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#463573
Topic: Types of Polynomials

Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which are not? State reasons for your answer.
(i) 4x 2 − 3x + 7

(ii) y 2 + √2

(iii) 3√t + t√2

2
(iv) y +
y
(v) x 10 + y 3 + t 50

Solution

(i) In 4x 2 − 3x + 7. all the indies of x are whole numbers. So, it is a polynomial in one variable x.

(ii) In y 2 + √2 the index of y is a whole number. So, it is a polynomial in one variable y.

1 1
(iii) In 3√t + t√2 = 3t 2 + √2 t, here the exponent of first term is  , which is not whole number therefore is it not a polynomial.
2

2
(iv) In y + = y + 2y − 1, here the exponent of first term is − 1, which is not whole number, therefore, is it not a polynomial.
y

(v) In x 10 + y 3 + t 50 is not a polynomial in one variable as three variable x, y and t occur in it.

#463574
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial

Write the coefficients of x 2 in each of the following:

π
(i) 2 + x 2 + x    (ii) 2 − x 2 + x 3    (iii) 2   (iv) √2x − 1
2x + x

Solution

Coefficient of x 2 in ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is a.

Hence, coefficients of x 2  in

(i) 2 + x 2 + x is 1

(ii) 2 − x 2 + x 3 is − 1

π 2 π
(iii) x + x  is
2 2

(iv) √2x − 1 is 0

#463575
Topic: Types of Polynomials

Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35 and of a monomial of degree 100.

Solution

Binomial of degree 35 may be taken as x 35 + 4x

And monomial of degree 100 may be taken as 5x 100

Note: This question might have different answers.

#463576
Topic: Types of Polynomials

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Write the degree of each of the following polynomials:

(i) 5x 3 + 4x 2 + 7x

(ii) 4 − y 2

(iii) 5t − √7

(iv) 3

Solution

(i) The power of term is 5x 3 and exponent is 3. So degree is 3.

(ii) The power of term is y 2 and exponent is 2. So degree is 2.

(iii) The power of term is 5t and exponent is 1. So degree is 1. 

(iv) The only term here is 3 which can be written as 3x 0 and so exponent is 0 or degree is 0. 

#463577
Topic: Types of Polynomials

Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials:

(i) x 2 + x

(ii) x − x 3

(Iii) y + y 2 + 4

(iv) 1 + x

(v) 3t

(vi) r 2

(vii) 7x 3

Solution

(i) The highest degree of x 2 + x is 2, so it is a quadratic polynomials.

(ii) The highest degree of x − x 3 is 3, so it is a cubic  polynomials.

(iii)The highest degree of y + y 2 + 4 is 2, so it is a quadratic polynomials.

(iv) The highest degree of x in (1 + x) is 1, so it is a linear polynomials.

(v)The highest degree of t in 3t is 1, so it is a linear polynomials.

(vi)The highest degree of r 2 is 2, so it is a quadratic polynomials.

(vii)The highest degree of x in 7x 3 is 3, so it is a cubic polynomials.

#463578
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial

Find the value of the polynomial 5x − 4x 2 + 3 at

(i) x = 0

(ii) x = − 1

(iii) x = 2

Solution

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Given polynomial 5x − 4x 2 + 3

(i) If x = 0

Then 5(0) − 4(0) 2 + 3 = 0 − 0 + 3 = 3

(ii) If x = − 1

Then 5( − 1) − 4( − 1) 2 + 3 = − 5 − 4 + 3 = − 6

(iii) If x = 0

Then 5(2) − 4(2) 2 + 3 = 10 − 16 + 3 = − 3

#463579
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial

Find p(0), p(1) and p(2) for each of the following polynomials:

(i) p(y) = y 2 − y + 1

(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t 2 − t 3

(iii) p(x) = x 3

(iv) p(x) = (x − 1)(x + 1)

Solution

(i) p(y) = y 2 − y + 1

p(0) = (0) 2 − (0) + 1 = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1

p(1) = (1) 2 − (1) + 1 = 1 − 1 + 1 = 1

p(2) = (2) 2 − (2) + 1 = 4 − 2 + 1 = 3

(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t 2 − t 3

p(0) = 2 + (0) + 2(0) 2 − t 3 = 2 + 0 + 0 − 0 = 2

p(1) = 2 + (1) + 2(2) 2 − (1) 3 = 2 + 1 + 2 − 1 = 4

p(2) = 2 + (2) + 2(2) 2 − (2) 3 = 2 + 2 + 8 − 8 = 4

(iii) p(x) = x 3

p(0) = (0) 3 = 0

p(1) = (1) 3 = 1

p(2) = (2) 3 = 8

(iv) p(x) = (x − 1)(x + 1)

p(0) = (0 − 1)(0 + 1) = ( − 1)(1) = − 1

p(1) = (1 − 1)(1 + 1) = (0)(2) = 0

p(2) = (2 − 1)(2 + 1) = (1)(3) = 3

#463580
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial

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Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial, indicated against them.
1
(i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = −
3
4
(ii) p(x) = 5x − π, x =
5
(iii) p(x) = x 2 − 1, x = 1, − 1

(iv) p(x) = (x + 1)(x − 2), x = − 1, 2

(v) p(x) = x 2, x = 0
m
(vi) p(x) = lx + m, x = −
l
1 2
(vii) p(x) = 3x 2 − 1, x = −
√3 , √3
1
(viii) p(x) = 2x + 1, x =
2

Solution

In order to verify the values are zeros of polynomial p(x), we must replace the variable x with the given values.

If p(x) = 0, then that given value is zero of polynomial p(x).

(i) p(x) = 3x + 1
1
Put x = − , we get
3
1
( )
p( x ) = 3 − 3 + 1 = − 1 + 1 = 0

1
So, x = − is the zero of the polynomial p(x).
3

(ii) p(x) = 5x − π
4
Put x = , we get
5
4
()
p( x ) = 5 5 − π = 4 − π ≠ 0

4
So, x = is not the zero of the polynomial p(x).
5

(iii) p(x) = x 2 − 1

Put x = 1, we get

p(x) = (1) 2 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
So, x = 1 is the zero of the polynomial p(x).

p( x ) = x 2 − 1
Put x = − 1, we get

p ( x ) = ( − 1) 2 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
So, x = − 1 is the zero of the polynomial p(x).

(iv) p(x) = (x + 1)(x − 2)

Put x = − 1, we get

p(x) = ( − 1 + 1)( − 1 − 2) = 0( − 3) = 0
So, x = − 1 is the zero of the polynomial p(x).    

Put x = − 2, we get

p(x) = (2 + 1)(2 − 2) = 3(0) = 0

So, x = 2 is the zero of the polynomial p(x).

v) p(x) = x 2

Put x = 0, we get

p(x) = (0) 2 = 0
So, x = 0 is the zero of the polynomial p(x).  

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(vi) p(x) = lx + m
m
Put x = − , we get
l
m
( )
p( x ) = l − l + m = − m + m = 0

m
So, x = − is the zero of the polynomial p(x).  
l

(vii) p(x) = 3x 2 − 1
1
Put x = − , we get
√3
1 1
( ) ( )
2
p( x ) = 3 − √3 −1= 3× 3 −1=0

1
So, x = − is the zero of the polynomial p(x).  
√3
2
Put x = , we get
√3
2 4
( ) ( )
2
p( x ) = 3 √3 −1= 3× 3 −1=3≠0

2
So, x = is the zero of the polynomial p(x).  
√3

(viii) p(x) = 2x + 1
1
Put x = , we get
2
1
()
p( x ) = 2 2 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 ≠ 0

1
So, x = is not the zero of the polynomial p(x).  
2

#463581
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial

Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases:

(i) p(x) = x + 5

(ii) p(x) = x − 5

(iii) p(x) = 2x + 5

(iv) p(x) = 3x − 2

(v) p(x) = 3x

(vi) p(x) = ax, a ≠ 0

(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c ≠ 0, c, d are real numbers.

Solution

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To find zero of the polynomial, p(x) = 0

(i) If p(x) = x + 5 = 0 then x = − 5

(ii)  If p(x) = x − 5 = 0 then x = 5.

−5
(iii) If p(x) = 2x + 5 = 0 then x = .
2

2
(iv) If p(x) = 3x − 2 = 0 then x =
3

(v)  If p(x) = 3x = 0 then x = 0

(vi)  If p(x) = ax + 0 = 0 then x = 0

−d
(vii) If p(x) = cx + d = 0 then x =
c
 

#463582
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

Find the remainder when x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 is divided by

(i) x + 1
1
(ii) x −
2
(iii) x

(iv) x + π

(v) 5 + 2x

Solution

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In equation x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1

(i) If x + 1 = 0, then x = − 1

So put the value of x = − 1 in  equation x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 we get

( − 1) 3 + 3( − 1) 2 + 3( − 1) + 1 = − 1 + 3 − 3 + 1 = 0 
Remainder is 0.

1 1
(ii) If x − = 0, then x =
2 2
1
So, put x = in equation, we get
2
1 1 1 1 3 3 20 5
3 2

() () ()
2 +3 2 +3 2 +1= 8 + 4 + 2 +1= 8 =
2

(iii) If x + 0 = 0 then  x = 0

So put the value of x = 0 in  equation x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 we get

(0) 3 + 3(0) 2 + 3(0) + 1 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 1

Remainder is 1.

(iv) If x + π = 0, then  x = − π

So put the value of x = − π   in  equation x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 we get

( − π) 3 + 3( − π) 2 + 3( − π) + 1 = − π 3 + 3π 2 − 3π + 1

2
(v) If 5 + 2x = 0, then x = −
5
2
So put the value of x = −  in  equation x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1, we get
5
−2 −2 −2
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
5 +3 5 +3 5 +1

8 12 6 − 8 + 60 − 150 + 125 27
= − + − +1= =
125 25 5 125 125

#463584
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

Find the remainder when x 3 − ax 2 + 6x − a is divided by x − a.

Solution

We have x 3 − ax 2 + 6x − a 

Apply remainder theorem 

x−a=0

x=a
Put x = a in equation. 

( a ) 3 − a ( a ) 2 + 6a − a

= a 3 − a 3 + 6a − a

= 6a − a

= 5a

Then reminder is 5a

#463585
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

Check whether 7 + 3x is a factor of 3x 3 + 7x.

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Solution

Apply remainder theorem 

7 + 3x = 0
−7
3x = − 7 or x =
3

−7
Replace x = in the equation, we get
3
−7 −7
( ) ( )
3
3 x 3 + 7x   = 3 3 +7 3

− 343
=3
( ) 27 −
49
3

343 49
= −
9 3

This value is not equal to zero then 7 + 3x is not a factor of 

3 x 3 + 7x

#463586
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

Determine which of the following polynomials has (x + 1) a factor:

(i) x 3 + x 2 + x + 1

(ii) x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1

(iii) x 4 + 3x 3 + 3x 2 + x + 1

(iv) x 3 − x 2 − (2 + √2)x + √2

Solution

Apply remainder theorem 

x+1=0

x= −1
Put the value of x = − 1 in all equations. 

(i) x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = ( − 1) 3 + ( − 1) 2 + ( − 1) + 1 = − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 = 0

Then x + 1 is the factor of equation

(ii) x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = ( − 1) 4 + ( − 1) 3 + ( − 1) 2 + ( − 1) + 1 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 = 1

This is not zero.Then x + 1 is not the factor of equation

(iii) x 4 + 3x 3 + 3x 2 + x + 1 = ( − 1) 4 + 3( − 1) 3 + 3( − 1) 2 + ( − 1) + 1 = 1

This is not zero.Then x + 1 is not the factor of equation

(iv)x 3 − x 2 − (2 + √2)x + √2 = ( − 1) 3 − ( − 1) 2 − (2 + √2)( − 1) + √2 = − 1 − 1 + 2 − √2 + √2 = 0

This is zero. Then x + 1 is the factor of equation

#463590
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

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Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) in each of the following cases:

(i) p(x) = 2x 3 + x 2 − 2x − 1, g(x) = x + 1

(ii) p(x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = x + 2

(iii) p(x) = x 3 − 4x 2 + x + 6, g(x) = x − 3

Solution

(i) Apply factor theorem 

x+1=0
So x = − 1

2x 3 + x 2 − 2x − 1
Replace x by − 1, we get

2( − 1) 3 + ( − 1) 2 − 2( − 1) − 1 = − 2 + 1 + 2 − 1 = 0

Reminder is 0 so that x + 1 is a factor of 2x 3 + x 2 − 2x − 1  

(ii) Apply factor theorem 

x + 2 = 0 
So x = − 2 

x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1
Replace x by − 2, we get

( − 2) 3 + 3( − 2) 2 + 3( − 2) + 1 = − 8 + 12 − 6 + 1 = 1
Reminder is 1 so that x + 2 is not a factor of x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1

(iii) Apply factor theorem 

x − 3 = 0 
So x = 3 

x 3 − 4x 2 + x + 6
Replace x by 3, we get

(3) 3 − 4(3) 2 + (3) − 1 = 27 − 36 + 3 + 6 = 0

Reminder is 0 so that x − 3 is a factor of x 3 − 4x 2 + x + 6

#463666
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

Find the value of k, if x − 1 is a factor of p(x) in each of the following cases:

(i) p(x) = x 2 + x + k

(ii) p(x) = 2x 2 + kx + √2

(iii) p(x) = kx 2 − √2x + 1

(iv)  p(x) = kx 2 − 3x + k

Solution

If x − 1 is the factor of the equation then put x = 1 in these equation 

(i) x 2 + x + k = 0 ⇒ (1) 2 + 1 + k = 0 ⇒ 1 + 1 + k = 0 ⇒ k = − 2

(ii) 2x 2 + kx + √2 = 0 ⇒ 2(1) 2 + k(1) + √2 = 0 ⇒ 2 + k + √2 = 0 ⇒ k = − 2 − √2

(iii) kx 2 − √2x + 1 = 0 ⇒ k(1) 2 − √2(1) + 1 = 0 ⇒ k − √2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ k = √2 − 1

3
(iv) kx 2 − 3x + k = 0 ⇒ k(1) 2 − 3(1) + k = 0 ⇒ k − 3 + k = 0 ⇒ 2k = − 3 ⇒ k = −
2

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#463668
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise:
(i) 12x 2 − 7x − 1

(ii) 2x 2 + 7x + 3

(iii)6x 2 + 5x − 6

(iv) 3x 2 − x − 4

Solution

(i) 12x 2 − 7x + 1

= 12x 2 − 4x − 3x + 1

= 4x(3x − 1) − 1(3x − 1)

= (4x − 1)(3x − 1)

(ii) 2x 2 + 7x + 3

= 2x 2 + 6 x + x + 3

= 2x(x + 3) + 1(x + 3)

= (2x + 1)(x + 3)

(iii) 6x 2 + 5x − 6

= 6 x 2 + 9 x − 4x − 6

= 3x(2x + 3) − 2(2x + 3)

= (3x − 2)(2x + 3)

(iv)) 3x 2 − x − 4

= 3 x 2 − 4x + 3 x − 4

= x(3x − 4) + 1(3x − 4)

= (3x − 4)(x + 1)

#463670
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise:
(i) x 3 − 2x 2 − x + 2

(ii) x 3 − 3x 2 − 9x − 5

(iii) x 3 + 13x 2 + 32x + 20

(iv) 2y 3 + y 2 − 2y − 1

Solution

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(i) x 3 − 2x 2 − x + 2

= x 2(x − 2) − 1(x − 2)

= (x − 2)(x 2 − 1)

= (x − 2)(x + 1)(x − 1)

(ii) x 3 − 3x 2 − 9x − 5

= x 3 − 5x 2 + 2x 2 − 10x + x − 5

= x 2(x − 5) + 2x(x − 5) + 1(x − 5)

= (x − 5)(x 2 + 2x + 1)

= (x − 5)(x + 1)(x + 1)

(iii) x 3 + 13x 2 + 32 + 20 

Let us put x = 1, 2, − 1, − 2 and check if they satisfy the equation.

x = − 2 satisfies the equation.

Dividing the equation by (x + 2), we get

x 3 + 13x 2 + 32 + 20 
= (x + 2)(x 2 + 11x + 10)

= (x + 2)(x 2 + x + 10x + 10)

= (x + 2)[x(x + 1) + 10(x + 1)]

= (x + 2)(x + 1)(x + 10)

(iv) 2y 3 + y 2 − 2y − 1

= 2y 3 + 2y 2 − y 2 − y − y − 1

= 2y 2(y + 1) − y(y + 1) − 1(y + 1)

{ 2
= (y + 1) 2y − y − 1 }
= (y + 1){2y }
2 − 2y + y − 1

= (y + 1){2y(y − 1) + 1(y − 1)}

= (y − 1)(y + 1)(2y + 1) 

#463674
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

Evaluate the following products without multiplying directly:

(i) 103 × 107

(ii) 95 × 96

(iii) 104 × 96

Solution

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(i) 103 × 107

= (100 + 3)(100 + 7)

= (100) 2 + (3 + 7)(100) + (3)(7)

= 10000 + 1000 + 21 = 11021

(ii) 95 × 96

= (90 + 5)(90 + 6) = (90) 2 + (5 + 6)(90) + (5)(6)

= 8100 + 990 + 30 = 9120

(iii) 104 × 96

= (100 + 4)(100 − 4)

= (100) 2 − (4) 2

= 10000 − 16 = 9984

#463677
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise the following using appropriate identities:

(i) 9x 2 + 6xy + y 2

(ii) 4y 2 − 4y + 1
2
(iii) x 2 − y
100

Solution

(i) 9x 2 + 6xy + y 2 = (3x) 2 + 2(3x)(y) + (y) 2 = (3x + y) 2

(ii) 4y 2 − 4y + 1 = (2y) 2 − 2(2y)(1) + 1 = (2y − 1) 2

y 2 y y
(iii) x 2 −
y2
100 ( ) ( )( )
= (x) 2 − 10 = x − 10 x + 10

#463681
Topic: Factorisation

Expand each of the following, using suitable identities:

(i) (x + 2y + 4z) 2

(ii) (2x − y + z) 2

(iii) ( − 2x + 3y + 2z) 2

(iv) (3a − 7b − c) 2

(v) ( − 2x + 5y − 3z) 2
1 1
[ ]
2
(vi) 4 a − 2 b + 1

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 12/36
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We know, 

(a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac

i) (x + 2y + 4z) 2

= x 2 + (2y) 2 + (4z) 2 + 2(x)(2y) + 2(2y)(4z) + 2(x)(4z)

= x 2 + 4y 2 + 16z 2 + 4xy + 16yz + 8xz

ii) (2x − y + z) 2

= (2x) 2 + ( − y) 2 + (z) 2 + 2(2x)( − y) + 2( − y)(z) + 2(2x)(z)

= 4x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4xy − 2yz + 4xz

iii) ( − 2x + 3y + 2z) 2

= ( − 2x) 2 + (3y) 2 + (2z) 2 + 2( − 2x)(3y) + 2(3y)(2z) + 2( − 2x)(2z)

= 4x 2 + 9y 2 + 4z 2 − 12xy + 12yz − 8xz

iv) (3a − 7b − c) 2

= (3a) 2 + ( − 7b) 2 + ( − c) 2 + 2(3a)( − 7b) + 2( − 7b)( − c) + 2(3a)( − c)

= 9a 2 + 49b 2 + c 2 − 42ab + 14bc − 6ac

v) ( − 2x + 5y − 3z) 2

= ( − 2x) 2 + (5y) 2 + ( − 3z) 2 + 2( − 2x)(5y) + 2(5y)( − 3z) + 2( − 3z)( − 2x)

= 4x 2 + 25y 2 + 9z 2 − 20xy − 30yz + 12xz

1 1
( )
2
iv)  4 a − 2 b + 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
= 4a + − 2b + (1) 2 + 2 4 a × − 2 b + 2 − 2 b × 1 + 2 4 a × 1

1 1 1 1
= a2 + b2 + 1 − ab − b + a
16 4 4 2

#463686
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

Factorise:

(i) 4x 2 + 9y 2 + 16z 2 + 12xy − 24yz − 16xz

(ii) 2x 2 + y z + 8z 2 − 2√2xy + 4√2yz − 8xz

Solution

We know that 

(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy + 2yz + zx) = (x + y + z) 2

(i) 4x 2 + 9y 2 + 16z 2 + 12xy − 24yz − 16xz

= (2x) 2 + (3y) 2 + ( − 4z) 2 + 2(2x)(3y) + 2(3y)( − 4z) + 2( − 4z)(2x)

= (2x + 3y − 4z) 2 = (2x + 3y − 4z)(2x + 3y − 4z)

(ii) 2x 2 + y 2 + 8z 2 − 2√2xy + 4√2yz − 8zx

= ( − √2x) + (y) 2 + (√2z) + 2( − √2x)(y) + 2(y)(2√2z) + 2(2√2z)(y)

= ( − √2x + y + 2√2z) 2 = ( − √2x + y + 2√2z)( − √2x + y + 2√2z)

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 13/36
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#463689
Topic: Factorisation

Write the following cubes in expanded from:

3 2
[ ] [ ]
3 3
(i) (2x + 1) 3    (ii) (2a − 3b) 3     (iii) 2 x + 1      (iv) x − 3 y

Solution

(i) (2x + 1) 3 = (2x) 3 + (1) 3 − 3(2x)(1)(2x + 1)

            =8x 3 + 1 + 6x(2x + 1) = 8x 3 + 12x 2 + 6x + 1

(ii) (2a − 3b) 3 = (2a) 3 − (3b) 3 + 3(2a)(3b)(2a − 3b)

= 8a 3 + 27b 3 − 18ab(2a − 3b) = 8a 3 − 27b 3 − 36a 2b + 6x + 54ab 2

3 3 3 3
( ) () ( )( )
3
(iii)  2 x + 1 = 2 x 3 + (1) 3 + 3 2 x (1) 2 x + 1

9 3 +1
=
27
8
x3 + 1 + ( )
2 2
=
27 27 2 9
8
+
4
x + x+1
2

#463691
Topic: Factorisation

Evaluate the following using suitable identities:

(i) (99) 3     (ii) (102) 3      (iii) (998) 3

Solution

(i) 99 3 = (100 − 1) 3 = (100) 3 + ( − 1) 3 − 3(100)(1)(100 − 1)

= 1000000 − 1 − 300(100 − 1) = 100000 − 1 − 30000 + 300 = 970299

(ii) 102 3 = (100 + 2) 3 = (100) 3 + (2) 3 + 3(100)(2)(100 + 2)

= 1000000 + 8 + 600(100 + 2) = 1000000 + 8 + 60000 + 1200 = 1061208

(iii 998 3 = (1000 − 2) 3 = (1000) 3 − (2) 3 − 3(1000)(2)(1000 − 2)

= 1000000000 − 8 + 6000(1000 − 2) = 1000000000 − 8 − 6000000 + 1200 = 994011992

#463692
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise each of the following:

(i) 8a 3 + b 3 + 12a b + 6ab 2

(ii) 8a 3 − b 3 − 12a 2b + 6ab 2

(iii) 27 − 125a 3 − 135a + 225a 2

(iv) 64a 3 − 27b 3 − 144a 2b + 108ab 2

1 9 1
(v) 27p 3 − 2
216 − 2 p + 4 p

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 14/36
7/4/2018 https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+4636…

We know that

(a + b) 3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 and (a − b) 3 = a 3 + b 3 − 3a 2b − 3ab 2

(i) 8a 3 + b 3 + 12a 2b + 6ab 2 = (2a) 3 + (b) 3 + 3(2a) 2(b) + 3(2a)(b) 2 = (2a + b) 3

(ii) 8a 3 + b 3 − 12a 2b − 6ab 2 = (2a) 3 + (b) 3 − 3(2a) 2(b) − 3(2a)(b) 2 = (2a − b) 3

(iii) 27 − 125a 3 − 135a + 225a 2 = (3) 3 + ( − 5a) 3 − 3(3) 2( − 5a) − 3(3)( − 5a) 2 = (3 − 5a) 3

(iv) 64a 3 − 27b 3 − 144a 2b + 108ab 2 = (4a) 3 + ( − 3b) 3 + 3(4a) 2( − 3b) + 3(4a)( − 3b) 2 = (4a − 3b) 3

1 9 1
(v) 27p 3 + − p2 + p
216 2 4

1 1 1
( )
= (3p) 3 − 6
3
+ 3(3p) − 6
( ) 2
( )
+ 3(3p) − 6
2

1
( )
3
= 3p − 6

#463693
Topic: Factorisation

Verify: 

(i) x 3 + y 3 = (x + y)(x 2 − xy + y 2) 

(ii) x 3 − y 3 = (x − y)(x 2 + xy + y 2)

Solution

To verify put x = 1 and y = 2 in given equations, and check wheater LHS and RHS are equal.

(i) x 3 + y 3 = (x + y)(x 2 − xy + y 2)

LHS: x 3 + y 3 =  1 3 + 2 3  = 9

RHS: = (x + y)(x 2 − xy + y 2)  = (1 + 2)(1 2 − 1.2 + 2 2)  = 9

verified

(ii) x 3 − y 3 = (x − y)(x 2 + xy + y 2)

LHS:x 3 − y 3 =  1 3 − 2 3  = − 7

RHS:(x − y)(x 2 + xy + y 2) = (1 − 2)(1 2 + 1.2 + 2 2)  = − 7

It is verified 

#463694
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise each of the following:

(i) 27y 3 + 125z 3

(ii) 64m 3 − 343n 3

Solution

{ }
(i) 27y 3 + 125z 3 = (3y) 3 + (5z) 3 = (3y + 5z) (3y) 2 − (3y)(5z) + (5z) 2

2
= (3y + 5z)(9y − 15yz + 25z 2)

{
(ii) 64m 3 − 343n 3 = (4m) 3 − (7n) 3 = (4m − 7n) (4m) 2 + (4m)(7n) + (7n) 2 }
= (4m − 7n)(16m + 28mn + 49n 2 2)

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 15/36
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#463695
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise: 

27x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 9xyz

Solution

27x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 9xyz

= (3x) 3 + (y) 3 + z 3 − 3(3x)(y)(z)

2
{ 2 2
= (3x + y + z) (3x) + (y) + (z) − (3x)(y) − (y)(z) − (z)(3x) }
= (3x + y + z)(9x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3xy − yz − 3xz)

#463696
Topic: Factorisation
1
Verify that x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz = 2 2
2 (x + y + z)[(x − y) + (y − z) + (z − x) ]

Solution

x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz
= (x + y + z)(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx)

1
= (x + y + z)(2x 2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 − 2xy − 2yz − 2zx)
2

1
=
2 {(x − y) 2
}
+ ( y − z) 2 + ( z − x ) 2

#463697
Topic: Factorisation

If x + y + z = 0, show that x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz.

Solution

x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx)

= (0)(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz − zx)   (Given x + y + z = 0)

∴ x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz = 0

∴ x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz 

#463698
Topic: Factorisation

Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of each of the following:
(i) ( − 12) 3 + (7) 3 + (5) 3

(ii) (28) 3 + ( − 15) 3 + ( − 13) 3

Solution

(i) ( − 12) 3 + (7) 3 + (5) 3 = ( − 12 + 7 + 5) + 3( − 12)(7)(5) = 0 + 1260 = 1260

(ii) (28) 3 + ( − 15) 3 + ( − 13) 3 = (28 − 15 − 13) + 3(28)( − 15)( − 13) = 0 + 16380 = 16380

#463699
Topic: Factorisation

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 16/36
7/4/2018 https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+4636…

Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of each of the following rectangles, in which their areas are given:

Solution

(i) 25a 2 − 35a + 12

= 25a 2 − 20a + 15a + 12

= 5a(5a − 4) − 3(5a − 4) = (5a − 4)(5a − 3)

The possible values of length  = (5a − 3) and 

breadth  = (5a − 4).  

(ii) 35y 2 + 13y − 12

= 25y 2 + 28y − 15y − 12

= 7y(5y + 4) − 3(5y + 4) = (5y + 4)(7y − 3)

The possible values of length  = (7y − 3)

and breadth  = (5y + 4).  

#463700
Topic: Factorisation

What are the possible expressions for the dimension of the cuboids whose volumes are given as in image?

Solution

(i)

3x 2 − 12x = 3x(x − 4)

= 3 × x × (x − 4), 

The possible values of dimensions are 3,  x and x − 4.

(ii)

12ky 2 + 8ky − 20k

= 4k(3y 2 + 2y − 5)

= 4k(3y 2 + 5y − 3y + 5)

= 4k{y(3y + 5) − 1(3y + 5)}

= 4k(3y + 5)(y − 1)

The possible values of dimensions are 4k, (3y + 5) and (y − 1).

#463767
Topic: Factorisation

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 17/36
7/4/2018 https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+4636…

 Find the common factors of the given terms.

(i) 12x, 36

(ii) 2y, 22xy

(iii) 14pq, 28p 2q 2

(iv) 2x, 3x 2, 4

(v) 6abc, 24ab 2, 12a 2b

(vi) 16x 3, − 4x 2, 32x

(vii) 10pq, 20qr, 30rp

(viii) 3x 2y 3, 10x 3y 2, 6x 2y 2z

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 18/36
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(i) 12x = 2 × 2 × 3 × x

36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3

Common factor = 2 × 3 = 6

(ii) 2y = 2 × y

22y = 2 × 11 × y

Common factor = 2

(iii) 14pq = 2 × 7 × p × q

28p 2q 2 = 2 × 2 × 7 × p × p × q × q

Common factor = 14pq

(iv) 2x = 2 × x

3x 2 = 3 × x × x

4=2×2

Common factor = 1

(v) 6abc = 6 × a × b × c

24ab 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × a × b × b

12a 2b = 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a × b

Common factor = 6ab

(vi) 16x 3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × x × x

− 4x 2 = − 2 × 2 × x × x

32x = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x 
Common factor = 2x

(vii) 10pq = 2 × 5 × p × q

20qr = 2 × 2 × 5 × q × r

30rp = 2 × 3 × 5
Common factor = 2 × 5 = 10

(viii) 3x 2y 3 = 3 × x × x × y × y × y

10x 3y 2 = 2 × 5 × x × x × x × y × y 

6x 2 y 2 z = 2 × 3 × x × x × y × y × z
Common factor = x 2y 2

#463768
Topic: Factorisation

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 19/36
7/4/2018 https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+4636…

Factorise the following expressions.

(i) 7x − 42

(ii) 6p − 12q

(iii) 7a 2 + 14a

(iv) $$-16z +20z 2

(v) 20l 2m + 30alm

(vi)  5x 2y − 15xy 2

(vii)10a 2 − 15b 2 + 20c 2

(viii) − 4a 2 + 4ab − 4ca

(ix) x 2yz + xy 2z + xyz 2

(x) ax 2y + bxy 2 + cxyz

Solution

(i) 7x − 42 = 7(x − 6)

(ii) 6p − 12q = 6(p − 2q)

(iii) 7a 2 + 14a = 7a(a + 2)

(iv) − 16z + 20 z 2 = 4z(5z 2 − 4) 

(v) 20l 2m + 30alm = 2lm(10l + 15a)

(vi)  5x 2y − 15xy 2 = 5x(xy − 3y 2)

(vii)10a 2 − 15b 2 + 20c 2 = 5(2a 2 − 3b 2 + 4c 2)

(viii) − 4a 2 + 4ab − 4ca = − 4a(a − b + c)

(ix) x 2yz + xy 2z + xyz 2 = xyz(x + y + z)

(x) ax 2y + bxy 2 + cxyz = xyz(ax + by + cz)

#463769
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise
(i) x 2 + xy + 8x + 8y

(ii) 15xy − 6x + 5y − 2

(iii) ax + by − ay − by

(iv) 15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p

(v) z − 7 + 7xy − xyz

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 20/36
7/4/2018 https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+4636…

(i) x 2 + xy + 8x + 8y

    = x(x + y) + 8(x + y)

    = (x + 8)(x + y)

(ii) 15xy − 6x + 5y − 2

      = 3x(5y − 2) + 1(5y − 2)

      = (3x + 1)(5y − 2)

(iii) ax + by − ay − by

      = x(a + b) − y (a + b)

      = (x − y)(a + b)

(iv) 15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p

      = 3q(5p + 3) + 5(5p + 3)

      = (3q + 5)(5p + 3)

(v) z − 7 + 7xy − xyz

      = z(1 − xy) − 7(1 − xy)

      = (z − 7)(1 − xy)

#463770
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise the following expressions.

(i) a 2 + 8a + 16

(ii) p 2 − 10p + 25

(iii) 25m 2 + 30m + 9

(iv) 49y 2 + 84yz + 36z 2

v) 4x 2 − 8x + 4

(vi) 121b 2 − 88bc + 16c 2

(vii) (l + m) 2 − 4lm

(viii) a 4 + 2a 2b 2 + b 4

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 21/36
7/4/2018 https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+4636…

(i)a 2 + 8a + 16

= a(a + 4) + 4(a + 4)

= (a + 4)(a + 4)

(ii) p 2 − 10p + 25 

= p(p − 5) − 5(p − 5)

= (p − 5)(p − 5)

(iii) 25m 2 + 30m + 9 

= 5m(5m + 3) + 3(5m + 3)

= (5m + 3)(5m + 3)

(iv) 49y 2 + 84yz + 36z 2 

= (7y + 6z)(7y + 6z)

(v) 4x 2 − 8x + 4 

= (4x − 4)(x − 1)

= 4(x − 1)(x − 1)

(vi) 121b 2 − 88bc + 16c 2 

= (11b − 4c)(11b − 4c)

(vii) (l + m) 2 − 4lm

= l 2 + m 2 + 2lm − 4lm

= l 2 + m 2 − 2lm 

= (l − m)(l − m)

(viii) a 4 + 2a 2b 2 + b 4 

= ( a 2 ) 2 + 2a 2 b 2 + ( b 2 ) 2

= [a 2 + b 2 ] 2  

#463771
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise

(i) 4p 2 − 9q 2

(ii) 63a 2 − 112b 2

(iii) 49x 2 − 36

(iv) 16x 5 − 144x 3

(v) (l + m) 2 − (l − m) 2

(vi) 9x 2y 2 − 16

(vii) (x 2 − 2xy + y 2) − z 2

(viii) 25a 2 − 4b 2 + 28bc − 49c 2

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 22/36
7/4/2018 https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+4636…

(i) 4p 2 − 9q 2

= (2p) 2 − (3q) 2 

= (2p + 3q)(2p − 3q)

(ii) 63a 2 − 112b 2

= 7[(3a) 2 − (4b) 2]

= 7(3a + 4b)(3a − 4b)

(iii) 49x 2 − 36

= [(7x) 2 − (6) 2]

  = (7x − 6)(7x + 6)

(iv) 16x 5 − 144x 3

= 16x 3[x 2 − 3 2]   

= 16x 3(x − 3)(x + 3)

(v) (l + m) 2 − (l − m) 2 

= 2m × 2l = 4lm

(vi) 9x 2y 2 − 16

= [(3xy) 2 − 4 2] 

= (3xy − 4)(3xy + 4)

(vii) (x 2 − 2xy + y 2) − z 2

= [(x − y) 2 − z 2]
  = (x − y + z)(x − y − z)

(viii) 25a 2 − 4b 2 + 28bc − 49c 2

= (5a) 2 − [(2b − 7c) 2]

= (5a + 2b − 7c)(5a − 2b + 7c)

#463848
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise the expression

(i) ax 2 + bx

(ii) 7p 2 + 21q 2

(iii) 2x 3 + 2xy 2 + 2xz 2

(iv) am 2 + bm 2 + bn 2 + an 2

(v) (lm + l) + m + 1

(vi) y(y + z) + 9(y + z)

(vii) 5y 2 − 20y − 8z + 2yz

(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2

(ix) 6xy − 4y + 6 − 9x

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=463848%2C+463689%2C+4… 23/36
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(i) ax 2 + bx 

= x(ax + b)

(ii) 7p 2 + 21q 2

= 7(p 2 + 3q 2)

(iii) 2x 3 + 2xy 2 + 2xz 2

= 2x ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )

(iv) am 2 + bm 2 + bn 2 + an 2

= m 2 (a + b) + n 2 (a + b)

= (a + b)(m 2 + n 2)

(v) (lm + l) + m + 1 

= (l + 1)(m + 1)

(vi) y(y + z) + 9(y + z) 

= (y + z)(y + 9)

(vii) 5y 2 − 20y − 8z + 2yz 

= (y − 4)(5y + 2z)

(viii) 10ab + 4a + 5b + 2 

= (2a + 1)(5b + 2)

(ix) 6xy − 4y + 6 − 9x = 3x(2y − 3) − 2(2y − 3)

= (2y − 3)(3x − 2)

#463853
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise
(i) a 4 − b 4

(ii) p 4 − 81

(iii) x 4 − (y + z) 4

(iv) x 4 − (x − z) 4

(v) a 4 − 2a 2b 2 + b 4

Solution

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(i) a 4 − b 4 = (a − b)(a + b)(a 2 + b 2)

(ii) p 4 − 81 = (p 2 − 9)(p 2 + 9) = (p − 3)(p + 3)(p 2 + 9)

(iii)x 4 − (y + z) 4 = [x 2 − (y + z) 2][x 2 + (y + z) 2]

= (x − y − z)(x + y + z)[x 2 + (y + z) 2]

(iv) x 4 − (x − z) 4 = [(x 2) 2 − (x − z 2 2] 

)
= z(2x − z)(2x 2 − 2xz + z 2)

(v) a 4 − 2a 2b 2 + b 4 = a 2(a 2 − b 2) − b 2(a 2 − b 2)

= (a − b) 2 (a + b) 2

#463860
Topic: Factorisation

Factorise the following expression

(i) p 2 + 6p + 8

(ii) q 2 − 10q + 21

(iii) p 2 + 6p − 16

Solution

Factorise the following expression

(i) p 2 + 6p + 8 

= p(p + 2) + 4(p + 2)

= (p + 2)(p + 4)

(ii) q 2 − 10q + 21

= q(q − 7) − 3(q − 7)

= (q − 3)(q − 7)

(iii) p 2 + 6p − 16

= p(p + 8) − 2(p + 8)

= (p + 8)(p − 2)

#464994
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial

Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
(i) x 2 − 2x − 8 

(ii) 4s 2 − 4s + 1 

(iii) 6x 2 − 3 − 7x

(iv) 4u 2 + 8u 

(v) t 2 − 15 

(vi) 3x 2 − x − 4

Solution

(i) x 2 − 2x − 8

Factorize the equation, we get (x + 2)(x − 4)

So, the value of x 2 − 2x − 8 is zero when x + 2 = 0, x − 4 = 0, i.e., when x = − 2 or x = 4.

Therefore, the zeros of x 2 − 2x − 8 are -2 and 4.

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Now,
−2 Coefficient  of  x
Sum of zeroes = − 2 + 4 = 2=− = −
1 Coefficient  of  x 2

−8 Constant  term
Product of zeros = ( − 2) × (4) = − 8 = =
1 Coefficient  of  x 2

(ii) 4s 2 − 4s + 1

Factorize the equation, we get(2s − 1)(2s − 1)

1 1
So, the value of 4s 2 − 4s + 1 is zero when 2s − 1 = 0, 2s − 1 = 0, i.e., when s = or s = .
2 2
1 1
Therefore, the zeros of 4s 2 − 4s + 1 are and .
2 2
Now,
1 1 −4 Coefficient  of  s
Sum of zeroes = + =1= − = −
2 2 4 Coefficient  of  s 2

1 1 1 1 Constant  term
Product of zeros = × = = =
2 2 4 4 Coefficient  of  s 2

(iii) 6x 2 − 3 − 7x 

Factorize the equation, we get (3x + 1)(2x − 3)

1 3
So, the value of 6x 2 − 3 − 7x is zero when 3x + 1 = 0, 2x − 3 = 0, i.e., when x = − or x = .
3 2
1 3
Therefore, the zeros of 6x 2 − 3 − 7x are − and .
3 2
Now,
1 3 7 −7 Coefficient  of  x
Sum of zeroes = − + = = − = −
3 2 6 6 Coefficient  of  x 2

1 3 1 −3 −1 Constant  term
Product of zeros = − × = − = = =
3 2 2 6 2 Coefficient  of  x 2

(iv) 4u 2 + 8u  

Factorize the equation, we get 4u(u + 2)

So, the value of 4u 2 + 8u is zero when 4u = 0, u + 2 = 0, i.e., when u = 0 or u = − 2.

Therefore, the zeros of 4u 2 + 8u are 0 and − 2.

Now,
8 Coefficient  of  u
Sum of zeroes = 0 − 2 = − 2 = − = −2= −
4 Coefficient  of  u 2

0 Constant  term
Product of zeros = − 0x − 2 = 0 = =0=
4 Coefficient  of  u 2

(v) t 2 − 15

Factorize the equation, we get t = ± √15

So, the value of t 2 − 15 is zero when t + √15 = 0, t − √15 = 0, i.e., when t = √15 or t = − √15.

Therefore, the zeros of t 2 − 15 are ± √15.

Now,
0 Coefficient  of  t
Sum of zeroes = √15 − √15 = 0 = − =0= −
1 Coefficient  of  t 2

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− 15 Constant  term
Product of zeros = √15 × √− 15 = − 15 = =
1 Coefficient  of  t 2

(vi) 3x 2 − x − 4

Factorize the equation, we get(x + 1)(3x − 4)

4
So, the value of 3x 2 − x − 4 is zero when x + 1 = 0, 3x - 4 = 0, i.e., when x = -1 or x = .
3
4
Therefore, the zeros of 3x 2 − x − 4 are -1 and .
3
Now,
4 1 −1 Coefficient  of  x
Sum of zeroes = − 1 + = = − = −
3 3 3 Coefficient  of  x 2

4 4 −4 Constant  term
Product of zeros = − 1 × = − = =
3 3 3 Coefficient  of  x 2

#465007
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial

Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its zeroes respectively.
1 1
(i) , − 1 (ii) √2, (iii) 0, √5
4 3
−1 1
(iv) 1, 1 (v) , (vi) 4, 1
4 4

Solution
1
(i) , -1
4

Using the quadratic equation formula,

x 2 − (Sum  of  root)x + (Product  of  root) = 0
Substitute the value in the formula, we get
1
x2 − x−1=0
4
4x 2 − x − 1 = 0

1
(ii) √2,
3

Using the quadratic equation formula,

x 2 − (Sum  of  root)x + (Product  of  root) = 0
Substitute the value in the formula, we get
1
x 2 − √ 2x + =0
3
Multiply by 3 to remove denominator, 

3 x 2 − 3 √ 2x + 1 = 0

(iii) 0, √5

Using the quadratic equation formula,

x 2 − (Sum  of  root)x + (Product  of  root) = 0
Substitute the value in the formula, we get

x 2 − 0x + √5 = 0

x 2 + √5 = 0

(iv) 1, 1

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Using the quadratic equation formula,

x 2 − (Sum  of  root)x + (Product  of  root) = 0
Substitute the value in the formula, we get

x 2 − 1x + 1 = 0

x2 − x + 1 = 0

−1 1
(v) ,
4 4

Using the quadratic equation formula,

x 2 − (Sum  of  root)x + (Product  of  root) = 0
Substitute the value in the formula, we get
−1 1
x2 − x+ =0
4 4
Multiply by 4

4x 2 + x + 1 = 0

(vi) 4, 1

Using the quadratic equation formula,

x 2 − (Sum  of  root)x + (Product  of  root) = 0
Substitute the value in the formula, we get

x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0

#465008
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder in each of the following:
(i) p(x) = x 3 − 3x 2 + 5x − 3, g(x) = x 2 − 2

(ii) p(x) = x 4 − 3x 2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x 2 + 1 − x

(iii) p(x) = x 4 − 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 − x 2

Solution

#465009
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing the second polynomial by the first polynomial:

(i) t 2 − 3, 2t 4 + 3t 3 − 2t 2 − 9t − 12

(ii) x 2 + 3x + 1, 3x 4 + 5x 3 − 7x 2 + 2x + 2

(iii) x 3 − 3x + 1, x 5 − 4x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 1

Solution

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(i) t 2 − 3, 2t 4 + 3t 3 − 2t 2 − 9t − 12

Remainder is 0, hence t 2 − 3 is a factor of 2t 4 + 3t 3 − 2t 2 − 9t − 12

(ii) x 2 + 3x + 1, 3x 4 + 5x 3 − 7x 2 + 2x + 2

Remainder is 0, hence x 2 + 3x + 1 is a factor of 3x 4 + 5x 3 − 7x 2 + 2x + 2

(iii) x 3 − 3x + 1, x 5 − 4x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 1

Remainder is 2, hence x 3 − 3x + 1 is not a factor of x 5 − 4x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 1

#465010
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial
5 5
Obtain all other zeroes of 3x 4 + 6x 3 − 2x 2 − 10x − 5, if two of its zeroes are
√ 3
and −
√ 3
.

Solution

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1 1
Two zeroes are
√ 5
and −
√ 5

1 1
So we can write it as, x =
√ 5
and x = −
√ 5
1 1
we get x −
√ 5
= 0 and x +
√ 5
=0

Multiply both the factors we get,

5
x2 − =0
3

Multiply by 3 we get

3x 2 − 5 = 0 is the factor of 3x 4 + 6x 3 − 2x 2 − 10x − 5

Now divide, 

Quotient is x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0

Compare the equation with quadratic formula,

x 2 − (Sum  of  root)x + (Product  of  root) = 0
Sum of root = 2

Product of the root = 1

So, we get

x2 + x + x + 1 = 0
x(x + 1) + 1(x + 1) = 0

x + 1 = 0, x + 1 = 0

x = − 1, x = − 1

5 5
So, our zeroes are -1, -1,
√ 3
and −
√ 3

#465052
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

On dividing x 3 − 3x 2 + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder were (x − 2) and ( − 2x + 4), respectively. Find g(x).

Solution

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We know the formula,

Dividend = Divisor x quotient + Remainder

p ( x ) = g ( x ) × q ( x ) + r( x )

Substitute the values, we get

x 3 − 3x 2 + x + 2 = g(x) × (x − 2) − 2x + 4

Add 2x and subtract 4 both side,

x 3 − 3x 2 + x + 2 + 2x − 4 = g(x) × (x − 2)

Simplify and divide by x − 2

x 3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 2
= g(x)
x−2

So, g(x) = x 2 − x + 1

#465105
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

Give examples of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm and

(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x) 

(ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x) 

(iii) deg r(x) = 0

Solution

(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x)

We know the formula,

Dividend = Divisor x quotient + Remainder

p ( x ) = g ( x ) × q ( x ) + r( x )

So here the degree of quotient will be equal to degree of dividend when the divisor is constant.

Let us assume the division of 4x 2 by 2.

Here, p(x) = 4x 2

g(x) = 2

q(x) = 2x 2 and r(x) = 0

Degree of p(x) and q(x) is the same i.e., 2.

Checking for division algorithm,

p ( x ) = g ( x ) × q ( x ) + r( x )

4x 2 = 2(2x 2)

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Hence, the division algorithm is satisfied.

(ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x)

Let us assume the division of x 3 + x by x 2,

Here, p(x) = x 3 + x, g(x) = x 2, q(x) = x and r(x) = x

Degree of q(x) and r(x) is the same i.e., 1.

Checking for division algorithm,

p ( x ) = g ( x ) × q ( x ) + r( x )

x3 + x = x2 × x + x

x3 + x = x3 + x
Hence, the division algorithm is satisfied.

(iii) deg r(x) = 0

Degree of remainder will be 0 when remainder comes to a constant.

Let us assume the division of x 4 + 1 by x 3

Here, p(x) = x 4 + 1

g(x) = x 3

q(x) = x and r(x) = 1

Degree of r(x) is 0.

Checking for division algorithm,

p ( x ) = g ( x ) × q ( x ) + r( x )

x4 + 1 = x3 × x + 1

x4 + 1 = x4 + 1
Hence, the division algorithm is satisfied.

#465124
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial

Verify that the numbers given alongside of the cubic polynomials below are their zeroes. Also verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients in each case:
1
(i) 2x 3 + x 2 − 5x + 2; , 1, − 2 
2

(ii) x 3 − 4x 2 + 5x − 2; 2, 1, 1

Solution
1
(i) 2x 3 + x 2 − 5x + 2; , 1, − 2
2
p(x) = 2x + x − 5x + 2          .... (1)
3 2

1
Zeroes for this polynomial are , 1, − 2
2

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1
Substitute the x = in equation (1)
2

1
() 1 1 1
p 2 = 2( ) 3 + ( ) 2 − 5( ) + 2
2 2 2

1 1 5
= + + +2
4 4 2

=0

Substitute the x = 1 in equation (1)

p(1) = 2 × 1 3 + 1 2 − 5 × 1 + 2

=2+1−5+2=0

Substitute the x = − 2 in equation (1)

p( − 2) = 2( − 2) 3 + ( − 2) 2 − 5( − 2) + 2

= − 16 + 4 + 10 + 2 = 0

1
Therefore, , 1, − 2 are the zeroes of the given polynomial.
2

Comparing the given polynomial with ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d we obtain,

a = 2, b = 1, c = − 5, d = 2

1
Let us assume α = , β = 1, γ = − 2
2
1 −1 −b
Sum of the roots = α + β + γ = +1=2= =
2 2 a

1 1 −5 c
αβ + βγ + αγ = + 1( − 2) + ( − 2) = =
2 2 2 a

1 −2 d
Product of the roots = αβγ = × x × ( − 2) = =
2 2 a

Therefore, the relationship between the zeroes and coefficient are verified.

(ii) x 3 − 4x 2 + 5x − 2; 2, 1, 1

p(x) = x 3 − 4x 2 + 5x − 2      .... (1)

Zeroes for this polynomial are 2, 1, 1

Substitute x = 2 in equation (1)

p(2) = 2 3 − 4 × 2 2 + 5 × 2 − 2

= 8 − 16 + 10 − 2 = 0

Substitute x = 1 in equation (1)

p(1) = x 3 − 4x 2 + 5x − 2

= 1 3 − 4(1) 2 + 5(1) − 2

=1−4+5−2=0

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Therefore, 2, 1, 1 are the zeroes of the given polynomial.

Comparing the given polynomial with ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d we obtain,

a = 1, b = − 4, c = 5, d = − 2
Let us assume α = 2, β = 1, γ = 1

−4 −b
Sum of the roots = α + β + γ = 2 + 1 + 1 = 4 = −
1 a

5 c
Multiplication of two zeroes taking two at a time=αβ + βγ + αγ = (2)(1) + (1)(1) + (2)(1) = 5 = =
1 a

−2 d
Product of the roots = αβγ = 2 × 1 × 1 = 2 = − =
1
a

Therefore, the relationship between the zeroes and coefficient are verified.

#465125
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial

Find a cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of the product of its zeroes taken two at a time, and the product of its zeroes as 2, 7, 14 respectively.

Solution

Let the polynomial be ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d and the zeroes be α, β, γ.

2 −b
Sum of the polynomial = α + β + γ = =
1 a
−7 c
Sum of the product of its zeroes taken two at a time = αβ + βγ + αγ = =
1 a
− 14 − d
Product of the root = αβγ = =
1 a
If a = 1, b = − 2, c = − 7, d = 14.

Hence the polynomial is  x 3 − 2x 2 − 7x + 14

#465126
Topic: Zeroes of a Polynomial

If the zeroes of the polynomial x 3 − 3x 2 + x + 1 are a − b, a, a + b, find a and b.

Solution

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p(x)= x 3 − 3x 2 + x + 1 

zeroes are a − b, a, a + b

Comparing the given polynomial with px 3 + qx 2 + rx + t, we obtain

p = 1, q = − 3, r = 1, t = 1
−q
Sum of zeroes = a − a + a + a + a = = 3a
p
−q
⟹ = 3a
p
− ( − 3)
⟹ = 3a
1
⟹ 3 = 3a

⟹a=1
Then the zeroes becomes, 1 − b, 1, 1 + b
−t
Multiplication of zeroes = (1 − b) × 1 × (1 + b) = = 1 − b2
p
−1
⟹ = 1 − b2
1
⟹ b2 = 2

b = ± √2
Therefore, a = 1 and b = ± √2

#465127
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

If two zeroes of the polynomial x 4 − 6x 3 − 26x 2 + 138x − 35 are 2 ± √3, find other zeroes.

Solution

The two zeroes of the polynomial is 2 + √3, 2 − √3

Therefore, (x − 2 + √3)(x − 2 − √3) = x 2 + 4 − 4x − 3

= x 2 − 4x + 1 is a factor of the given polynomial.

Using division algorithm, we get

x 4 − 6x 3 − 26x 2 + 138x − 35 = (x 2 − 4x + 1)(x 2 − 2x − 35)

So, (x 2 − 2x − 35) is also a factor of the given polynomial.

x 2 − 2x − 35 = x 2 − 7x + 5x − 35
= x(x − 7) + 5(x − 7)

= (x − 7)(x + 5)

Hence, 7 and − 5are the other zeros of this polynomial.

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#465128
Topic: Remainder and Factor Theorem

If the polynomial x 4 − 6x 3 + 16x 2 − 26x + 10 − a,  is divided by another polynomial x 2 − 2x + k the remainder comes out to be (x + a), find k and a.

Solution

Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder

∴ Dividend - Remainder = Divisor x Quotient

x 4 − 6x 3 + 16x 2 − 26x + 10 − x − a is divisible by x 2 − 2x + k

Let us divide x 4 − 6x 3 + 16x 2 − 26x + 10 − a by x 2 − 2x + k

Remainder = 0,

Therefore, ( − 10 + 2k)x + (10 − a − 8k + k 2) = 0

− 10 + 2k = 0, 10 − a − 8k + k 2 = 0

For − 10 + 2k = 0

⇒ 2k = 10

⇒k=5

For 10 − a − 8k + k 2 = 0

10 − a − 8 × 5 + 25 = 0

−5 − a = 0

a= −5
So, k = 5, a = − 5

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