Training Report On

“DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING (BABAIN KURUKSRTRA)”

Submitted for the fulfillment

of

Bachelor of Technology Civil Engineering

Submitted by:

Abhishek 6915124

Batch 2015-19

Under the Supervision

Of

Mr. Balwant Sir

(HOD of Civil Dept.)

Civil Engineering Department

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India)

 DECLERETION

I here by certify that the work which is being presented in the PROJECT entiteled,
“Design of a Hospital Building (Babain Hospital kurukshetra), by Abhishek
(6915124) in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of B.Tech.
(Civil Engg.) submitted in Civil Engineering Department) International Institute of
Engineering And Technology Samani Kurukshetra is an authentic record of our
own work carried out during the period from June 2018 to Aug 2018 under the
guidence of Mr. Balwant Sir, HOD of Civil Engg. Department, IIET, SAMANI.
The matter presented in this PROJECT has not been submitted in any other
University / Institute for the award of B.Tech Degree
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to
the best of our knowledge.

______________ ______________

(Signature of the HOD) (Signature Of the

Guide)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PROJECT work is an important aspect in the field of engineering. We express our sincere
gratitude to Civil Engineering Department

, International Institute of Engineering And Technology Samani Kurukshetra University,

Kurukshetra for giving us the opportunity to work on the Project during our final year of B.tech.

I would like to thank Mr. Balwant Sir, principle/director of IIET SAMANI to give us a
valuable chance to complete our Project with full co-operation of staff members.

I would like to thank Er. Geeta Madam, Staff Civil Dept. and to the members of the department
research committee for their valuable suggestions and healthy criticism during PROJECT work.

I would like to thank my kinds, parents etc. who helped me in our project

I would also like to thank everyone who has knowingly & unknowingly helped me throughout
my PROJECT.

I would also thank for the authors of all those books and papers which I had consulted my
PROJECT work as well as for preparing the report.

At the end thanks to the almighty for this good life.

 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION

• DESIGN CONCEPTS

• Methods of Design

• Working Stress Method

• Limit State Method

• LOADS AND FORCES

• Dead Load

• Wind Load

• Earthquake Force

• Combination of Loads

• Imposed Loads

• DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING

• COMPONENTS DESIGNED IN THE BUILDING

• Beam

• Types of Beams

• Coloumns

• Types of Columns

• FOUNDATION

• Raft or Mat Foundatin

• STAIR CASE

• DESIGN STEPS AND DRAWINGS

 INTRODUCTION

Man requires different types of buildings for his activities; houses for living,
hospitals for healthcare, schools, colleges for education, banks, shops, offices and
factories for work, bus station, railway station and air terminal for transportation.
All these buildings are considered as structures in civil engineering and each one of
them has its own requirements.

A structure is an assembly of a number of members such as slabs, beams,

columns, walls, domes etc., proportioned to resist the load and forces; changes in
climatic conditions such as temperature, frost, chemical attack, etc. Design of a
structure includes assessing the loads and providing members of sufficient
proportions to resist the assessed loads with sufficient margin of safety. A structure
is said to be efficiently designed if all the members are so arranged that they
transmit their self weight and other imposed loads to foundation by cheapest means
so as to satisfy the requirements of architecture, structural stability and the nature
of the site with sufficient safety.
 DESIGN CONCEPTS

METHOD OF DESIGN
The following design methods are used for the design of reinforced concrete
structures :

(a) Working stress method (b) Ultimate load method, and (c) Limit state method

(a) Working stress method of design: In this method structures are classified by
classical elastic theory. The stresses in the member are considered for normal
working load condition, and no attention is given to the conditions that arise at the
time of structural collapse. The working load are fixed by limiting the stresses in
concrete and steel to fraction of stresses at which the material fails when tested as
cubes and cylinders of concrete and bars of steel. The ratio which the yield stress
of the steel or the cube strength of concrete bears to the corresponding permissible
or working stress is usually called factor of safety, which is usually called factor of
safety, which is actually a stress factor of safety.

(b)Limit state method of design: Working stress method gives satisfactory

performance at working loads, while Limit state method of design is oriented
towards the simultaneous satisfaction of all these requirements. This method makes
a judicious combination of both working stress method and ultimate load method.
Two types of limit states considered are:

1. Limit state of collapse

2. Limit state of serviceability

CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES AND PARTIAL

SAFETY FACTORS:
All relevant limit states should be considered in design to ensure adequate degree
of safety and serviceability. The structure should be designed on the basis of the
most critical limit state and then checked for other limit states. For this to be
achieved, the design should be based on characteristic value of applied loads,
which take into account the variations in the loads to be supported. The design
values are derived from the characteristic values through the use of partial safety
factors.

(a) MATERIAL STRENGTH

(1) Characteristic strength of material: The term characteristic strength means

that value of strength of the material below which not more than 5 percent of the
results are expected to fall. The characteristic strength of concrete is denoted by
fck (N/mm2). Until the relevant Indian Standard specification s for reinforcing
steel are include to modified the concept of characteristics strength, the
characteristics strength are considered to be minimum yield/0.2 % proof stress
specified in the relevant Indian Standard Specifications.
CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES AND PARTIAL
SAFETY FACTORS:
All relevant limit states should be considered in design to ensure adequate degree of safety and
serviceability. The structure should be designed on the basis of the most critical limit state and
then checked for other limit states. For this to be achieved, the design should be based on
characteristic value of applied loads, which take into account the variations in the loads to be
supported. The design values are derived from the characteristic values through the use of partial
safety factors.

(a) MATERIAL STRENGTH

(1) Characteristic strength of material: The term characteristic strength means that value of
strength of the material below which not more than 5 percent of the results are expected to fall.
The characteristic strength of concrete is denoted by fck (N/mm2). Until the relevant Indian
Standard specification s for reinforcing steel are include to modified the concept of
characteristics strength, the characteristics strength are considered to be minimum yield/0.2 %
proof stress specified in the relevant Indian Standard Specifications.

CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES AND PARTIAL SAFETY

FACTORS:
All relevant limit states should be considered in design to ensure adequate degree of safety and
serviceability. The structure should be designed on the basis of the most critical limit state and
then checked for other limit states. For this to be achieved, the design should be based on
characteristic value of applied loads, which take into account the variations in the loads to be
supported. The design values are derived from the characteristic values through the use of partial
safety factors.

• MATERIAL STRENGTH

(1) Characteristic strength of material: The term characteristic strength

means that value of strength of the material below which not more than 5 percent
of the results are expected to fall. The characteristic strength of concrete is denoted
by fck (N/mm2). Until the relevant Indian Standard specification s for reinforcing
steel are include to modified the concept of characteristics strength, the
characteristics strength are considered to be minimum yield/0.2 % proof stress
specified in the relevant Indian Standard Specifications.
CHARACTERISTIC AND DESIGN VALUES AND PARTIAL
SAFETY FACTORS:
All relevant limit states should be considered in design to ensure adequate degree
of safety and serviceability. The structure should be designed on the basis of the
most critical limit state and then checked for other limit states. For this to be
achieved, the design should be based on characteristic value of applied loads,
which take into account the variations in the loads to be supported. The design
values are derived from the characteristic values through the use of partial safety
factors.

(a) MATERIAL STRENGTH

(1) Characteristic strength of material: The term characteristic strength means

that value of strength of the material below which not more than 5 percent of the
results are expected to fall. The characteristic strength of concrete is denoted by
fck (N/mm2). Until the relevant Indian Standard specification s for reinforcing
steel are include to modified the concept of characteristics strength, the
characteristics strength are considered to be minimum yield/0.2 % proof stress
specified in the relevant Indian Standard Specifications.

(2) Design Values: The design strength of material, Fd is given by

Fd = ƒ / ϒm

Ƒ = characteristics strength of material

ϒm = partial safety factor appropriate to the material.

(3) Partial safety factor ϒm : When assessing the strength of structure or structural
member for limit state of collapse, the value of partial safety factor ϒm should be
taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel. Thus ϒmc= 1.5 and ϒms= 1.15

It should be noted that ϒm value are already incorporated in the eq. and table given
in IS : 456- 2000 for the limit state design. A higher value of partial safety factor
(ϒmc) for concrete has been adopted because there are greater changes of variation
of strength f concrete due to improper

compaction, inadequate curing, improper batching and mixing of reinforcement

and now to be small, and hence a lower value has been adopted. Thus, in the limit
state method the design stress for steel reinforcement

ƒ / ϒm = ƒ/1.15 = 0.87 ƒy

According to the IS: 456-2000 for design purposes, the compressive strength of
concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristics
strength. The partial safety factor ϒmc = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this

LOADS AND FORCES

The following are the different types of loads and forces acting on the
structure. As mentioned in sec. 1.1.5, their values have been assumed based on
earlier data and experiences. It is worth mentioning that their assumed values as
stipulated in IS 875 have been used successfully.

DEAD LOADS:-

These are the self weight of the structure to be designed (see Anim.
1.1.5a). Needless to mention that the dimensions of the cross section are to be
assumed initially which enable to estimate the dead loads from the known unit
weights of the materials of the structure. The accuracy of the estimation thus
depends on the assumed values of the initial dimensions of the cross section. The
values of unit weights of the materials are specified in Part 1 of IS 875.
WIND LOADS :-

These loads (Anim. 1.1.5a) depend on the velocity of the wind at the
location of the structure, permeability of the structure, height of the structure etc.
They may be horizontal or inclined forces depending on the angle of inclination of
the roof for pitched roof structures. They can even be suction type of forces
depending on the angle of inclination of the roof or geometry of the buildings
(Anim. 1.1.5b). Wind loads are specified in Part 3 of IS 875.

EARTHQUAKE FORCE:

Earthquake generates waves which move from the origin of its

location (epicenter) with velocities depending on the intensity and magnitude of
the earthquake. The impact of earthquake on structures depends on the stiffness of
the structure, stiffness of the soil media, height and location of the structure etc.
(Anim. 1.1.7). Accordingly, the country has been divided into several zones
depending on the magnitude of the earthquake. The earthquake forces are

COMBINATION OF LOADS:
Design of structures would have become highly expensive in order to
maintain their serviceability and safety if all types of forces would have acted on
all structures at all times. Accordingly, the concept of characteristic loads has been
accepted to ensure that in at least 95 per cent of the cases, the characteristic loads
considered will be higher than the actual loads on the structure. However, the
characteristic loads are to be calculated on the basis of average/mean load of some
logical combinations of all the loads mentioned in sec. 1.1.6.1 to 7. These logical
combinations are based on (i) the natural phenomena like wind and earthquake do
not occur simultaneously, (ii) live loads on roof should not be present when wind
loads are considered; to name a few. IS 875 Part 5 stipulates the combination of
loads to be considered in the design of structures.

(b) IMPOSED LOADS

They are also known as live loads (Anim. 1.1.5a) and consist of all loads
other than the dead loads of the structure. The values of the imposed loads depend
on the functional requirement of the structure. Residential buildings will have
comparatively lower values of the imposed loads than those of school or office
buildings. The standard values are stipulated in Part 2 of IS 875.
• Characteristics loads: the term characteristics load means that value of load
which has a95% probability of not being exceeded during the life of
structure. Since sufficient data are not available to express load in statistical
terms, the load given in various relent codes shall be assumed as the
characteristics loads.

2. Design loads: The design load Fd is given by:

Where F = characteristics load and ϒf = partial safety factor appropriate to the

nature of loading and the limit state being considered.
Partial safety factor (ϒf): The partial safety factor (ϒf) for loads shall be as given in table

Load Limit state of collapse Limit state of serviceability

combinati
ons DL L W D L W
L L L L L

(1) (2) ( ( ( ( (
3 4 5 6 7
) ) ) ) )

DL+LL 1.5 1 - 1 1 -
. . .
5 0 0

DL+WL 1.5or0 - 1. 1 - 1.
.9 5 . 0
0

DL+WL+LL 1.2 1 1. 1 0 0.
. 2 . . 8
2 0 8

DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING

Total covered area = 3000 yards

Height of the building = 10 m

No of storey = 2
Height of stair house = 3m

No. of beams = 255

No. of columns = 104

Type of foundation provided = Raft Foundation

Grades of concrete used = M 20 for beams, column

M 25 for column footings and two way slabs.

Grade of steel used = Fe 415 HYSD

Various loads taken into consideration

1. Dead load

2. Live load

3. Wind load (from all four directions)

4. Seismic load (from all four directions)

Various load combinations taken into consideration

• Dead load and live load

2. Dead load and seismic load (from all four directions)

3. Dead load and wind load (from all four directions)

4. Dead load, live load and seismic load (from all four directions)

5. Dead load, live load and wind load (from all four directions)
 COMPONENTS DESIGNED IN THE BUILDING

• BEAMS

Beams are the horizontal members in the buildings which are subjected to
bending. Bending causes compressive as well as tensile stresses in the same
cross section depending upon the position of particles and the type of end
supports. In a simply supported beam top half is under compression while
the bottom half is under tension. In a cantilever beam top half is in tension
while the bottom half of the section is under compression. In order to make
concrete beams capable of carrying tensile stresses they have to be
reinforced with a material which can take tension alone, because concrete is
extremely weak in tension. Steel being very strong in tension is mostly used
as reinforcement.

1.1. Types of beams

Beams can be classified according to the end supports on which they rest.
The various types of beams are:

• Beams simply supported at ends: The beam rest on either walls or columns
in a simple manner. The ends of the beam can have rotation in either
direction, clockwise or anticlockwise. The reactions act always at right angle
to the longitudinal axis of the beam depending upon the type of loading.

MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM STEEL

• In compression
There is no stipulation in IS 456 regarding the minimum compression steel
in doubly reinforced beams. However, hangers and other bars provided up to 0.2%
of the whole area of cross section may be necessary for creep and shrinkage of
concrete. Accordingly, these bars are not considered as compression
reinforcement. From the practical aspects of consideration, therefore, the minimum
steel as compression reinforcement should be at least 0.4% of the area of concrete
in compression or 0.2% of the whole cross-sectional area of the beam so that the
doubly reinforced beam can take care of the extra loads in addition to resisting the
effects of creep and shrinkage of concrete.
The maximum compression steel shall not exceed 4 per cent of the whole area of
cross-section of the beam as given in cl. 26.5.1.2 of IS 456.

• In tension
As stipulated in cl. 26.5.1.1(a) and (b) of IS 456, the minimum amount of
tensile reinforcement shall be at least (0.85 bd/fy) and the maximum area of tension

reinforcement shall not exceed (0.04 bD).

It has been discussed in sec. 3.6.2.3 of Lesson 6 that the singly reinforced
beams shall have Ast normally not exceeding 75 to 80% of Ast,lim so that xu remains

less than xu,max with a view to ensuring ductile failure. However, in the case of
doubly reinforced beams, the ductile failure is ensured with the presence of
compression steel. Thus, the depth of the neutral axis may be taken as xu, max if the
beam is over-reinforced. Accordingly, the Ast1 part of tension steel can go up to Ast,
lim and the additional tension steel Ast2 is provided for the additional moment Mu -
Mu, lim. The quantities of Ast1 and Ast2 together form the total Ast, which shall not
exceed 0.04 bD.
 2. COLUMNS

Columns are vertical compression members used to transfer the loads of the
structures such as buildings, factory floors, Cinema balconies, Auditorium
halls, floors of framed buildings, etc., to the foundation below. The transfer
of load may be :

i. Direct from the roof or floor slabs through the columns to the foundation.

ii. Indirect through a beam to the columns and then to the foundation.

Columns form the most important part of a structure. The failure of any
other part of a structure may not cause so serious a damage as that caused by
the failure of a column. It can endanger even the whole structure. All vertical
members may not be termed as columns. Only those members whose
effective length is more than 3 times the least lateral dimension are called
columns.

Concrete is a very strong material in compression and weak in tension. Thus

the best utility of this property of concrete can be made use of in designing a
compression member of concrete, which is a column. Though column is a
compression member yet the possibility of tension in some part of it cannot
be ruled out. This tension may occur due to:

• Accidental eccentricity of loading

ii. Bending in columns.

To take care of this tension, some amount of steel has to be provided on

tension face in the longitudinal direction. The amount of steel should be just
sufficient to take care of the tensile stresses only.

2.1. Types of columns

 The Slabs are plain structural members whose thickness is quite small as
compared to its other dimension. Slabs are most frequently used as roof
coverings and floors in various shapes such as square, rectangular, circular
and triangular in buildings, tanks, etc. The slabs are designed just like beams
keeping the breadth of such a beam as unity depending upon system of units.
Thus the total slab is assumed to be consisting of a no of strips, though the
slab is cast in one piece and not in strips of unit width. For designing the
slabs, the bending moments and shear forces are computed in the same way
as is done for the design of rectangular beams. The load per unit area will be
considered as load per unit run of the imaginary beam having unit with a
span l. Slabs are, in general, divided into two categories depending upon the
ratio of long span to short span. When this ratio is greater than or equal to 2,
the slab is to be designed as slab spanning in one direction but if this ratio is
less than 2, the slab is to be designed as slabs spanning in two directions,
provided in both the cases the slab is supported on all the four sides.

types of R.C. columns are:

• Columns with longitudinal steel and with lateral ties or spirals.

ii. Composite columns with structural Rolled Steel section encased in

concrete.

iii. Concrete filled steel tubular columns in which steel tube is filled with
concrete.

The column may be of any shape; rectangular, square, circular, hexagonal,

etc.

• Columns with longitudinal steel and with lateral ties or spirals.

ii. Composite columns with structural Rolled Steel section encased in

concrete.

iii. Concrete filled steel tubular columns in which steel tube is filled with
concrete.
 The column may be of any shape; rectangular, square, circular, hexagonal,
etc.

(a) Effective length: The vertical distance between the points of inflection of the
compression member in the buckled configuration in a plane is termed as effective
length le of that compression member in that plane. The effective length is different

from the unsupported length l of the member, though it depends on the

unsupported length and the type of end restraints. The relation between the
effective and unsupported lengths of any compression member is
le = k l (10.1)
where k is the ratio of effective to the unsupported lengths. Clause 25.2 of IS 456
stipulates the effective lengths of compression members (vide Annex E of IS 456).
This parameter is needed in classifying and designing the compression members.

(b) Pedestal: Pedestal is a vertical compression member whose effective length le

does not exceed three times of its least horizontal dimension b (cl. 26.5.3.1h,
Note). The other horizontal dimension D shall not exceed four times of b
(Fig.10.21.1a).

(c) Column: Column is a vertical compression member whose unsupported length

l shall not exceed sixty times of b (least lateral dimension), if restrained at the two
ends. Further, its unsupported length of a cantilever column shall not exceed
2
100b /D, where D is the larger lateral dimension which is also restricted up to four
times of b (vide cl. 25.3 of IS 456 and Fig.10.21.1b).
(d) Wall: Wall is a vertical compression member whose effective height Hwe to

thickness t (least lateral dimension) shall not exceed 30 (cl. 32.2.3 of IS 456). The
larger horizontal dimension i.e., the length of the wall L is more than 4t
(Fig.10.21.1c).
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:
The longitudinal reinforcing bars carry the compressive loads along
with the concrete. Clause 26.5.3.1 stipulates the guidelines regarding the minimum
and maximum amount, number of bars, minimum diameter of bars, spacing of bars
etc. The following are the salient points:
• The minimum amount of steel should be at least 0.8 per cent of the gross cross-
sectional area of the column required if for any reason the provided area is more
than the required area.

• The maximum amount of steel should be 4 per cent of the gross cross-sectional
area of the column so that it does not exceed 6 per cent when bars from column
below have to be lapped with those in the column under consideration.
• Four and six are the minimum number of longitudinal bars in rectangular and
circular columns, respectively.
• The diameter of the longitudinal bars should be at least 12 mm.
• Columns having helical reinforcement shall have at least six longitudinal bars
within and in contact with the helical reinforcement. The bars shall be placed
equidistant around its inner circumference.
• The bars shall be spaced not exceeding 300 mm along the periphery of the
column.
• The amount of reinforcement for pedestal shall be at least 0.15 per cent of the
cross-sectional area provided.

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
Transverse reinforcing bars are provided in forms of circular rings,
o
polygonal links (lateral ties) with internal angles not exceeding 135 or helical
reinforcement. The transverse reinforcing bars are provided to ensure that every
longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has effective lateral support
against buckling. Clause 26.5.3.2 stipulates the guidelines of the arrangement of
transverse reinforcement.

The salient points are:

• Transverse reinforcement shall only go round corner and alternate bars if the
longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75 mm on either side

• Longitudinal bars spaced at a maximum distance of 48 times the diameter of the

tie shall be tied by single tie and additional open ties for in between longitudinal
bars (Fig.10.21.8).
• For longitudinal bars placed in more than one row (Fig.10.21.9): (i) transverse
reinforcement is provided for the outer-most row in accordance with (a) above,
and (ii) no bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than
three times the diameter of the largest bar in the inner row.

ASSUMPTIONS
(i) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as
0.002.
(ii) The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in
concrete subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is no
tension on the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least
compressed extreme fiber.

3. SLABS

Slabs are plain structural members whose thickness is quite small as

compared to its other dimension. Slabs are most frequently used as roof
coverings and floors in various shapes such as square, rectangular, circular
 and triangular in buildings, tanks, etc. The slabs are designed just like beams
keeping the breadth of such a beam as unity depending upon system of units.
Thus the total slab is assumed to be consisting of a no of strips, though the
slab is cast in one piece and not in strips of unit width. For designing the
slabs, the bending moments and shear forces are computed in the same way
as is done for the design of rectangular beams. The load per unit area will be
considered as load per unit run of the imaginary beam having unit with a
span l. Slabs are, in general, divided into two categories depending upon the
ratio of long span to short span. When this ratio is greater than or equal to 2,
the slab is to be designed as slab spanning in one direction but if this ratio is
less than 2, the slab is to be designed as slabs spanning in two directions,
provided in both the cases the slab is supported on all the four sides.

TWO-WAY SLABS
Two-way slabs subjected mostly to uniformly distributed loads resist them
primarily by bending about both the axis. However, as in the one-way slab, the
depth of the two-way slabs should also be checked for the shear stresses to avoid
any reinforcement for shear. Moreover, these slabs should have sufficient depth for
the control deflection. Thus, strength and deflection are the requirements of design
of two-way slabs.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The primary design considerations of both one and two-way slabs are
strength and deflection. The depth of the slab and areas of steel reinforcement are
to be determined from these two aspects. The detailed procedure of design of one-
way slab is taken up in the next section. However, the following aspects are to be
decided first.

• Effective span to effective depth ratio (cl.22.2 of IS 456)

The effective span of a slab depends on the boundary condition. Table 8.2
gives the guidelines stipulated in cl.22.2 of IS 456 to determine the effective
span of a slab.

Table 6.1 Effective span of slab (cl.22.2 of IS 456)

Sr.No. Support Condition Effective span

1 Simply supported not built Lesser of (i) clear span +
integrally with its supports effective depth of slab, and
(ii) centre to centre of
supports
2 Continuous when the width of the Do
th
support is < 1/12 of clear span
3 Continuous when the width of the (i) Clear span between the
th
support is > lesser of 1/12 of supports
clear span or 600 mm (ii) Lesser of (a) clear span
(i) for end span with one end + half the effective depth of
slab, and (b) clear span +
fixed and the other end
continuous or for intermediate half the width of the
spans, discontinuous support
(ii) for end span with one end (iii) The distance between
free and the other end the centres of bearings
continuous,
(iii) spans with roller or rocker
bearings.
4 Cantilever slab at the end of a Length up to the centre of
continuous slab support
 5 Cantilever span Length up to the face of the
support + half the effective
depth
6 Frames Centre to centre distance

(b) Effective span to effective depth ratio (cls.23.2.1a-e of IS 456)

The deflection of the slab can be kept under control if the ratios of effective
span to effective depth of one-way slabs are taken up from the provisions in
cl.23.2.1a-e of IS 456. These stipulations are for the beams and are also applicable
for one-way slabs as they are designed considering them as beam of unit width.
(c) Nominal cover (cl.26.4 of IS 456)
The nominal cover to be provided depends upon durability and fire
resistance requirements. Table 16 and 16A of IS 456 provide the respective values.
Appropriate value of the nominal cover is to be provided from these tables for the
particular requirement of the structure.

(d) Minimum reinforcement (cl.26.5.2.1 of IS 456)

Both for one and two-way slabs, the amount of minimum reinforcement in
either direction shall not be less than 0.15 and 0.12 per cents of the total cross-
sectional area for mild steel (Fe 250) and high strength deformed bars (Fe 415 and
Fe 500)/welded wire fabric, respectively.

(e) Maximum diameter of reinforcing bars (cl.26.5.2.2)

The maximum diameter of reinforcing bars of one and two-way slabs shall
not exceed one-eighth of the total depth of the slab.

(f) Maximum distance between bars (cl.26.3.3 of IS 456)

 The maximum horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcing bars
shall be the lesser of (i) three times the effective depth, or (ii) 300 mm. However,
the same for secondary/distribution bars for temperature, shrinkage etc. shall be the
lesser of (i) five times the effective depth, or (ii) 450 mm.

DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS

The procedure of the design of two-way slabs will have all the six
steps mentioned in sec. 8.18.6 for the design of one-way slabs except that the
bending moments and shear forces are determined by different methods for the two
types of slab.
While the bending moments and shear forces are computed from the
coefficients given in Tables 12 and 13 (cl. 22.5) of IS 456 for the one-way slabs,
the same are obtained from Tables 26 or 27 for the bending moment in the two
types of two-way slabs and the shear forces are computed from Eq.8.1 for the two-
way slabs.

Step 1: Determination/checking of the effective and total depths of slabs

The effective depth of the slab shall be determined employing Eq.3.25 of
sec.3.5.6 of Lesson 5 and is given below as a ready reference here,

Mu,lim = R,lim bd …. (3.25)

2

where the values of R,lim for three different grades of concrete and three different

grades of steel are given in Table 3.3 of Lesson 5 (sec.3.5.6). The value of b shall
be taken as one metre.
The total depth of the slab shall then be determined adding appropriate
nominal cover (Table 16 and 16A of cl.26.4 of IS 456) and half of the diameter of
the larger bar if the bars are of different sizes. Normally, the computed depth of the
slab comes out to be much less than the assumed depth in Step 1. However, final
selection of the depth shall be done after checking the depth for shear force.

Step 4: Depth of the slab for shear force

Theoretically, the depth of the slab can be checked for shear force if the
design shear strength of concrete is known. Since this depends upon the percentage
of tensile reinforcement, the design shear strength shall be assumed considering the
lowest percentage of steel. The value of cτ shall be modified after knowing the
multiplying factor k from the depth tentatively selected for the slab in Step 3. If
necessary, the depth of the slab shall be modified.
Step 5: Determination of areas of steel
Area of steel reinforcement along the direction of one-way slab should be
determined employing Eq.3.23 of sec.3.5.5 of Lesson 5 and given below as a ready
reference.
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d {1 – (Ast)(fy)/(fck)(bd)} …. (3.23)

The above equation is applicable as the slab in most of the cases is under-
reinforced due to the selection of depth larger than the computed value in Step 3.
The area of steel so determined should be checked whether it is at least the
minimum area of steel as mentioned in cl.26.5.2.1 of IS 456 and explained in
sec.8.18.5d.

Alternatively, tables and charts of SP-16 may be used to determine the depth
of the slab and the corresponding area of steel. Tables 5 to 44 of SP-16 covering a
wide range of grades of concrete and Chart 90 shall be used for determining the
depth and reinforcement of slabs. Tables of SP-16 take into consideration of
maximum diameter of bars not exceeding one-eighth the depth of the slab. Zeros at
the top right hand corner of these tables indicate the region where the percentage of
reinforcement would exceed pt,lim. Similarly, zeros at the lower left and corner

indicate the region where the reinforcement is less than the minimum stipulated in
the code. Therefore, no separate checking is needed for the allowable maximum
diameter of the bars or the computed area of steel exceeding the minimum area of
steel while using tables and charts of SP-16. The amount of steel reinforcement
along the large span shall be the minimum amount of steel as per cl.26.5.2.1 of IS
456 and mentioned in sec.8.18.5d earlier.
Step 6: Selection of diameters and spacings of reinforcing bars (cls.26.5.2.2
and 26.3.3 of IS 456)
The diameter and spacing of bars are to be determined as per
cls.26.5.2.2 and 26.3.3 of IS 456. As mentioned in Step 5, this step may be avoided
when using the tables and charts of SP-16.
Further, the restrained two-way slabs need adequate torsional reinforcing bars at
the corners to prevent them from lifting. There are three types of corners having
three different requirements. Accordingly, the determination of torsional
reinforcement is discussed in Step 7, as all the other six steps are common for the
one and two-way slabs.
Step 7: Determination of torsional reinforcement
 Three types of corners, C1, C2 and C3, shown in Fig.8.19.4, have
three different requirements of torsion steel as mentioned below.
• At corner C1 where the slab is discontinuous on both sides, the torsion
reinforcement shall consist of top and bottom bars each with layers of bar
placed parallel to the sides of the slab and extending a minimum distance of
one-fifth of the shorter span from the edges. The amount of reinforcement in
each of the four layers shall be 75 per cent of the area required for the
maximum mid-span moment in the slab. This provision is given in cl. D-1.8
of IS 456.
• At corner C2 contained by edges over one of which is continuous, the
torsional reinforcement shall be half of the amount of (a) above. This
provision is given in cl. D-1.9 of IS 456.
• At corner C3 contained by edges over both of which the slab is continuous,
torsional reinforcing bars need not be provided, as stipulated in cl. D-1.10 of
IS 456.

4. FOUNDATIONS
Foundation is that part of building whose function is to distribute the loads
of the structure to the soil supporting the structure. The foundation
distributes the load over a larger area at a uniform rate so that the pressure
on the soil does not exceed its allowable bearing capacity. Foundation
increases the stability of the structure. It restricts the settlement of the
structure within reasonable limits. The settlement depends upon the intensity
of load, type of soil and depth at which the load of the structure is
transferred to the soil. To avoid unequal settlement it is necessary that the
load per unit area on the soil should be same under different footings.

Raft or Mat Foundation

A mat or thick reinforced concrete slab is sometimes provided to cover the
entire foundation area under a building or under a number of columns in
more than one row. It is provided under such site conditions where (i) the
bearing power of soil is so low that independent column footings are
impracticable (ii) pile foundations cannot be used advantageously.

5. STAIRCASE

Stairs are provided in the building to afford a means of

communication between the various floors. These are steps arranged in
series and placed in an enclosure called staircase. Since they have to perform
a very important function, the slab over which the steps rest, should be
designed properly to provide maximum comfort, ease and safety. The most
important aspect in providing stairs is its location. The location of stairs
should be such as to provide an easy access so that in case of any causality
occupants should be able to use it to reach safer places.