APPENDIX

Trigonometry Properties & Fourier Series

 cos x  sin( x  90 o )  sin x  cos( x  90 o )

 cos x  cos( x  180 o )  sin x  sin( x  180 o )


x(t )  ao   an cos nwo t  bn sin nwo t 
n 1

1 T 2 T /2
T 0 T 0
ao  x(t )dt ao  x(t )dt

2 T 4 T /2
T 0 T 0
an  x(t ) cos( nwo t )dt an  x(t ) cos( nwo t )dt

2 T 4 T /2
T 0 T 0
bn  x(t ) sin( nwo t )dt bn  x(t ) sin( nwo t )dt

1 1
 cos atdt  a sin at  sin atdt   a cos at

1 1 1 1
 t cos atdt  a 2
cos at  t sin at
a  t sin atdt  a 2
sin at  t cos at
a

e  at
 e dt 
 at

a

Values of cosine, sine and exponential functions for integral multiples of π

Function Value
cos 2n 1
sin 2n 0
cos n  1n
sin n 0
n  1 n/2
, n  even
cos
2 
 0, n  odd
n   1n 1 / 2 , n  odd
sin
2 
0, n  even
e j 2n 1
e jn  1n
e jn / 2  1n / 2 , n  even

 j  1
 n 1 / 2
, n  odd
 SULIT
(BENT 3733)

Sinusoid-Phasor Transformation

Time-domain representation phasor-domain representation

Vm cos(t   ) Vm 
Vm sin( t   ) Vm   90 o
I m cos(t   ) I m 
I m sin( t   ) I m   90 o

Properties of the Fourier Transform

Property t-domain function (f(t)) s-domain transform (F(s))

Property x(t) X(ω)
Linearity a1 x1 (t )  a2 x2 (t ) a1 X 1 ()  a2 X 2 ()
Scaling x(at) 1  
X 
a a
Time Shift x(t  a)u(t  a) e  ja X ( )

Frequency Shift e jo x (t ) X (   o )

cos( o t ) x(t )
Modulation 1
X (  o )  X (  o 
2
Time Differentiation dx jX ()
dt
d nx ( j ) 2 X ( )
dt n
t X ( )
Time Integration  X (0) ( )
 x(t )dt

jw

Frequency Differentiation t n x(t ) dn

( j) n X ( )
d n
Reversal x(t ) X () or X * ( )
Duality x(t ) 2x()
Convolution in t x1 (t ) * x2 (t ) X 1 ( ) X 2 ( )
Convolution in ω x1 (t ) x2 (t ) X 1 ( ) * X 2 ( )

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 SULIT
(BENT 3733)

Fourier Transform Pairs

x(t) X(ω)
 (t ) 1
1 2()
u(t ) 1
 ( ) 
j
u(t   )  u(t   ) sin t
2

t 2
2
sgn(t ) 2
j
e  at u (t ) 1
a  j 
e at u (t ) 1
a  j 
t n e  at u (t ) n!
(a  j ) n 1
a t 2a
e
a 2
2

e jot 2 (   o )
sin  o t j [ (  o )   (   o )]
cos  o t  [ (  o )   (  o )]
e  at sin  o t o
a  j 2   o 2
e  at cos  o t a  j
a  j 2  o 2

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 SULIT
(BENT 3733)

Properties of the Laplace Transform

Property t-domain function (f(t)) s-domain transform (F(s))

Linearity x1 (t )  x2 (t ) X1 (t )  X 2 (t )
Scaling x(at) 1 s
X 
a a
Time Shift x(t  a)u(t  a) e  as X (s )

Frequency Shift e  at x (t ) X (s  a)
Time Differentiation dx sX ( s )  x(0 )
dt
d 2x s 2 X ( s)  sx(0 )  x' (0 )
dt 2
d 3x s 3 X ( s)  s 2 X ( s)  sx(0 )  x' ' (0 )
dt 3
d nx s n X ( s)  s n 1 X ( s)  ...  x n 1 (0 )
dt n
 1
Time Integration
 x(t )dt
0
s
X ( s)

tx(t ) d
Frequency Differentiation  X (s )
ds

Frequency Integration x(t )
t  X (s)ds
0

Time Periodicity x(t )  x(t  nT ) X ( s)

1  e sT
Initial Value x (0  ) lim
sX (s)
s 
Final Value x() lim
sX (s)
s0
Convolution x1 (t )  x2 (t ) X 1 ( s) X 2 ( s)

-4-
 SULIT
(BENT 3733)

Laplace Transform Pairs

t-domain function s-domain transform

 (t ) 1
u(t ) 1
s
tu(t ) 1
s2
tn n!
s n 1
e  at 1
sa
te at 1
s  a 2
t n e  at n!
( s  a) n1
sin t 
s  2
2

cos t s
s  2
2

e  at sin t 
s  a 2   2
e at cost s  a 
s  a 2   2
*Defined for t  0, f (t )  0 for t < 0

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