ISSN : 2348 - 9065 (Online) International Journal of Research in Electronics

ISSN : 2349 - 3143 (Print) Vol. 2, Issue 1 Jan. - Mar. 2015 and Communication Technology (IJRECT 2015)

Encryption and Decryption Using AES in the Field of Network

Communication based on Confidentiality
I
Abhishek Kumar Sinha, IIJayaraj N
I
M. Tech, Dept. of ECE, The Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
II
Asst. Prof, Dept. of ECE, The Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

Abstract
Maintaining confidentiality in network communication is bigger task to achieve. Improving secure data communication many techniques
are available presently. In this paper Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is used to maintain confidentiality between
users across communication channel by encryption and decryption at the transmitter and receiver respectively. To achieve privacy
and security services can be configured by AES ensuring high performance. The software tools used for simulation and synthesizing
the verilog code is Modelsim and Xilinx.

Keywords
Confidentiality, AES, Encryption, Decryption, Modelsim.

I. Introduction implementation issues. AES standard specifies the Rijndael

In modern days, confidentiality is most important between users algorithm which is a symmetric block cipher processing 128
surrounded by networks. The network communication requires bits of data block consisting of 128, 192, and 256 bits length
secured information and data to be stored in privacy manner such of cipher keys [1]. Xinmiao Zhang et al (2002) have presented
that the users across the channel get the required information various approaches in AES for efficient hardware implementation.
without delay and shown in correct way without duplication. Two classes are categorized for optimization methods which
Confidentiality is the component of information security which are architectural optimization and algorithmic optimization.
is defined as the prevention of disclosure of any secured computer In architectural optimization, the strength of pipelining, loop
related information to unauthorized user. It is widely applicable in unrolling and sub-pipelining are exploited. Processing multiple
credit card transaction. Credit card number is required on internet rounds simultaneously increases speed at the cost of increased area
for transaction between buyer and merchant. Encryption enforces and not an effective solution in feed-back mode. Loop unrolling
confidentiality during transmission and restricting access where architecture can achieve a slight speedup with significantly
information is stored. Breaching can be occurred by showing increased area. Sub pipelining is non feedback mode where
the confidential information of the system, giving confidential maximum speed can attain with best speed/area ratio. Algorithmic
information over telephone and selling or stealing the laptop optimization exploits algorithmic strength inside each round unit.
containing sensitive and highly confidential data and information. Resource sharing issues are discussed for both encryptor and
Privacy is related to confidentiality which ensures the individual decryptor are needed to be implemented in small area [3].
to prevent the access of unauthorized user from his personal In this paper we have proposed the system which shows
information. It asks what information should be collected, how, confidentiality by using AES algorithm for encryption and
who and for what purpose should use it and who will maintain decryption of a given message. This confidential system can
the controlling rights for the information. be used for Voice Protocol Network (VPN) encryption, online
Various encryption algorithms are present such as RSA, DES and banking and cloud computing.
AES algorithms. These are classified under two categories which
are symmetric and asymmetric algorithms. Symmetric algorithm II. Theory
consists of secret key which is used in AES algorithm. Asymmetric AES algorithm uses encryption and decryption process for
algorithm consists of private and public key which is used in information/ data protection. AES algorithm was introduced by
RSA algorithm. AES is standard technique for encryption. It is Joan Daeman and Vincent Rijimen. Rijndael algorithm proposal
used to transform plain message into a cipher or hidden message of AES algorithm was taken by National Institute of Standards and
which is invisible from real world. In history, the text written in Technology (NIST) in 2001 and published in Federal Information
the form of hidden message was used during war. Many ciphers Processing Standards Publications (FIPS-199).This algorithm uses
are Caesar’s cipher, Substitution cipher where the messages are single key i.e. a secret key and it is symmetric in nature. It has
replaced or substituted by numbers or characters. Ciphers are high speed compared to asymmetric algorithm. There are different
known as encrypted message. The decryption technique is also types of length of cipher key is used such as 128, 192 and 256 bits
present. The decryption is used to retrieving the original message. for AES-128, AES-192 and AES-256 respectively.
Inverse ciphers are known as decrypted message. The secret key is Rijndael algorithm uses AES-128, consists of 128 bits of plaintext,
used in encryption and decryption transformation. This can be seen cipher and key. The combination of key, block and round are
in simple key – lock mechanism. The key is used for locking the given as 4 words for key length, 4words for block length and
lock or unlocking the lock. The key is referred to as secret key and number of rounds are 10. It has state matrix of 4x4 row and
the lock is the message. The locking and unlocking configuration column order with 8 bit data width and 256 addresses. Rijndael
refers to the encryption and decryption. This is used in wider encryption and decryption process includes four operations which
application such as financial transaction, e-mail and ATMs. are as follows:
FIPS 197 (2002) gives specification on notations and convention,
mathematical preliminaries, algorithmic specification and

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International Journal of Research in Electronics ISSN : 2348 - 9065 (Online)
and Communication Technology (IJRECT 2015) Vol. 2, Issue 1 Jan. - Mar. 2015 ISSN : 2349 - 3143 (Print)

A. Sub-bytes/Inverse sub-bytes receiver where decryption algorithm is performed to retrieve the

In this transformation, byte of the sub arrays of state matrix is original message in the form of inverse cipher with the help of
substituted by standard s-box and inverse s-box in encryption secret key.
and decryption process respectively. Affine transformation and
Galois field (GF (28)). IV. Algorithm
A. Encryption Algorithm
B. Shift rows/Inverse shift rows • Message (Plaintext) is xor with original key given by k0, e.
In this transformation, byte of sub arrays in rows of state matrix • Apply s-box and shift row transformation.
is circular shifted in left and right in encryption and decryption • Apply mix column transformation.
process respectively. First row remains unchanged while other • Key schedule occurs with the help of key expansion.
rows are shifted by one byte respectively i.e. row R2 shifted by 1 • Repeat process for 10 rounds, mix column transformation
byte, similarly R3 shifted by 2 byte and R4shifted by 3 byte. is not performed in last round.
• Plaintext is transformed into cipher.
C. Mixed Columns/Inverse mixed columns B. Decryption Algorithm
In this transformation, byte of sub arrays is permuted by using • Cipher is xor with last scheduled key.
different polynomials for columns of state matrix right in encryption • Apply inverse shift row and inverse s-box transformation.
and decryption process respectively. In mixed columns and inverse • Apply inverse mix column transformation.
mixed columns the polynomials used are: • Using key schedule from encryption, the given keys are k10,
a (x) ={03}x3+{01}x2+{01}x+{02} (1) e
= k0, d ,......, k0, e =k10, d.
a-1 (x) ={0b}x3+{0d}x2+{09}x+{0e} (2) • Repeat this for 10 rounds, inverse mix column transformation
The normal multiplication is not used. The cyclic shift operation is not performed in last round.
with xor logic is applied for numbers i.e. {03}. For {01} data • Cipher is transformed into inverse cipher/ original
is unchanged, no shifting operation is performed. Similarly for message.
{02} data is changed by 1bit circular shift and for {0e} data is
equivalent to circular shift of data by 3 bits xor with circular shift V. Simulation and Results
of data by 2 bits xor with circular shift of data by 1 bit. The simulation of verilog code for AES encryption, decryption
and key expansion is obtained in Modelsim 6.3. The synthesis is
D. Add round keys/Inverse add round keys done in Xilinx 12.2.
In this transformation, application of xor is used. Here 10 round
keys are employed with the help of key expansion which uses 10
keys for schedule. In key scheduling 44 words are obtained.

III. Block Diagram

In network communication three modules are present which are
transmitter, channel and receiver.

Fig. 2: AES cipher simulation.

The 128- bit message (plaintext) is transformed into 128- bit cipher
with the help of 128-bit key. At 10th round encrypted message
is obtained when the done pin is high which show the process
is completed. The 128- bit cipher is transformed into 128- bit
inverse cipher/ original message with the help of 128-bit key. At
10th round decrypted/ original message is obtained when the done
pin is high which shows the process is completed.
Fig. 1: AES encryption and decryption process at transmitter and
receiver trough a network channel for a confidential system.

The transmitter also called sender as it is used to transmit the

information while the information is passed through the channel.
The receiver also called reception as it is used to receive the
information through the channel. The channel is the interface
between the transmitter and the receiver and it should have less
noise, less disturbance and applicable in real time environment.
The proposed block diagram shows the original message is xor
with secret key which is processed for encryption by performing
encryption algorithm at the transmitter and encrypted information
is propagated through the channel in the form of cipher to the Fig. 3: AES inverse cipher simulation.

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28
ISSN : 2348 - 9065 (Online) International Journal of Research in Electronics
ISSN : 2349 - 3143 (Print) Vol. 2, Issue 1 Jan. - Mar. 2015 and Communication Technology (IJRECT 2015)

The key expansion is used for key scheduling. There are 10 keys References
for scheduling having 44 words. The process starts at kld pin is [1] FIPS-197, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
high with positive edge clock. The 10th key is obtained after 10 Announcing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), http://
clock cycle where the process is completed. csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/fips-197.pdf, 2001.
[2] M. Goswami and S. Kannojiya, “High Performance FPGA
Implementation of AES Algorithm with 128-Bit Key”s, Proc.
IEEE International Conf. Advances Computing Comm., vol.
1, Himarpur, India, 2011, pp.281-286.
[3] Xinmiao Zhang and Keshab K. Parhi “Implementation
Approaches for the Advanced Encryption Standard
Algorithm” IEEE 2002.
[4] P. Rogaway, “Efficient Instantiations of Tweakable
Blockciphers and Refinements to Modes OCB and PMAC”,
Advances in Cryptology—Asiacrypt 2004, Lecture Notes in
Computer Science, vol. 3329, pp. 16-31, Springer-Verlag,
2004.
Fig. 4: AES key expansion simulation [5] Morris Dworkin, NIST Special Publication 800-38E,
“Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The
The proposed system maintains confidentiality by hiding the XTS-AES Mode for Confidentiality on Storage Devices”.
message across the network channel. The performance is higher [6] B. Schneier. Applied Cryptography. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
with reduce clock cycle with less delay. There is less disruption second edition, 1996.
i.e. reduced noise across the network channel. [7] FIPS-199, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information
VI. Applications and Information System, February 2004.
The applications involved for secured communication and [8] Sen, J. (2010f), “A Trust-Based Robust and Efficient Searching
distributed systems. In online banking process, user login Scheme for Peer-to-Peer Networks”, Proc. 12th International
password with one time password (OTP) for a unique user has Conference on Information and Communication Security
been provided by banks which can access all the details related (ICICS), pp. 77-91, December 2010, Barcelona, Spain,
to his/ her account. The user can buy any items from any online Springer LNCS Vol 6476.
stores. The access period for login is limited for different banks [9] Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable
i.e. 5 minutes. The privacy and security is maintained by strong Distributed Systems.
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In VPN, at the sender end of the transmitter section encryption
algorithm is used to encrypt the data which is invisible across
the channel and at the reception end of the receiver section
the encrypted data is transformed into the original message by
decryption algorithm. The information is sent by the user to
another user in a networking channel is maintained privately and
secured with resource protection in a confidential manner.
The cloud computing is the application delivering services between
internet, distributed systems, hardware and software. There are
four delivery models related to cloud computing which are private,
public, community and hybrid cloud. The services are delivered
to private organization, government organization, community
and several organizations. There are four service models which
are Software as service (SaaS), Platform as service (PaaS) and
Infrastructure as service (IaaS). All service and delivery models
ensure confidentiality with privacy for a secured system.

VII. Conclusion
In this paper the confidential system uses AES algorithm which
ensures confidentiality across the network communication with
privacy. The obtained simulation verifies the system is maintaining
confidentiality with data protection in real time environment.
Hence the confidential system is used in many distributed systems
to prevent hackers from accessing unauthorised information.

VIII. Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my guide Jayaraj N of The Oxford College
of Engineering Bangalore for supporting the study.

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