - Own land amount (in decimal)
14. q227a, Approximately how much taka did this household spend on the following
household items last month ? (in taka) - Food
15. q227b, Approximately how much taka did this household spend on the following
household items last month ? (in taka) - Cooking fuel, petrol, utilities
16. q227c, Approximately how much taka did this household spend on the following
household items last month ? (in taka) - Clothing
17. q227i, Approximately how much taka did this household spend on the following
household items last month ? (in taka) - Agricultural inputs (poultry feed, seeds,
fertilizer/pesticide)
18. q228a, In the past year, how much did your household spend on following expenses ?
(Please record all responses in taka) - Education (school fees, books, uniforms)
19. q229, Who were the sources of income for your household during the last year?
20. q276a, How many days did your family members take any of the following during last
7 days? - Grain staples (rice, wheat...)
21. q276l, How many days did your family members take any of the following during last
7 days? - Eggs
22. q276m, How many days did your family members take any of the following during last
7 days? - Sugar
23. q277, How many meals have your household members eaten over the last 24 hours?
24. q294, How has income in your household changed over the last 3 years?
25. astqntl, Assett quintal
26. nmale, Number of males in the HH
27. nfemale, Number of females in the HH
28. HHincome, Total Household Income
29. HHincEar, Number of person contributed to Household income
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3
 1. What proportion of the Households (HH) are female headed?

Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies

HH head male or female?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Male 1121 93.4 93.7 93.7

Female 76 6.3 6.3 100.0

Total 1197 99.8 100.0

Missing System 3 .3

Total 1200 100.0

Comment: 6.3 percent of the households are female headed.

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 2. What proportion of the Household heads (HHH) are literate?

Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative

Percent Percent

Valid Illiterate 172 14.3 14.4 14.4

Can read only 5 .4 .4 14.8

Can sign only 433 36.1 36.2 51.0

Can read and 126 10.5 10.5 61.5

write

Primary 252 21.0 21.1 82.5

Under SSC 120 10.0 10.0 92.6

SSC/Dhakhil 45 3.8 3.8 96.3

HSC/Alim 31 2.6 2.6 98.9

Bachelor/Fazil 7 .6 .6 99.5

Masters/Kamil 6 .5 .5 100.0

Total 1197 99.8 100.0

Missing System 3 .3

Total 1200 100.0

Comment: 85.5 percent households’ heads are literate.

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 3. Graphically display proportion of literate Household head (HHH).

Graph > Legacy Dialogue > Bar

4. What are the Household heads' (HHH) main professions?

Run a FREQUENCY of the variable q21 and interpret. For further summary, RECODE in
to different variable by amalgamation of the groups as follows:
• Unemployed: Do not work, Household work
• Professional: Service, Teacher, Private Tutor, Carpenter, Tailor
• Businessperson: Business
• Farmer: Agriculture, Farming, Poultry, Fish _firming, Cattle rearing, Fisherman
• Day laborer: Daily wage earner, Rickshaw/Van/Boat man/Driver
• Others: Others

Then run a FREQUENCY for the new variable and interpret.

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 HH head's Main Profession

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative

Percent Percent

Valid Do not work 56 4.7 4.7 4.7

Household work 57 4.8 4.8 9.4

Service 86 7.2 7.2 16.6

Business 215 17.9 18.0 34.6

Agriculture 256 21.3 21.4 56.0

Farming 9 .8 .8 56.7

Poultry 5 .4 .4 57.1

Fish firming 1 .1 .1 57.2

Daily wage earner 250 20.8 20.9 78.1

Teacher 3 .3 .3 78.4

Private Tutor 2 .2 .2 78.5

Rickshaw/Van/Boat 83 6.9 6.9 85.5

man/Driver

Carpenter 49 4.1 4.1 89.6

Cattle rearing 1 .1 .1 89.6

Fisherman 100 8.3 8.4 98.0

Tailor 6 .5 .5 98.5

Others 18 1.5 1.5 100.0

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 Total 1197 99.8 100.0

Missing System 3 .3

Total 1200 100.0

Since there are so many categories for this variable, make a more summarized
statement.

HH Head Main Professions

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative

Percent Percent

Valid Unemployed 113 9.4 9.4 9.4

Professionals 146 12.2 12.2 21.6

Businesspersons 215 17.9 18.0 39.6

Farmer 372 31.0 31.1 70.7

Day Laborer 333 27.8 27.8 98.5

Others 18 1.5 1.5 100.0

Total 1197 99.8 100.0

Missing System 3 .3

Total 1200 100.0

5. How many households has more than 15000TK Total Household Income?
• Data > Select Cases > If
• Analyze> Descriptive Statistics > Descriptive

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 Descriptive Statistics
N Minim Maximu Mean Std. Kurtosis
um m Deviation
Statistic Statisti Statistic Statisti Statistic Statist Std.
c c ic Error
Total Household 15100. 28843. 19789.7629
64 92000.00 3.614 .590
Income 00 7813 2
Valid N
64
(listwise)
The analysis shows that there are 64 household with a total household income of over TK
15000.

6. What is the general pattern of the HH size?

First COMPUTE a variable HHsize by adding the variables nmale and nfemale, then classify
the HHsize by grouping using RECODE into different variable, then run a FREQUENCY for
the new variable and interpret.

Distribution of Household Size

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Small 523 43.6 43.7 43.7

Medium 641 53.4 53.6 97.2

Large 33 2.8 2.8 100.0

Total 1197 99.8 100.0

Missing System 3 .3

Total 1200 100.0

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Comment: Here if the numbers of household’s members are (1-5) that households are treated
as “small”, if the number of household members are (6-8) that households are treated as
“medium”, and if the members of households are greater than 8 that are treated as “large”
household and accordingly the classifications have been made. The frequency distribution is
shown that most of the households are medium followed by small.

7. What is the pattern of per person income in the community?

First COMPUTE a variable PPincome by dividing the variable HHincome by HHsize, then
run DESCRIPTIVES of the variable PPincome and interpret the mean and standard
deviation.

Descriptive Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation

Per Person Income 732 1720.1523 2402.29414

Valid N 732

Comment: On an average the per person income is around 1720 taka and the average deviation
of income from its mean is around 2400 taka.

8. What is average total household income for the household whose household head
age is less than 30 years?
• Data > Select Cases > If
• Analyze> Descriptive Statistics > Descriptive

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 N Range Minim Maxi Mean Std. Variance Skewness Kurtosis
um mum Deviati
on
Stati Statist Statist Statisti Statisti Statistic Statistic Stati Std Stati Std
stic ic ic c c stic . stic .
Err Err
or or
Total
House
22000 22000. 6155.2 3937.66 15505187 1.68 .27 4.52 .54
hold 76 .00
.00 00 895 272 .702 6 6 2 5
Incom
e
Valid
N
76
(listwis
e)

The average income of the Household Heads, under the age of 30 years is TK 6155.

9. EXPLORE the variable Household income for different districts.

Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Explore

Descriptive
District: Statistic Std. Error
Mean 7004.2629 644.88330
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound 5731.4622
for Mean Upper Bound 8277.0635
Total Household 5% Trimmed Mean 5978.2984
Barisal
Income Median 5500.0000
Variance 72778032.241
Std. Deviation 8531.00418
Minimum .00

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 Maximum 90000.00
Range 90000.00
Interquartile Range 5000.00
Skewness 5.832 .184
Kurtosis 51.572 .365
Mean 8141.4507 666.96581
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound 6826.7164
for Mean Upper Bound 9456.1850
5% Trimmed Mean 6951.6380
Median 6000.0000
Variance 94751641.390
Bhola Std. Deviation 9734.04548
Minimum .00
Maximum 87000.00
Range 87000.00
Interquartile Range 4775.00
Skewness 5.986 .167
Kurtosis 42.658 .332
Mean 7911.9070 509.80897
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound 6909.1615
for Mean Upper Bound 8914.6524
5% Trimmed Mean 6613.1880
Median 5550.0000
Variance 89407383.367
Patuakhali Std. Deviation 9455.54776
Minimum .00
Maximum 92000.00
Range 92000.00
Interquartile Range 5097.50
Skewness 4.698 .131
Kurtosis 30.557 .262

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 10. A researcher wants to see whether HH head’s Educational Status has any
significant effect on Total Household Income or not. How could the researcher
formulate the analytical method to get the answer? Run an appropriate analysis
and comment on your findings.

Analyze > Regression >Linear Regression > Dependent: Total Household Income
[HHincome] > Independent: Household Head’s Educational Status [q20]

Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of
Square the Estimate
1 .191a .037 .035 9158.33160
a. Predictors: (Constant), HH head's Educational Status

ANOVAa
Model Sum of df Mean Square F Sig.
Squares
2327558205.5 2327558205.5
1 Regression 1 27.750 .000b
94 94

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 61228777535.
Residual 730 83875037.720
427
63556335741.
Total 731
021
a. Dependent Variable: Total Household Income
b. Predictors: (Constant), HH head's Educational Status

Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig.
Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 3729.544 836.937 4.456 .000
1 HH head's Educational
992.449 188.397 .191 5.268 .000
Status
a. Dependent Variable: Total Household Income

The R2 value is 0.37. This indicates that the total household income can be explained only 37%
by the explanatory variable education status.

11. Now, researcher is contemplating that there are other potential variables those
may also effect the Total Household Income. So, the researcher is now interested
to include those potential variables. First, find the variables that have an
association or relation with Total Household Income variable. Then, run a
regression to find the effect of that variables on Total Household Income and
interpret the findings focusing on followings:

a. The coefficient of determination.

b. Overall significance/ global test.

c. Significance of individual coefficient.

d. Significance of the categorical coefficient.

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Firstly, we have to find the association or relation between Total Household Income and
intended qualitative variables. The intended qualitative variables are as followings:

1. q3 district

2. q17, HH head male or female?

3. q19, Has HH head ever been married?

4. q21, HH head's Main Profession

5. q178, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)Livestock:B1.1: Cows / Oxen / Buffalo

6. q179, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not rented)
Livestock:B1.2: Goats/ Sheep

7. q188, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)ProductiveB3.6: Power tiller/tractor

8. q192, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)ProductiveB3.10: Trees

9. q199, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)AppliancesB4.6: Television/VCD Player

10. q229, Who were the sources of income for your household during the last year?

11. q294, How has income in your household changed over the last 3 years?

12. astqntl, Assett quintal

13. HHincEar, Number of person contributed to Household income.

Analyze >Descriptive Statistics > Cross tab >

Statistics > Chi-Square Test> Continue > Ok.

Analyze> correlate > Bivariate

Basing on the cross tab and correlation process it is found that out of 16 selected variables only
following 3 variables are rejected:

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 1. District 2 Amount of the fishing pond (in decimal)? - Own land amount (in decimal)
3. How has income in your household changed over the last 3 years

The following 13 variables have significant relation or association with Total Household
Income.

1. q17, HH head male or female? 2. q18, How old is HH head?

3. q19, Has HH head ever been married? 4. q21, HH head's Main Profession

5. q178, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)Livestock:B1.1: Cows / Oxen / Buffalo

6. q179, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not rented)
Livestock:B1.2: Goats/ Sheep

7. q188, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)ProductiveB3.6: Power tiller/tractor

8. q192, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)ProductiveB3.10: Trees

9. q199, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)AppliancesB4.6: Television/VCD Player

10. q220a, Amount of the cultivable homestead land (in decimal)? - Own land amount (in
decimal)

11. q229, Who were the sources of income for your household during the last year?

12. astqntl, Assett quintal

13. HHincEar, Number of person contributed to Household income

Now, we can run linear regression model with the above 13 Independent variables and Total
Household income as dependent variable.

Analyze > Regression > Linear > Dependent variable > Total Household Income > Independent
Variable >

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 Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate

1 .484a .235 .186 10544.50460

a. Predictors: (Constant), Number of person contributed to Household income, Does any members of your HH
own any of the following assets? (not rented)Livestock:B1.2: Goats/Sheep , Does any members of your HH
own any of the following assets? (not rented)AppliancesB4.6: Television/VCD Player, Has HH head ever been
married? Yes/No, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not rented)ProductiveB3.6:
Power tiller/tractor, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)ProductiveB3.10: Trees, HH head male or female?, HH head's Main Profession, B-7.2.3: Amount of the
cultivable homestead land (in decimal)? - Own land amount (in decimal), HOUSEHOLD INCOME D-1.1: Who
were the sources of income for your household during the last year?, How old is HH head?, Does any members
of your HH own any of the following assets? (not rented)Livestock:B1.1: Cows / Oxen / Buffalo, Assett quintal

ANOVAb

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 7.019E9 13 5.399E8 4.856 .000a

Residual 2.290E10 206 1.112E8

Total 2.992E10 219

a. Predictors: (Constant), Number of person contributed to Household income, Does any members of your HH
own any of the following assets? (not rented)Livestock:B1.2: Goats/Sheep , Does any members of your HH
own any of the following assets? (not rented)AppliancesB4.6: Television/VCD Player, Has HH head ever been
married? Yes/No, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not rented)ProductiveB3.6:
Power tiller/tractor, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)ProductiveB3.10: Trees, HH head male or female?, HH head's Main Profession, B-7.2.3: Amount of the
cultivable homestead land (in decimal)? - Own land amount (in decimal), HOUSEHOLD INCOME D-1.1: Who
were the sources of income for your household during the last year?, How old is HH head?, Does any members
of your HH own any of the following assets? (not rented)Livestock:B1.1: Cows / Oxen / Buffalo, Assett quintal

b. Dependent Variable: Total Household Income

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 Coefficientsa

Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients

Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.

1 (Constant) -17142.501 10365.190 -1.654 .100

HH head male or female? -1626.156 3422.246 -.030 -.475 .635

How old is HH head? 1.519 58.737 .002 .026 .979

Has HH head ever been

19014.923 7645.744 .155 2.487 .014
married? Yes/No

HH head's Main Profession -29.433 200.351 -.011 -.147 .883

Does any members of your

HH own any of the following
assets? (not 58.242 314.703 .013 .185 .853
rented)Livestock:B1.1: Cows
/ Oxen / Buffalo

Does any members of your

HH own any of the following
assets? (not 1222.456 414.945 .188 2.946 .004
rented)Livestock:B1.2:
Goats/Sheep

Does any members of your

HH own any of the following
assets? (not 6844.143 8209.782 .056 .834 .405
rented)ProductiveB3.6:
Power tiller/tractor

Does any members of your

HH own any of the following
assets? (not 3.459 4.212 .053 .821 .412
rented)ProductiveB3.10:
Trees

Does any members of your

HH own any of the following
assets? (not 2701.571 2134.960 .092 1.265 .207
rented)AppliancesB4.6:
Television/VCD Player

B-7.2.3: Amount of the

cultivable homestead land (in
-3.263 31.829 -.007 -.103 .918
decimal)? - Own land
amount (in decimal)

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 HOUSEHOLD INCOME D-
1.1: Who were the sources of
-2617.153 1124.043 -.154 -2.328 .021
income for your household
during the last year?

Assett quintal 1714.408 718.785 .199 2.385 .018

Number of person
contributed to Household 2097.046 480.819 .298 4.361 .000
income

a. Dependent Variable: Total Household Income

The final model has 5 significant independent variables which are

1. Assett quintal
2. Number of person contributed to Household income
3. Has HH head ever been married? Yes/No
4. Does any member of your HH own any of the following assets? (not rented)
Livestock:B1.2: Goats/Sheep
5. HOUSEHOLD INCOME D-1.1: Who were the sources of income for your household
during the last year?

Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate

1 .429a .184 .180 8544.66430

a. Predictors: (Constant), HOUSEHOLD INCOME D-1.1: Who were the sources of income for your household
during the last year?, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)Livestock:B1.2: Goats/Sheep , Assett quintal, Number of person contributed to Household income

ANOVAb

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 1.159E10 4 2.897E9 39.679 .000a

Residual 5.133E10 703 7.301E7

Total 6.291E10 707

a. Predictors: (Constant), HOUSEHOLD INCOME D-1.1: Who were the sources of income for your household
during the last year?, Does any members of your HH own any of the following assets? (not
rented)Livestock:B1.2: Goats/Sheep , Assett quintal, Number of person contributed to Household income

b. Dependent Variable: Total Household Income

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 Coefficientsa

Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients

Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.

1 (Constant) -460.206 1070.415 -.430 .667

Does any members of your

HH own any of the following
assets? (not 780.610 242.478 .111 3.219 .001
rented)Livestock:B1.2:
Goats/Sheep

Assett quintal 1901.972 228.232 .288 8.334 .000

Number of person
contributed to Household 2113.899 261.562 .292 8.082 .000
income

HOUSEHOLD INCOME D-
1.1: Who were the sources of
-1811.822 579.412 -.113 -3.127 .002
income for your household
during the last year?

a. Dependent Variable: Total Household Income

Here
1. The coefficient of determination is Adjusted R Square which value is 18%
2. Overall significance is 0.000 [From ANOVA Table]

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 12. Moreover, the researcher is interested to find the significant variables that have
influence on the variable whether a household is solvent. In that regard, the
researcher made a categorical variable, named, \Solvent Or Not" which takes
value 1 if Total Household Income is greater than 10000 TK and 0 otherwise and
takes few variables as potential covariates. Use an appropriate method to answer
the above question.

Answer 12:

A dummy variable named “Solvent or not” variable is needed to create.

Transform> Recode into different variable> Total Income: New Name: Solvent_Or_Not: Label
Solvent Or Not, > Change > Old Value New value > Range Through Highest 10000: New
value 1, add > Otherwise 0 > Add. Ok.

Dependent Variable: Solvent Or Not

Independent Variable: All other 28 variables.

Analyze > Regression > Binary Logistic > Dependent Variable > Solvent Or Not > Independent
variable > all 28 variables > Categorical Variables (Household Male female, Marital status >
Ok

Model Summary

Step -2 Log Cox & Snell Nagelkerke R Square

likelihood R Square

1 125.335a .380 .554

a. Estimation terminated at iteration number 20 because maximum iterations has been

reached. Final solution cannot be found.

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 Classification Tablea

Observed Predicted

Solvent Or Not Percentage

Correct
.00 1.00

Solvent Or .00 126 9 93.3

Step 1 Not 1.00 22 27 55.1

Overall Percentage 83.2

a. The cut value is .500

Variables in the Equation

B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)

q3 .782 .345 5.143 1 .023 2.185

459593403.8
q17(1) 19.946 9500.930 .000 1 .998
77

q18 .011 .021 .254 1 .614 1.011

20887800.25
q19(1) 16.855 40192.809 .000 1 1.000
2

q20 .057 .137 .170 1 .680 1.058

q21 .033 .079 .177 1 .674 1.034

Step 1a
q178 .115 .087 1.745 1 .186 1.122

q179 .008 .102 .006 1 .936 1.008

q188 .320 1.750 .033 1 .855 1.377

q192 -.001 .003 .211 1 .646 .999

q199 1.737 .831 4.368 1 .037 5.683

q220a -.004 .010 .138 1 .710 .996

q226a .037 .026 1.948 1 .163 1.037

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 q227a .000 .000 .069 1 .793 1.000

q227b .001 .001 1.320 1 .251 1.001

q227c .001 .001 4.387 1 .036 1.001

q227i .001 .000 2.974 1 .085 1.001

q228a .000 .000 .716 1 .397 1.000

q229 .073 .370 .039 1 .844 1.075

q276a 4.347 10048.367 .000 1 1.000 77.226

q276l -.013 .171 .006 1 .939 .987

q276m .018 .095 .035 1 .852 1.018

382356902.7
q277 19.762 12785.064 .000 1 .999
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q294 -.887 .269 10.888 1 .001 .412

astqntl .181 .273 .440 1 .507 1.198

nmale -.010 .268 .001 1 .971 .990

nfemale -.344 .227 2.306 1 .129 .709

HHincEa
.684 .204 11.227 1 .001 1.982
r

Constant -131.099 90136.030 .000 1 .999 .000

a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: q3, q17, q18, q19, q20, q21, q178, q179, q188, q192,
q199, q220a, q226a, q227a, q227b, q227c, q227i, q228a, q229, q276a, q276l, q276m,
q277, q294, astqntl, nmale, nfemale, HHincEar.

Here The coefficient of determination is .554, that means. 55.4% and Overall significance is
0.000. Here we see q3, q199, q227c, q294, HHincEar these variables have significance
influence on the variable “Solvent or not”

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Question 13. Suppose the researcher wants to understand whether the above regression
performs differently for the HHs where there are both male and female income earners in the
family. Use SELECT command to carry out the analysis.

Data > Select Cases> If

After selecting the case same as Question no. 12

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