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Cell Structures and Functions

The document summarizes key structures and functions of plant and animal cells. It outlines that cells are the basic unit of life and contain organelles that allow cells to carry out essential processes like metabolism, transport, waste removal, and reproduction. The main organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and chloroplasts in plant cells. While plant and animal cells share many structures, some like cell walls and chloroplasts are only present in plant cells.

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Lea Ioa
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107 views

Cell Structures and Functions

The document summarizes key structures and functions of plant and animal cells. It outlines that cells are the basic unit of life and contain organelles that allow cells to carry out essential processes like metabolism, transport, waste removal, and reproduction. The main organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and chloroplasts in plant cells. While plant and animal cells share many structures, some like cell walls and chloroplasts are only present in plant cells.

Uploaded by

Lea Ioa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

Cell theories PLANT ANIMAL


- all living things are made up cells
Smooth P P
- cell is the basic unit of life Endoplasmic
- all cells come from pre-existing cells Reticulum

Golgi P P
Eukaryotes Apparatus
- multicellular
Secretory A P
- came from prokaryotes
Vesicle
- has nucleus
- has membrane-bound organelles Lysosome A P

Peroxisome P P
Prokaryotes
- unicellular Mitochondrio P P
n
- nucleus is absent
Microtubule P P
Cell function Centrioles A P
- cell metabolism
- Synthesis of molecules Cell Wall P A

(carbohydrates, lipids) Chloroplast P A


- Communication : cell interaction to
Large Central P A
produce movement/interaction Vacuole
- response to diff temps and emotions
- nerve cells, hormones Cytoplasm P P
- Reproduction multiplication of cells; Cilia A P
mitosis and meiosis (eukaryotes),
binary fission (prokaryote) Microvilli A P

P: Present; A: Absent
Organelles
- little organs Animal Cell
- specialized structures within the cell Cell membrane
- passage of substances in and out of
the cell
Plant Cell vs Animal Cell - fluid mosaic model (phospholipid
PLANT ANIMAL bilayer:
Nucleus P P
• hydrophilic (water loving) and
hydrophobic ends
Ribosomes P P - regulates the substances in and
out of the cell
Rough P P
Endoplasmic
- protects and surrounds cells
Reticulum Cytoplasm
- a gel-like fluid inside the cell

JUSTO 1
CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

- contains water, other substances and - transported by vacuoles/vesicles


all the cell organelles Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- contains cytosol - near/attached to the nucleus
• makes cytoplasm fluid like - Has attached ribosomes
Nucleus - site of protein synthesis
- control center/brain of the cell Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- enclosed by nuclear membrane - closer to the cell membrane/
- contains DNA cytoplasm
• dictates the trait of the cell - no attached ribosomes
- site of RNA synthesis - Lipid production (lipid synthesis) for
Nucleolus the cell membrane’s phospholipid
- located inside the nucleus bilayer
- produces RNA and ribosomes - Calcium production for skeletal cells
- contains Chromatin Golgi bodies
- appears as granular, thread-like - packaging, modifying, holds/stores
proteins
material visible in the nucleus
- becomes chromosome
- Receives proteins from the er, sorts,
Mitochondrion and packages them into vesicles
- powerhouse of the cell - Cisternae : sacs or folds of the Golgi
- Produces ATP (via cellular respiration) apparatus
- Abundant in skeletal cells Vesicles
- Cristae: formation of networks within
- membrane covered structures that
carry proteins, water, and nutrients
the mitochondria
around, in and out of the cell
- Matrix: where citric acid cycle takes Vacuole
place - temporary storage of water and
- Bean-shaped nutrients
- Has its own DNA - plant cell: one large
- animal cell : numerous
Lysosome
- cleaners/janitors of the cell
- Contain digestive chemicals
enzymes
- breaks down and recycle worn
out organelles
Peroxisomes
- breaks down fatty acids, amino acids,
and hydrogen peroxide
Ribosomes
- free and attached Cell extensions/appendages
- Attached in the rough er
- Cilia
Free: proteins for the cells
- - hair-like projections
Attached: for the body/for transport

JUSTO 2
CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

- Propels foreign bodies outside the cell


- 9+2 pattern
- 9 fused pairs of microtubules on the
outside of a cylinder; 2 unfused
microtubules in the center
Microvilli
- attached to the cell membrane
- Used for absorption
- Digestive and urinary system
- Doesn’t move (stationary)
Flagella
- long, tail-like
- found in sperm cells

Microtubules and microfilaments


- Provide support and ,movement of
organelles in the cell
- Major parts of the cell’s cytoskeleton
Microtubules
- shape and structure of the cell
- Cell movement
- Makes up the flagella
- Form centrioles, cilia and flagella
- Made up of myosin
Centrioles
- 9+0 pattern
- 9 peripheral groups of triplet
microtubules, without any central
microtubules
- Animal cell division
Microfilaments
- aid in cell movement and muscle cells
contraction
- Smallest
- Made up of actin

JUSTO 3

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