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Introduction To Statistics

This document provides an overview of descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics involves collecting, organizing, and summarizing data through measures like central tendency, variability, and distributions. It is used to describe characteristics of a data set. Inferential statistics is used to draw conclusions about a population based on a sample. It involves hypothesis testing, correlations, and other statistical analyses to generalize results from samples to populations. The document provides examples of descriptive and inferential statistics and defines key statistical concepts like variables, data types, populations, and samples.

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Claire Margaret Tatad
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31 views

Introduction To Statistics

This document provides an overview of descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics involves collecting, organizing, and summarizing data through measures like central tendency, variability, and distributions. It is used to describe characteristics of a data set. Inferential statistics is used to draw conclusions about a population based on a sample. It involves hypothesis testing, correlations, and other statistical analyses to generalize results from samples to populations. The document provides examples of descriptive and inferential statistics and defines key statistical concepts like variables, data types, populations, and samples.

Uploaded by

Claire Margaret Tatad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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When you hear

the word
“statistics”,
what would
you probably
think of?
ollection

rganization

resentation of data
nalysis

nterpretation
Branches of
Statistics

Descriptive

Inferential
 It is a statistical procedure concerned with
describing characteristics and properties of
a group of persons, places, or things.
 It involves the collection, presentation,
characterization and summarization of a set
of data by means of numerical descriptions
and graphical representations
 Is the summarizing value commonly used
are measures of central tendency, position,
variability, skewness and kurtosis.
Example:
The work of baseball
statisticians provides an
excellent illustration of
descriptive statistics.
 It is a statistical procedure that is used to
draw inferences or information about
the properties or characteristics by a
large group of people, places or things
on the basis of the information obtained
from a small portion of a large group.
 - concerned with making decisions
about a large body of data in the
population of interest by using a smaller
portion or sample of that population
 - the topics included are testing
hypothesis, z – test, t- test, linear
correlation, analysis of variance, chi-
squared test and regression
Example: Political polling provides an
example of inferential statistics.
In the year 2020, 148 million
Americans will be enrolled in HMO
(Source: USA Today).

INFERENTIAL
Nine out of ten on-the-job fatalities
are men (Source: USA Weekend).

DESCRIPTIVE
Expenditures for the cable industry
were $5.66 billion in 1996 (Source:
USA Today).

DESCRIPTIVE
The median household income for
people aged 25-34 is $35,888
(Source: USA Today).

DESCRIPTIVE
“Allergy therapy makes bees go
away” (Source: Prevention).

INFERENTIAL
Drinking decaffeinated coffee can
raise cholesterol levels by 7%
(Source: American Heart
Association).

INFERENTIAL
The national average annual
medicine expenditure per person is
$1052 (Source: The Greensburg
Tribune Review).

DESCRIPTIVE
Experts say that mortgage rates
may soon hit the bottom (Source:
USA Today).

INFERENTIAL
The collection of all
individuals, items, or data
under consideration in a
statistical study.

That part of the


population from which
information is
collected.
Variables
 Variables are quantities that take anyone of the
specified set of values.
 These set of values can be classified into as qualitative
(categorical) and quantitative (numerical) variables.
DATA
 are facts, or a set of
information or observation
under study
 are gathered by the
researcher from a
population or from a
sample
Data

Qualitative/ Quantitative/
Categorical Numerical

Discrete Continuous
TWO CATEGORIES OF DATA
 QUALITATIVE DATA – are
categorical data
 - are data when the
information have been sorted
into categories
 - data which can assume
values that manifest the
concept of attributes
TWO CATEGORIES OF DATA
 QUANTITATIVE DATA – are
data which are numerical in
nature
✓Discrete quantitative data –
data obtained from counting
✓Continuous quantitative data
– data obtained from
measuring
Colors of the automobiles in the
parking lot.

QUALITATIVE
Number of desks in classrooms.

QUANTITATIVE
Classifications of children in day
care centers (infant, toddler,
preschool).

QUALITATIVE
Weights of fish caught in Lake
Emilie.

QUANTITATIVE
Number of pages in statistics
textbooks.

QUANTITATIVE
Capacity (in gallons) of water in
selected dams.

QUANTITATIVE
Number of off-road vehicles sold in
the US.

QUANTITATIVE
Classify each variable as discrete or
continuous

Number of loaves of bread baked


each day in a local bakery.

DISCRETE
Water temperature of the saunas
at a given health spa.

CONTINUOUS
Income of single parents who
attend a community college.

CONTINUOUS
Lifetimes of batteries in a tape
recorder.

CONTINUOUS
Weights of newborn infants at a
certain hospital.

CONTINUOUS
Capacity (in gallons) of water in
swimming pools.

CONTINUOUS
Number of pizzas sold last year in
the US.

DISCRETE

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