Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal vs National Building Material ...

on 17 March, 1969

Supreme Court of India

Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal vs National Building Material ... on 17 March, 1969
Equivalent citations: 1969 AIR 1267, 1970 SCR (1) 22
Author: S C.
Bench: Shah, J.C.
PETITIONER:
JAI JAI RAM MANOHAR LAL

Vs.

RESPONDENT:
NATIONAL BUILDING MATERIAL SUPPLY, GURGAON

DATE OF JUDGMENT:
17/03/1969

BENCH:
SHAH, J.C.
BENCH:
SHAH, J.C.
GROVER, A.N.

CITATION:
1969 AIR 1267 1970 SCR (1) 22
1969 SCC (1) 869
CITATOR INFO :
R 1973 SC 484 (11,13)
RF 1978 SC1329 (28)

ACT:
Practice and Procedure-Amendment of plaint-Should not be
refused on technical grounds-Amended plaint when deemed to
be filed-Effect on limitation-Costs when party persists in
plea without merit.

HEADNOTE:
Manoharlal s/o Jai Jai Ram commenced an action in the Court
of the Subordinate Judge, for valuer of timber supplied to
the defendant. The action was instituted in the name of
'Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal' which was the name in which the
business was carried on. The plaintiff signed and verified
the plaint as 'Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal, by the pen of
Manohar lal.' Later he applied to the Court for leave to
amend the plaint. In the application he averred that the
business carried on under the name Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal
was a joint Hindu family business and the name was not an
assumed or fictitious one as it contained his-name and that
of his father. On these averments he prayed that he be
allowed to describe him-' self in the cause title as Manohar

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 Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal vs National Building Material ... on 17 March, 1969

Lal proprietor of Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal and in paragraph 1

to state that he carried on the business in timber in the
name of 'Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal'. The application was
'allowed by the trial Judge. The defendant then filed a
supplementary written statement raising two additional
contentions : (1) that the plaintiff was not the sole owner
of the business and that his other brothers were also the
owners of the business; and (2) that the amendment took
effect from the' date on which it was made and if so, the
suit was barred by limitation. The trial court rejecting
these contentions decreed the suit. The High Court in
appeal took the view that the action having been instituted
in the name of a nonexisting person', and Manohar Lal having
failed to aver in the application for amendment that the
action was instituted in the name of 'Jai Jai Ram Manohar
Lal' on account of a bona fide mistake or omission, the
Subordinate Judge was incompetent to grant leave to amend
the plaint. The High Court further held that the amendment
allowed by the trial Court took effect only from the date of
amendment, and the action was barred by limitation. Against
the judgment of the High Court the plaintiff, by special
leave, appealed to this Court.
HELD : (i) The order passed by the High Court could not be
sustained. Rules of procedure are, intended to, be a
handmaid to the administration of justice. A party cannot
be refused relief merely- because of same mistake,
negligence, inadvertence or even infraction of the rules of
procedure. The Court -always gives leave to amend the
pleading of a party, unless it is satisfied that the party
applying was acting mala fide , or that by his blunder he
had caused injury to his opponent which may not be com-
pensated for by an order of costs. However negligent or
careless may have been the -first omission and however late
the proposed amendment, the amendment may be allowed if it
can be made without injustice to the other side. [25 C-E]
Purshottam Umedbhai & Co. V. M/S. Manilal and Sons, [1961]
1 S.C.R. 982, explained and applied.
Amulakchand Mewaram & Ors. v. Babulal Kanalal Taliwala, 35
Bom. L.R. 569, applied.
23
In the present case the plaintiff was carrying on business
as commission agent in the name of 'Jai Jai Ram Maryohar
Lal'. The plaintiff was competent to sue in his own name as
manager of the Hindu undivided family to which the business
belonged; he claimed to have filed the suit on behalf of the
family in the business name. The observations made by the
High Court that the application for amendment of the plaint
could not be granted, because there was no averment therein
that the misdescription was 'On account of a bona fide
mistake, and on that account the suit must fail, could not
be accepted. There is no rule that unless in an application
for 'amendment of the plaint it is expressly averred that
the error, -omission or misdescription is due to a bona fide

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 Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal vs National Building Material ... on 17 March, 1969

mistake the court has no power to grant leave to amend the

plaint. The power to grant amendment of the pleadings is
intended to serve the ends of justice and is not governed by
any such narrow or technical limitations. [57 B-D]
(ii) Since the name in which the action was instituted was
merely a misdescription of the original plaintiff, no
question of limitation arose and the plaint must be deemed
on amendment to have been instituted in the name of the real
plaintiff on the date on which it was originally instituted.
[27 E]
(iii)The defendant raised and persisted in a plea which had
no merit even after the amendment was allowed by the trial
court. In the circumstances he must pay the costs in this
Court and the High Court. [27 F-G]

JUDGMENT:

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 697 of 1966. Appeal by special leave from the
judgment and order dated November 9, 1964 of the Allahabad High Court in First Appeal No. 257 of
1953.

S. C. Manchanda, S. k. Mehta and K. L. Mehta, for the appellant.

Bishan Narain and Harbans Singh, for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Shah, J. On March 11, 1950, Manohar Lal s/o Jai Jai Ram commenced an action in the Court of the
Subordinate Judge, Nanital, for a decree for Rs. 10,139/12/- being the value of timber supplied to
the defendant-the National Building Mate- rial Supply, Gurgaon. The action was instituted in the
name of "Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal" which was the name in which the business was carried on. The
plaintiff Manohar Lal subscribed his signature at the foot of the plaint as "Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal,
by the pen of Manohar Lal", and the plaint was also similarly verified. The defendant by its written
statement contended that the plaintiff was an unregistered firm and on that account incompetent to
sue. On July 18, 1952, the plaintiff applied for leave to amend the plaint. Manohar Lal stated that
"the business name of the plaintiff is Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal and therein Manohar Lal the owner
and proprietor is clearly shown and -named. It is a joint Hindu family business and the defendant
and all knew it that Manohar, Lai whose name is there along with the father's name is the proprietor
of it. The name is not an assumed or fictitious one". The plaintiff on those averments applied for
leave to describe himself in the cause title as "Manohar Lal proprietor of Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal"
and in paragraph 1 to state that he carried on the business in timber in the name of Jai Jai Ram
Manohar Lal. Apparently no reply was filed to this application by the defendant. The Subordinate
Judge granted leave to amend the plaint. He observed that there was no doubt that the real plaintiff
was Manohar Lal himself, that it was Manohar Lal who intended to file and did in fact Me the
action, and that the "amendment was intended to bring what in effect had been done in conformity
with what in fact should have been done". The defendant then filed a supplementary written
statement raising two additional contentions-(1) that Manohar Lal was not the sole owner of the
business and that his other brothers were also the owners of the business; and (2) that in any event

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 Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal vs National Building Material ... on 17 March, 1969

the amendment became effective from July 18, 1952, and on that account the suit was barred by the
law of limitation.

The Trial Judge decreed the claim for Rs. 6,568/6/3. Against that decree an appeal was preferred to
the High Court of Allahabad. The High Court being of the view that the action was instituted in the
name of a "non-existing person" and Manohar Lal having failed to aver in the application for
amendment that the action was instituted in the name of "Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal" on account of
some bona fide mistake or omission, the Subordinate Judge was incompetent to grant leave to
amend of the plaint. The High Court after making an extensive quotation from the judgment of this
Court in purushottam Umedbhai and Company v. Messrs. Manilal and Sons(1) observed that the
action could not be instituted by the plaintiff in the business name; it should have been instituted in
the name of the Karta of the Hindu undivided family in his representative capacity or else 'all the
members of the joint family must join as plaintiffs. The Court then observed :

"The suit instituted by the joint Hindu family business in the name of an assumed
business title was a suit by a person, who did not exist and was, therefore, a nullity.
Hence there could be no amendment of the description of such a plaintiff who did not
exist in the eye of law. The court below was in obvious error in thinking otherwise
and allowing the name of Manohar Lal to be added as proprietor of the original
plaintiff Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal, which was neither (1) [1961] 1 S. C. R. 982.

a legal entity nor an existing person who could have validly instituted the suit."

The High Court was also of the opinion that the substitution of the name of Manohar Lal as a
plaintiff during the pendency of the action took effect from July 18, 1952, and the action must be
deemed to be instituted on that date the amendment could not take effect retrospectively and on the
date of the amendment the action was barred by the law of limitation. The plaintiff has appealed to
this Court with special leave.

The order passed by the High Court cannot be sustained. Rules of procedure are intended to, be a
handmaid to the administration of justice. A party cannot be refused just relief merely because of
some mistake, negligence, inadvertence or even infraction of the rules of procedure. The Court
always gives leave to amend the pleading of a party, unless it is satisfied that the party applying was
acting mala fide, or that by his blunder, he had caused injury to his opponent which may not be
compensed for by an order of costs. However negligent or careless may have been the first omission,
and, however late the proposed amend- ment, the amendment may be allowed if it can be made
without injustice to the other side. In Amulakchand Mewaram and others v. Babulal Kanalal
Taliwala(1), Beaumont, C.J., in delivering the judgment of the Bombay High Court set out the
principles applicable to cases like the present and observed:

"...... the question whether there should be an amendment or not really turns upon
whether the name in which the suit is brought in the name of a non-existent person
or whether it is merely a misdescription of existing persons. If the former is the case,
the suit is a nullity and no amendment can cure it. If the latter is the case, prima

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 Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal vs National Building Material ... on 17 March, 1969

facie, there ought to be an amendment because the general rule, subject no doubt to
certain exceptions, is that the Court should always allow an amendment where any
loss to the opposing party can be compensated for by costs."

In Amulakchand Mewaram's case(1) a Hindu undivided family sued in its business name. It was not
appreciated at an early stage of the suit that in fact the firm name was not of a partnership, but was
the name of a joint Hindu family. An objection was raised by the defendant that the suit as filed was
not maintainable. An application to amend, the plaint, by substituting the names of the three
members of the joint family for the name of the family firm as plaintiffs, was rejected by the Court
(1) 35 Bom. L. R. 569.

Sup CI/69-3 of First Instance. In appeal the High Court observed that a suit brought in the name of
a firm in a case not within 0. 30 C.P. Code being in fact a case of misdescription of existing persons,
leave to amend ought to have been given. This Court considered a somewhat similar case in
Purushottam Umedbhai's case(1). A firm carrying on business outside India filed a suit in the firm
name in the High Court of Calcutta for a decree for compensation for breach of contract. The
plaintiff then applied for amendment of the plaint by describing the names of all the partners and
striking out the name of the firm as a mere misdescription. The application for amendment was
rejected on the view that the original plaint was no plaint in law and it was not a case of misnomer
or misdescription, but a case of a non- existent firm or a non-existent person suing. In appeal, the
High Court held that the description of the plaintiff by a firm name in a case where the Code of Civil
Procedure did not permit a suit to be brought in the firm name should properly be considered a case
of description of the individual partners of the business and as such a misdescription, which in law
can be corrected and should not be considered to amount to a description of a non-existent person.
Against the order of he High Court an appeal was preferred to this Court. This Court observed (at p.
994) :

"Since, however, a firm is not a legal entity the privilege of suing in the name of a firm
is permissible only to those persons who, as partners, are doing business in India.
Such privilege is not extended to persons who are doing business as partners outside
India. In their case they still have to sue in their individual names. If, however, under
some misapprehension, persons doing business as partners outside India do file a
plaint in the name of their firm they are misdescribing themselves, as the suit
instituted is by them, they being known collectively as a firm. It seems, therefore, that
a plaint filed in a court in India in the name of a firm doing business outside India is
not by itself a nullity. It is a plaint by all the partners of the firm with a defective
description of themselves for the purpose of the Code of Civil Procedure. in these
circumstances, a civil court could permit, under the provisions of s. 153 of the Code
(or possibly under 0. VI, r. 17, about which we say nothing), an amendment of the
plaint to enable a proper description of the plaintiffs to appear in it in order to assist
the Court in determining the real question or issue between the parties."

(1) [1961] 1 S. C. R. 982.

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 Jai Jai Ram Manohar Lal vs National Building Material ... on 17 March, 1969

These cases do no more than illustrate the well-settled rule that all amendments should be
permitted as may be necessary for the purpose of determining the real question in controversy
between the parties, unless by permitting the amendment injustice may result to the other side. In
the present case, the plaintiff was carrying on business as commission agent in the name of "Jai Jai
Ram Manohar Lal. The plaintiff was competent to sue in his own name as Manager of the Hindu
undivided family to which the business belonged; he says he sued on behalf of the family in the
business 'name. The observations made by the High Court that the application for amendment of
the plaint could not be granted, because there was no averment therein that the misdescription was
on account of a bona fide mistake, and on that account the suit must fail, cannot be accepted. In our
view, there is no rule that unless in an application for amendment of the plaint it is expressly
averred that the error, omission or misdescription is due to a bona fide mistake, the Court has no
power to grant leave to amend the plaint. The power to grant amendment of the pleadings is
intended to serve the ends of justice and is not governed by any such narrow or technical
limitations. Since the name in which the action was instituted was merely a misdescription of the
original plaintiff, no question of limitation arises: the plaint must be deemed on amendment to have
been instituted in the name of the real plaintiff, on the date on which it was originally instituted. In
our view, the order passed by the Trial Court in granting the amendment was clearly right, and the
High Court was in error in dismissing the suit on a technicality wholly unrelated to the merits of the
dispute. Since all this delay has taken place and costs have been thrown away, because the defendant
raised and persisted in a plea which had no merit even after the amendment was allowed by the
Trial Court, he must pay the costs in this Court and the High Court. The appeal is allowed and the
decree passed by the High Court is set aside. It appears that the High Court has not dealt with the
appeal on the merits. The proceed- ings will stand remanded to the High Court for disposal
according to law on the merits of the dispute between the parties.

G.C. Appeal allowed.

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